Higher Human
Biology
UNIT 1
HUMAN CELLS
HOMEWORK BOOKLET
Higher Human Biology (CfE)
Homework – Differentiation of Cells
1. Explain using an example how differentiation produces specialised cells
2. What name is given to unspecialised cells?
(2)
(1)
3. What name is given to groups of similar cells and in what way are they similar
with respect to specialisation?
(2)
4. Where are embryonic stem cells obtained from?
(1)
5. Where adult stem cells be obtained and what cells can they produce?
(2)
6. Why do adults still contain these stem cells?
(1)
7. Which type of stem cell is the least specialised?
(1)
TOTAL – 10
Higher Human Biology (CfE)
Homework – Differentiation of Cells
1. What name is given to a differentiated cell?
(1)
2. Rewrite the stages of Mitosis below in the correct order
(2)
3. Explain the meaning of the terms haploid and diploid
(2)
4. Why are mutations in somatic cells not passed onto offspring?
(1)
5. What are germline cells?
(1)
6. What process do gamete mother cells use to divide and how does it differ from
mitosis?
(3)
7. Explain using diagrams how random assortment and crossing over of
chromosomes increases variation?
(4)
8. How do cancer cells differ from normal cells?
(1)
TOTAL – 15
Higher Human Biology (CfE)
Homework – DNA and DNA Replication
1. Draw a fully labelled diagram showing a double stranded DNA molecule with 4
nucleotides showing the correct base pairing for each of the 4 bases of DNA.
(4)
2. a) What type of bonding holds a single strand of DNA together?
(1)
b) What type of bonding joins the bases between two strands of DNA?
(1)
3. Name the proteins which DNA is wrapped around
(1)
4. What is the missing step in the description of DNA replication below:
-
DNA untwists and unzips to expose bases
-
Free nucleotides align with complementary bases
-
Sugar phosphates bonds form between deoxyribose sugar of one nucleotide
and the neighbouring phosphate on the nucleotide next to it.
(1)
5. Give three of the required molecules of DNA replication
(2)
6. What is meant by the description of DNA replication as being semiconservative?
(1)
7. Who proved the semi-conservative nature of DNA replication?
(1)
8. ‘The leading strand is replicated continuously during DNA replication but the
lagging strand is replicated discontinuously.’ Explain what is meant by this
statement
(2)
TOTAL - 14
Higher Human Biology (CfE)
Homework – Gene Expression
1. Define the following terms:
-
Genotype
Phenotype
Differentiation
Protein
(4)
2. Explain with an example how the gene expression in a muscle cell may differ
from that of a cell in the stomach
(1)
3. Draw a labelled diagram of an mRNA molecule which would be complementary
to the DNA strand with the bases
(2)
4. State two ways RNA differs from DNA
(1)
5. During transcription in which direction does RNA polymerase add mRNA
nucleotides to the growing chain?
(1)
6. Copy the following base sequence of a DNA strand. Underneath this state the
mRNA strand which would be transcribed. Underneath that state the tRNA
anticodons which would match the mRNA strand.
(2)
CGCTCAGGTACATGC
(DNA strand)
----------------------------------
(mRNA strand)
----------------------------------
(tRNA anticodons)
7. Using a diagram to help you, explain the process of splicing in as much detail as
possible.
(5)
8. Draw a labelled diagram of a ribosome and state what each site is for.
(3)
9. What type of bonding links amino acids in a protein?
(1)
10. Name and describe one type of post-translational modification which may be
carried out on the protein translated
(1)
11. Explain why one gene can code for more than one protein
(2)
TOTAL - 23
Higher Human Biology (CfE)
Homework – Proteins, Mutations and Genetic Disorders
1. State three types of bonding which hold protein shape
(1)
2. What process allows a mixture of proteins to be separated
(1)
3. Name and describe the function of two types of protein
(2)
4. Describe how a mutation in DNA can result in the formation of a protein of the
wrong shape and give an example of how this could affect an individual
(3)
5. How can the rate of spontaneous mutation in DNA be increased?
(1)
6. The normal sequence of part of a gene is as follows:
CTTACTGGCTAA
State the name of each type of mutation below
a) C T T A G T G G C T A A
(1)
b) C T T A C T G G C G G C G G C T A A
(1)
c) C T T A C T G G C G T A A
(1)
d) C T A C T G G C T A A
(1)
7. Why can insertion mutations be considered as frameshift mutations?
(2)
8. How do splice site mutations cause incorrect proteins to be produced?
(2)
9. There are three types of mutations in chromosome structure, translocation is
one. Name the other two.
(1)
10. Explain the difference between reciprocal and non-reciprocal translocation
mutations.
(2)
TOTAL – 19
Higher Human Biology (CfE)
Homework – Human Genomics
1. What process can be used to determine the exact nucleotide sequence of a
single strand of DNA?
(1)
2. The very slight differences in the base sequence of human genes are known as
what?
(1)
3. What are the three key components of bioinformatics?
(1)
4. When scanning a DNA long regions of DNA with no stop codons may indicate
the presence of what?
(1)
5. How may we search for the presence of an insulin gene in Beetles if we do not
know the gene sequence for it?
(1)
6. What can bioinformatics be used to investigate?
(1)
7. What is the aim of pharmacogenetics?
(1)
8. Describe two of the ethical concerns regarding having our complete genome
sequenced at birth.
(2)
9. What is PCR used for?
10. State four of the required molecules for PCR
(1)
(2)
11. How does a DNA probe detect the presence of a specific sequence of DNA in a
sample?
(2)
12. State two used of DNA probes and DNA profiling
(2)
TOTAL – 16
Higher Human Biology (CfE)
Homework – Metabolism and Enzymes
1. Explain what anabolic and catabolic reactions are.
2.
(2)
a. In the above series of reactions what type of reaction occurs between
intermediates 1 and 2?
(1)
b. In the series of reactions shown above, how can series B be described?
(1)
3. Give three features of an enzyme.
(1)
4. Draw a labelled diagram showing an example of an enzyme controlled anabolic
reaction
(3)
5. Before a reaction can proceed from substrate to product what is required and at
what point does the conversion begin?
(2)
6. Explain why enzymes are said to be specific to one substrate.
(1)
7. Why do the products of a reaction leave the enzyme allowing it to be reused?
(1)
TOTAL - 12
Higher Human Biology (CfE)
Homework – Enzyme Regulation
1. Explain why the rate of enzyme controlled reactions is low at high and low
temperatures.
2. Under what conditions would an enzyme perform at its maximum capability?
(2)
(1)
3. Enzyme X can perform between pH 2 and 8. It works at its maximum at pH 5
and 50% of its maximum at pH’s 3 and 6.
Draw a line graph to show this information
(3)
4. Using the graph below, explain why increasing substrate concentration beyond
point X does not result in an increased rate of reaction.
(2)
5. Why are some enzymes produced in an inactive form? Give an example of such
an enzyme.
(2)
6. Explain using the aid of diagrams how competitive and non-competitive
inhibitors affect the rate of enzyme controlled reactions.
(4)
7. What is enzyme induction?
(1)
8.
a) In the diagram of the lac operon above explain whether the structural gene
is switched on or off and why?
(2)
b) How would the operon differ if lactose was present?
(2)
9. How may signalling molecules affect enzyme controlled pathways?
(3)
10. Explain what is meant by end product inhibition. You may use a diagram to help
explain this.
(1)
TOTAL – 23
Higher Human Biology (CfE)
Homework – Cell Respiration (1)
1. How is energy from ATP released during cellular processes?
(1)
2. What is the name of the process which rebuilds ADP + Pi into the high energy
molecule?
(1)
3. Explain why Glycolysis is considered to have a net gain of 2 ATP
(2)
4. How is Hydrogen released from glucose carried to the Cytochrome system in
mitochondria
(1)
5. What is required for progression of pyruvate into the Citric Acid Cycle?
6. What is required to join Acetly group to oxaloacetate?
(1)
(1)
7. What waste product is produced during the Citric Acid Cycle
(1)
8. Where does the Cytochrome or Electron Transport Chain occur
(1)
9. How are high energy electrons used in the Electron Transport Chain?
TOTAL - 10
(1)
Higher Human Biology (CfE)
Homework – Cell Respiration (2)
1. Draw a labelled diagram of:
a. A dissacharide
b. A fat molecule
(1)
(1)
2. Copy the diagram below and show where the products of polysaccharide, Fats
and Proteins enter the Respiratory pathway
(3)
3.
a. How does respiration demonstrate end-product inhibition?
(2)
b. Why is this important to cells?
(2)
4. Explain why creatine phosphate in muscle cells can provide energy for an
additional 10 seconds of activity.
(2)
5. Which type of muscle fibres would be more likely to contain high concentrations
of creatine phosphate and why?
(2)
6.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
In anaerobic respiration what builds up in muscle cells
What causes the build up of this product?
What painful condition occurs as a result of this build up?
What must happen for the sensation to stop?
Why is anaerobic respiration described as a reversible pathway?
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
7.
a. What chemical is present in muscle cells which holds onto extra oxygen
for aerobic respiration?
(1)
b. Which type of muscle fibre has greater concentrations of this chemical?
(1)
TOTAL - 20