International Research Conference:
Culture in society, between groups and across
generations
International Laboratory for Socio-Cultural Research (HSE)
We are happy to welcome you on our second International Research Conference: “Culture
in society, between groups and across generations”
During this conference we will discuss the following topics (through a perspective of crosscultural psychology):
 Values
 Value transmission
 Social capital
 Economic behavior
 Intercultural relations
We hope to create an environment for productive scientific interactions among colleagues
from around the world.
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Conference Schedule:
Time
Room
Session
Presenters
08.06.2015
10.00 – 10.10
210 a
10.10 – 11.10
210 a
11.10 – 11.30
11.30 – 12.15
12.15 – 12.40
12.40 – 13.30
13.30 – 14.30
14.30 – 15.30
Welcoming words
Key speaker:
The presence of the past: identity
continuity and group dynamics
Coffee-break
210 a
Session “Intercultural Relations-1”:
Seger Breugelmans
Nadezhda Lebedeva
Maykel Verkuyten
Chair:
Maykel Verkuyten
Nadezhda Lebedeva,
Alexander Tatarko,
Irina Plotka
Tatiana Ryabichenko,
Nadezhda Lebedeva,
Irina Plotka
Testing Three Hypotheses of
Intercultural Relations in Russia and
Latvia
The effect of Motivation for Ethnocultural continuity and parental
acculturation strategies on offspring’s
acculturation: a three-generation study
Uncovering perceived social distance: Lusine Grigoryan,
Mutual perceptions of six ethnic groups Elena Gorinova
in Russia
Coffee-break
210 a
Session “Intercultural Relations-2”: Chair:
Seger Breugelmans
Does identity incompatibility mediate
Zarina Lepshokova,
the relationship between discrimination Nadezhda Lebedeva
and acculturation strategies? The case
of two generations of Russians in the
North Caucasus
Personal Values and Intergroup
Alexander Zibenberg
Empathy
Probing identity, multiculturalism,
Victoria Galyapina,
integration and assimilation of ethnic
Nadezhda Lebedeva
minority and majority:
intergenerational analysis.
Lunch
210 a
Session “Intercultural Relations-3”: Chair:
Lusine Grigoryan
Bicultural identity: towards universal
Anna Leontieva
and culturally-specific aspects (thesis
based on pilot data on Russian
adaptation of bicultural identity
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15.30 – 15.50
15.50 – 16.40
16.40 – 17.00
17.00 – 18.00
measures)
Why and at whose expense ethnic
identity is maintained?
Culture of aggression in adolescent
groups: bullying, social anxiety and
friendship
Migrant minority children in Russian
schools: inter-ethnic relations and
pro/anti-school culture
Coffee-break
210 a
Session “Values and Value
Transmission-1”
Values and trust in the media
Individual values and life satisfaction
in Russia and Latvia: The moderating
role of news categories
Parental family and cultural context as
predictors attitudes towards sexual
liberalization in Europe
Coffee-break
210 a
Session “Values and Value
Transmission-2”
Similarities and differences in parentadultscent’s values in rural and urban
area
Family values and number of children
in families across Europe: does
generation matter?
To be or not to be: National and ethnic
cultural values transmission patterns
within the community of Pontic Greeks
in Cyprus
Migrant adolescents in Russian
schools: a shift in values?
Marina Kotova
Vera Titkova,
Valeria Ivaniushina,
Daniel Alexandrov
Valeria Ivaniushina,
Daniel Alexandrov
Chair:
Nadezhda Lebedeva
Alyona Khaptsova
Tatjana Kanonire
Natalia Soboleva,
Vladimir Kozlov
Chair:
Tatiana Kanonire
Dmitry Dubrov
Tatiana Karabchuk,
Anna Ryabchikova
Denis Zubalov
Ksenia Tenisheva,
Valeria Ivaniushina,
Daniel Alexandrov
09.06.2015
10.00 – 11.10
210 a
Session “Culture, personality and
well-being”
Culture, social priming, and meaningmaking
Differences in expression norms for
happiness and unhappiness in Russia
and the USA
Chair:
Dmitry Leontiev
Dmitry Leontiev
Evgeny Osin, Ken
Sheldon, Elena
Rasskazova, Tamara
Gordeeva, Martin
Lynch
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Responsibility, Freedom and subjective
well-being in Russia and the U.S.: the
Functional and Happiness Benefits of
Taking Responsibility
11.10 – 11.30
11.30 – 12.20
12.20 – 12.40
12.40 – 13.30
13.30 – 14.00
14.00 – 15.00
Coffee-break
210 a
Session “Social Capital and
Economic Behavior-1”:
Trust as a factor of subjective life
satisfaction
Ingroup ties and formation of
generalized trust
The Influence of Ethnic Diversity on
Social Capital in Russia
Coffee-break
210 a
Session “Social Capital and
Economic Behavior-2”:
Why is maternalism such a strong and
defining aspect of women’s
organizations in Ukraine?
Poverty and individual psychological
characteristics
A Comparative Study of Market and
Network Corruptions
Closing discussion
Lunch
Dmitry Leontiev,
Evgeny Osin, Ken
Sheldon, Elena
Rasskazova, Tamara
Gordeeva
Chair:
Seger Breugelmans
Anna Mironova
Anna Almakaeva
Alexander Tatarko
Chair:
Alexander Tatarko
Miki Tsuda
Olga Poluektova
Aleksey Oshchepkov
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KEY SPEAKER
Maykel Verkuyten
Professor at Utrecht University, the Netherlands
The presence of the past: identity continuity and group dynamics
Social scientists are increasingly interested in the temporal dimensions of social life and in
identity continuity in particular. Focusing on national identity I discuss the implications of
perceived group continuity and collective self-continuity, and their interplay, for group
dynamics. Using the social identity perspective and theories of identity motives I show, first,
that the need for collective self-continuity forms a unique motivational basis for group
identification. Second, I argue and demonstrate that people are more likely to derive a sense
of collective self-continuity from groups that are seen as relatively stable and immutable
over time (i.e., essentialist in-groups). Third, I argue and find that individuals show in-group
defenses and negative attitudes towards out-groups and towards social developments that
potentially undermine in-group continuity. Fourth, I discuss empirical findings that indicate
that group-based nostalgia is an identity management strategy in response to in-group
continuity threats and that nostalgia leads to out-group exclusion. Fifth, I will demonstrate
that the historical content of national identity can have positive consequences for current
intergroup relations.
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08.06.2015
SESSION “Intercultural Relations-1”
Chair: Maykel Verkuyten
Professor at Utrecht University, the Netherlands
Nadezhda Lebedeva
Head of the International Scientific-Educational Laboratory for Socio-Cultural Research,
HSE, Moscow
Alexander Tatarko
Leading Researcher at the International Scientific-Educational Laboratory for SocioCultural Research, HSE, Moscow
Irina Plotka
Professor at the Baltic Psychology and Management University College, Latvia
Testing Three Hypotheses of Intercultural Relations in Russia and Latvia
After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia and other new independent states (former Soviet
republics), faced new challenges of achieving mutual acceptance and adaptation among members of the
larger society and members of other ethnic and migrant groups. We present the empirical examination of
three hypotheses of intercultural relations (multiculturalism hypothesis, integration hypothesis and contact
hypothesis) in Russian and Latvian contexts. The sample in Russia (Moscow) included 1029 adult
respondents: 651 were Russian Muscovites and 378 were migrants from the North Caucasus and South
Caucasus states (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia). The sample in Latvia included 692 adult respondents: 363
were Latvians and 336 were ethnic Russians, all are inhabitants of Riga.
The study used the MIRIPS questionnaire, and the scales were translated into Russian and Latvian and
adapted for use in Russia (Lebedeva & Tatarko, 2009, 2013). The complete questionnaire and scoring key
are available on the project website: http://www.victoria.ac.nz/cacr/research/mirips. The scales used are:
Perceived security scale, Multicultural Ideology, Ethnic Tolerance, Acculturation strategies, Acculturation
expectations, Sociocultural adaptation, Life satisfaction, Intercultural (Ethnic) Contacts. For the testing of
our three hypotheses, we used structural equation modeling (SEM) with AMOS version 20.
The multiculturalism hypothesis has been confirmed with the dominant group in Riga (Latvians) and has
been partly confirmed with both dominant and non-dominant groups in Russia, and with the Russian
minority in Latvia. The sense of perceived security promotes tolerance toward other cultural groups in three
samples. However, perceived security has no significant relationship with multicultural ideology in the
Moscow samples; this means that security is not a prerequisite for support for multicultural ideology. But in
the group of Latvians we have discovered such an impact. These findings are generally consistent with
research findings in other countries. With respect to the integration hypothesis, there is partial support for
the role of the integration and multiculturalism strategies in promoting sociocultural adaptation and
wellbeing. Our results show that a preference for the integration strategy among migrants in Moscow as well
as among Russians in Latvia promotes their better sociocultural adaptation. The preference for
multiculturalism has a significant impact on the life satisfaction of Muscovites in the combined model, but
has no any impact in Latvian sample. Thus the integration hypothesis has been partly confirmed with
migrants in Moscow, Muscovites and with the Russian minority in Riga. These results generally support the
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numerous findings of other researchers who reported that the strategy of integration is most conducive to
wellbeing (Berry, 1997; Nguyen & Benet-Martinez, 2013; Sam & Berry, 2006). The third hypothesis
assessed the role of contact in positive intercultural relations. Our results have provided some support for the
effect of intercultural contact on acceptance of others in three groups: migrants in Moscow, the Russian
minority in Riga and the dominant group in Moscow. However, with the dominant groups of Latvians in
Riga, all the relations while positive are non-significant.
There are some unexpected and controversial results. First, while there are positive relationships of
multicultural ideology with integration in both groups in Russia, in the Russian sample in Latvia, there is no
relationship with integration; rather, there is a positive relationship with assimilation. Second, among
Russians in Latvia, there is a negative relationship between contacts and perceived security. Both of these
findings require additional analysis of the sociopolitical and historical context in Latvia in order to
understand the psychological outcomes of acculturation there among the Russian minority (Kus-Harward,
Ward, 2015).
Tatiana Ryabichenko
Junior Researcher at the International Scientific-Educational Laboratory for Socio-Cultural
Research, HSE, Moscow
Nadezhda Lebedeva
Head of the International Scientific-Educational Laboratory for Socio-Cultural Research,
HSE, Moscow
Irina Plotka
Professor at the Baltic Psychology and Management University College, Latvia
The effect of Motivation for Ethno-cultural continuity and parental acculturation on
offspring’s acculturation: a three-generation study
In our study we investigated the relationship of motivation for ethno-cultural continuity (MEC) and
strategies of acculturation of ethnic minorities (Russians in Latvia). Because acculturation is a process
involving many generations, we used a research design that includes representatives of three generations of
the same family (parents and their children). The study involved 112 Russian families (grandparents:
N=112, age 56-85 years, Me=67; parents: N=112, age 35-59 years, Me=42; adolescents: N=112, age 16-24
years, Me=17). A questionnaire included D. Berry’s strategies of acculturation, the scales of life satisfaction
and self-esteem, as well as the scale of motivation for ethno-cultural continuity (Gezentsvey et al., 2013).
Using structural equation modeling we have revealed that the acculturation strategies of parents are related
to the same strategies of their children. Assimilation of parents positively related to assimilation of children
in all three generations, separation of parents positively related to separation of adolescents, marginalization
of grandparents positively related to marginalization of parents. A direct effect of parental MEC on
acculturation strategies of their children wasn’t found. MEC negatively related to assimilation and
marginalization in all three generations. MEC positively related to integration among parents, and to
separation among adolescents. The preference of the integration strategy among adolescents and their
parents is positively and significantly related to self-esteem, in the case of marginalization and assimilation
this relationship is negative.
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Lusine Grigoryan
Junior Researcher at the International Scientific-Educational Laboratory for Socio-Cultural
Research, HSE, Moscow
Elena Gorinova
2nd year Master student at the Psychology department, HSE, Moscow
Uncovering perceived social distance: Mutual perceptions of six ethnic groups in Russia
The purpose of the current study is to find the underlying dimensions of perceived social distance in the
Russian context. Two research questions were specified: What are the dimensions that influence perceived
social distance in Russia? And why certain dimensions are more or less important to different ethnic groups?
Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to address the research questions. At first stage, expert
interviews were conducted to reveal the most relevant dimensions that influence perceived social distance in
Russia. At the second stage, factorial survey was conducted to find which of those dimensions have a
significant effect on the perceived social distance. Six different ethnic groups were surveyed (N = 616). The
study revealed that five dimensions influence the perceived social distance in all ethnic groups: knowledge
of Russian language, immigration status, level of education and occupation, and gender. Ethnic group and
religion demonstrated culturally specific effects: ethnic group is important for all the groups except
Russians, and religious affiliation is important for all the groups, except Russians and Tatars. The
importance of ethnicity and religion of the judged person was consistent with the importance of these
identities for the respondent.
SESSION “Intercultural Relations-2”
Chair: Seger Breuglmans
Co-Head of the International Scientific-Educational Laboratory for Socio-Cultural
Research, HSE, Moscow
Zarina Lepshokova
Senior Researcher at the International Scientific-Educational Laboratory for Socio-Cultural
Research, HSE, Moscow
Nadezhda Lebedeva
Head of the International Scientific-Educational Laboratory for Socio-Cultural Research,
HSE, Moscow
Does identity incompatibility mediate the relationship between discrimination and
acculturation strategies? The case of two generations of Russians in the North Caucasus
In our study, we tested a model in which the perceived (in) compatibility of being Caucasian and Russian
(regional and ethnic identities incompatibility) mediated the relationship between discrimination and
acculturation strategies among two generations of Ethnic Russians in the North Caucasus. The sample
consisted of 118 parent-child dyads (N=236). The questionnaire included measures of acculturation
strategies, experience of discrimination, ethnic and regional identities, and identity incompatibility. In line
with what has been reported in the literature on perceived identity incompatibility, discrimination, and
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intergroup perception, we found that discrimination was negatively associated with integration acculturation
strategy and positively associated with separation and marginalization acculturation strategies. These
relationships were mediated by parental and children’s perceived identity incompatibility. Discrimination
was positively associated with assimilation acculturation strategy and this relationship is mediated by child’s
perceived identity incompatibility. One unexpected finding was that in the parents’ sample, discrimination
was positively associated with assimilation acculturation strategy; this relationship was not mediated by
parental perceived identity incompatibility. Our study emphasize the important role of the discrimination in
shaping perceived (in)compatibility of ethnic and regional identities, and, in its turn, in preferences for
acculturation strategies among two generations of Russians in the North Caucasus.
Alexander Zibenberg
Research Fellow at the Laboratory for Comparative Social Research, HSE, Moscow
Haggai Kupermintz
Faculty of Education, University of Haifa, Israel
Personal Values and Intergroup Empathy
Empirical evidence shows that personal values have an influence on empathy in intrapersonal relationships.
We examine this link in an intergroup relationship characterized by continuous, intractable conflict.
Specifically, we investigate the relationship between the values of self-enhancement and self-transcendence
among members of the majority group (Israeli Jews) and empathy toward in-group and out-group members
(Israeli Arabs). Two hundred and ninety seven Israeli Jewish students took part in the study. While the
results show that self-transcendence values have a consistent effect on empathy whether it is toward ingroup or out-group members, the hypotheses regarding the impact of self-enhancement values on empathy
toward out-group members were partly supported. We discuss the universality of self- transcendence values
in their influence on empathy in different contexts and emphasize the complex relationships among in-group
members. We conclude by focusing on additional personal and social mechanisms that might affect empathy
among the group members.
Viktoria Galyapina
Senior Researcher at the International Scientific-Educational Laboratory for Socio-Cultural
Research, HSE, Moscow
Nadezhda Lebedeva
Head of the International Scientific-Educational Laboratory for Socio-Cultural Research,
HSE, Moscow
Probing identity, multiculturalism, integration and assimilation of ethnic minority and
majority: intergenerational analysis
This study examined relationship between different types of social identities (ethnic, national, religious,
republican and regional identities), multicultural ideology and acculturation strategies among 3 generations
of ethnic majority and minority groups. We gathered data during 2014 in the Republic of North Ossetia –
Alania (109 Ethnic Russian grandparent-parent-child triads as members of ethnic minority group and 106
Ethnic Ossetian grandparent- parent-child triads as members of ethnic majority group, total N=645).
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In our exploratory study we found that among both grandparents’ and parents’ subsamples almost all types
of identities are positively related each to other in both the groups. The only exception is a negative
correlation between regional and ethnic identities among Russian grandparents, and negative correlation
between national and regional identities among Ossetian parents. The pattern of relationships between
different identities in the adolescents samples is different. National identity of Russian adolescent plays an
important role: it is positively related to ethnic, religious and republican identities. In the sample of Ossetian
adolescents national identity is associated only with religious identity, while republican identity is associated
with regional and ethnic identities. This pattern of correlations among Ossetian adolescents suggests two
different backgrounds for identification: Caucasian background, which is based on ethnic, regional, and
republican identities, and Russian background, which is based on national and religious identities.
Ossetian grandparents’ ethnic and national identity positively correlated with multicultural ideology and
negatively correlated with “melting pot” acculturation expectation. Among Russian grandparents ethnic
identity was positively correlated with multicultural ideology and regional identity positively correlated with
"assimilation" strategy of acculturation. Relationship between different identities, multicultural ideology and
acculturation strategies/expectations of Russian and Ossetian parents had many similarities. In both groups
parental religious identity negatively correlated with integration, ethnic identity negatively correlated with
assimilation and positively - with multicultural ideology; republican identity was positively related to
multicultural ideology. Only one correlation between regional identity and multicultural ideology had
different signs: positive among Russians and negative - among Ossetians. Ossetian adolescents’ religious
identity was positively correlated with multicultural ideology and acculturation expectation of
multiculturalism. Russian adolescents’ republican and regional identities positively correlated with
multicultural ideology and integration. Intergroup and intergenerational differences in these relationships are
discussed.
SESSION “Intercultural Relations-3”
Chair: Lusine Grigoryan
Junior Researcher at the International Scientific-Educational Laboratory for Socio-Cultural
Research, HSE, Moscow
Anna Leontieva
Senior Lecturer at Psychology Department, HSE, Moscow
Bicultural identity: towards universal and culturally-specific aspects (thesis based on pilot
data on Russian adaptation of bicultural identity measures)
Bicultural identity is a construct developed to describe the pattern of identity for people, who feel
themselves belonging to two cultural traditions. Some researchers argue, that monocultural identity is just an
easy for description case of the dynamic system of identifications (Ackroyd, Pilkington,1999). Other authors
perceive bicultural identity as a combination of more clear monocultural identities and propose different
types and models of its combination (like fusion, alteration etc.). Also there exists model of bicultural
identity integration that focuses not on the type of the biculturalism but as a specific construct of personal
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level (Benet-Martinez, Haritatos, 2005). Named approaches were mostly empirically developed on English
speaking countries, particular USA.
The question of cultural variance of different phenomenon related to biculturalism as personal experience is
still open. Thought some patterns of social attitudes (e.g. acculturation strategies by Berry) can be
recognized in different samples, but outcomes of this basic remain unclear in a new social context. One of
the reasons of unclarity comes from complex interplay of political, social, ethnic, community, family and
personal contexts in one's (bi)cultural identity. The aim of current study is to explore Russian-American
comparison of constructs related to bicultural experience.
General method of the survey was a questionnaire with both open and standardized sets. Current research is
a pilot one and the sample not big. But first results provide an argument that at individual level of bicultural
experience there are more universal phenomena (like sense of cultural distance) and more sample-specific
(like role of conciseness in bicultural experience in different context). One of the obvious though yet
speculative dimensions to compare American and Russian sample is the clarity of ethnic/nation identities
and boundaries between them. Regarding this presumption we can hypothesize that less structured and more
holistic attitude towards ethnicity in social word require specific personal competence (linked to e.x.
conciseness as the data shows) in Russian context.
Marina Kotova
Senior Researcher at the International Scientific-Educational Laboratory for Socio-Cultural
Research, HSE, Moscow
Ethnic Identity: from Level Estimation to Maintaining Strategies Understanding
The present study is aimed to the new line of identity research describing and reasoning. Briefly, main
points can be summarized as following. Firstly, identity is widely recognized as a substantial phenomenon
for intergroup relations formatting and processing. Especial value identity has for ingroup and outgroup
attitudes (Brewer, 1999; Brown, Zagefka, 2005) and acculturation strategies and expectations (Berry, 1997;
Berry et al., 2006) research. Secondly, there are different controversies and white spots in identity research.
Measurement ussies and migrants’ acculturation strategies impact on well-being attended my attention. One
can argue that measurement bias exists in identity evaluation as level of identity achievement is only that
represent identity in most empirical studies. Stable tendency of choosing separation or even marginalization
by some migrant societies provides another source for identity revising.
Hence and thirdly, it seems reasonable to make step back and review Tajfel’s and related works for deeper
conceptualizing of identity. Tajfel (1982) claimed that identity should be maintained in order to be able to
serve as a basis for self-esteem. Person and group have different ways to achieve and make stable positive
identity. For example, one can compare his or her own ethnic group with another group and search for selfprofitable comparison criteria. On the other hand one can distance from the group of origin and rely on
personal identity. Thus and fourthly, some questions could be answered from this point of view. If identity is
maintained on expense of groups’ comparison, it sounds reasonable to expect positive relationship between
ethnic identity, negative outgroup attitudes, and subjective well-being. But, on contrary, strong sense of
belonging to ethnic group can decrease in well-being in cases of distance maintaining between self and
group.
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Consequently, it provides support that empirical conceptualization of identity management strategies could
improve and enhance understanding of both EI and related phenomena (e.g. intergroup relations processes,
their factors, and consequents; acculturation processes).
Vera Titkova
Junior Research Fellow at the Laboratory of Sociology in Education and Science, HSE, St.
Petersburg
Valeria Ivaniushina
Leading Research Fellow at the Laboratory of Sociology in Education and Science, HSE, St.
Petersburg
Daniel Alexandrov
Head of the Laboratory of Sociology in Education and Science, HSE, St. Petersburg
Culture of aggression in adolescent groups: bullying, social anxiety and friendship
Our research concerns the existence and emergence of local cultures (norms and values) in adolescent
societies (c.f. James Coleman). In our research on schools we have shown that 'cultures' emerge on the level
of peer groups rather than institutions such as schools. We study the formation of anti-school culture, the
relations between children of different ethnic origin, the norms of aggressive behavior and other phenomena
in adolescents. This particular paper we are proposing is focused on group norms of aggressive behavior
(bullying) in high school.
We study the relations between popularity, aggression and social anxiety in classrooms with different
behavioral norms. Sociometric popularity indicates a teenager's position in the structure of friendship
network. This position is related to the behavior that is acceptable or unacceptable in a given classroom
context. Behavioral norms in different classrooms vary significantly; behavior of popular students might
affect classroom norms and consequently lead to acceptance or rejection of certain behavior.
We hypothesize that: (1) in classrooms where bullying is considered 'normal' students prefer to be friends
with bullies while victims are socially isolated; (2) in classrooms where bullying behavior is unacceptable
bullies are less popular; (3) social anxiety of victims is higher in classrooms where bullying is considered
'normal' than in classes where bullying is unacceptable.
The data for the study has been collected in three vocational schools (“professional lyceums & colleges”) of
St. Petersburg. We selected 4 vocational schools with different gender composition: (1) all-female school 95% girls, (2) all-male school- 3% girls, (3) mixed gender school- 24% girls. In vocational schools students
come at age 15-16, after 9th grade of general school, and study for 3-3,5 years; the learning combines
general school curriculum and manual working skills. To elicit information on friendship ties the students
were asked to write down the names of schoolmates with whom they socialize most of all (up to 10
nominations). Students were also asked to nominate bullies who demonstrate physical or verbal aggression
and victims of physical or verbal aggression.
Socio-psychological characteristics of students were assessed using batteries of items about depression,
aggression and social anxiety. The level of aggression was measured using 11-items scale developed by
Orpinas (2001). The social anxiety was measured using 6-item scale from developed by Gren-Landel
(2009). All the scales were translated into Russian, adapted and tested in a pilot study.
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For statistical analysis we used hierarchical linear modeling (HLM7 software), building two-level
hierarchical models (individual and class). This method allows to analyse cross-level interactions.
Our main findings are as follows (1) bullies are most popular students regardless of the classroom level of
aggression; (2) social anxiety of victims is higher in highly aggressive classrooms that in classrooms with
lower level of aggression; (3) relation between popularity, aggressive behavior and social anxiety is
mediated by the level of aggression in classroom.
Therefore, we proved that the classroom culture matters, and we obtained interesting counterintuitive
results: high level of aggression in classroom decreases social anxiety of victims and at the same time
increases popularity of bullies. It shows the dual role of classroom norms: to instigate aggressive behavior
and to protect victims of aggression. In classrooms where bullying behavior is considered 'normal' every
student has higher risk of victimization; in this culture victims perceive their victim status not as their own
fault or defectiveness. We consider this phenomenon an important potential mechanism for the emergence
of the cultures of aggression -- the positive feedback loop in which improved self-concept of victims may
help to support the normalization of aggressive behavior.
Valeria Ivaniushina
Leading Research Fellow at the Laboratory of Sociology in Education and Science, HSE, St.
Petersburg
Daniel Alexandrov
Head of the Laboratory of Sociology in Education and Science, HSE, St. Petersburg
Migrant minority children in Russian schools: inter-ethnic relations and pro/anti-school
culture
In our research we aim at studying the effects of social class, ethnicity and migration background in schools
and the patterns of migrant integration and/or social exclusion in educational settings.
Our research is based on original surveys in St. Petersburg metropolitan area (pilot survey of 65 classes in
23 schools completed in 2009, survey for collecting network data in 409 classes in 104 schools completed in
2010) and thematic interviews with teachers, students and parents. Comprehensive survey instruments
covered ethnicity and migration background, socio-professional status of parents and material conditions at
home, pro/anti-school attitudes, motivation and sense of belonging for students, school performance,
educational and professional aspirations and expectations, and friendship choices. Collecting network data
allows us to measure in/exclusion of ethnic minorities in classrooms in addition to the sense of belonging
and other measures. The data are analyzed with hierarchical regression models and social network multilevel
analysis models (ERGM).
Ethnic minority students, together with students from low socio-economic status families, are concentrated
in small urban schools lacking resources to provide high quality teaching and multi-cultural education.
Statistic analysis reveals no significant difference in school performance and educational aspirations
between Russian and ethnic minority children attending similar schools, though minority children
demonstrate higher learning motivations and lower level of anti-school culture.
Network data analysis demonstrate that in Russia the ‘majority’ students are ‘ethnically blind’ in their
choices of friends while children from ethnic minorities more frequently choose friends from ethnic
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minorities, but not necessarily of their own ethnicity. These findings are in accordance with the results of
similar surveys in Europe (Baerveldt e.a., 2007; Vermeij e.a., 2009). In our presentation we will elaborate on
the comparative perspective, placing Russian case of inter-ethnic network relations of adolescents in the
comparative framework of American and European cases of minority children in schools.
SESSION “Values and Value Transmission-1”
Chair: Nadezhda Lebedeva
Head of the International Scientific-Educational Laboratory for Socio-Cultural Research,
HSE, Moscow
Alena Khaptsova
Research Intern at the International Scientific-Educational Laboratory for Socio-Cultural
Research, HSE, Moscow
Values and trust in the media
The literature identifies three major predictors of trust in news messages: credibility of the message,
credibility of the source, and individual characteristics of consumers (e.g. political views and individual
values). However, the structure of relationships between those predictors and trust in news still needs
investigation. This study investigates direct and mediated relationships between individual values and trust
in political news. I hypothesized that holding tradition values may be associated with sharing
progovernment political views, trust in Russian news channels and trust in progovernment news messages.
In contrast, holding universalism values may be associated with liberal political views, trust in foreign news
channels and trust in antigovernment messages. Hypotheses were tested using SEM with a sample of 149
adults who live in Russia. Results of the analysis revealed that people who hold tradition, security, and
power values are likely to share political views of the government, trust Russian news channels, and distrust
International ones. However, direct relations between those values and trust in news messages were not
found. Another set of values predicting trust in news messages consisted of self-direction and universalism.
People high on those values are not likely to share progovernment political views, they trust proGreenpeace
news and distrust progovernment ones. However, trust in news sources did not mediate these relationships.
Tatjana Kanonire
Research Fellow at the International Scientific-Educational Laboratory for Socio-Cultural
Research, HSE, Moscow
Individual values and life satisfaction in Russia and Latvia: The moderating role of news
categories
The present study examined the moderating role of news content to relations between individual values and
life satisfaction. Previous studies have shown that individual values are related to life satisfaction when
environmental aspects are taken into account: congruence between person’s values and the values prevailing
in the environment enhances life satisfaction (Sagiv, & Schwartz, 2000; Schwartz, 2012); country
socioeconomical status provides a set of opportunities or limitations for the pursuit of certain values and as a
14
result, in countries with different status, different values lead to higher life satisfaction (Sortheix, &
Lönnqvist, 2014). Russian (n = 120) and Latvian samples (n = 115) filled in Portrait Values Questionnaire
Revised, The Satisfaction with Life Scale and questionnaire about news. Three news categories were
defined: the war and hostilities news; economics treats news, and news about inner political activities.
Preliminary results are discussed.
Natalia Soboleva
Research Fellow at the Laboratory for Comparative Social Research, HSE, Moscow
Vladimir Kozlov
Associate Professor at the Department of Demography, HSE, Moscow
Parental family and cultural context as predictors attitudes towards sexual liberalization in
Europe
In the current paper we regard the impact of parental family on individual attitudes reflecting sexual
liberalization (including abortion, divorce and homosexuality) across Europe. Earlier in the traditional
society all of these types of behavior were strongly disapproved whereas now they are more often
considered as normal. Attitudes towards sexual liberalization are largely formed in the parental family.
Taking into account the value change, decreasing importance of traditional family and diversification of
behavior the current issue is of vital importance.
Theoretically research is based upon several approaches. First one is the ‘plethora of capitals’ framework
(Bourdieu 1986) according to which the process of childbearing and socialization is regarded as investment
(planned and unintentional) in different forms of capital. Second one is a modernization theory which states
that the growing existential security leads to a transformation from survival to emancipative values
(Inglehart, Welzel 2010). Sexual liberalization is of the crucial domains of emancipative values and
freedoms (Welzel 2013). The main indicators of sexual liberalization are attitudes to abortion, divorce and
homosexuality. As a database we use European Value Study 2008-2009. The main research methods are
OLS and multilevel regression modeling; exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis.
We expect that individual level of sexual liberalization is higher for respondents whose parents had higher
human and cultural capital (controlling for their social-economic and demographic status). However we
assume that not only parents’ cultural attitudes, but also cultural context of the country of socialization and
the individual religiosity could influence the attitudes (e.g. religious people are less tolerant towards sexual
liberalization). To test the abovementioned hypotheses we launched models with interaction effects on
individual level and incorporated in our research the level of the society (country).
We received the following preliminary results. On the individual level those respondents whose parents
lacked cultural capital and who are not religious have less tolerant attitudes towards sexual liberalization.
Attitudes towards sexual liberalization are more tolerant in the countries with higher religious diversity,
higher share of Protestants and lower share of Muslims and less tolerant in post-communist countries. In
wealthier countries (and this fact tackles the post-communist hypothesis) and in societies with higher
religious diversity index the impact of parents’ human and cultural capital is weaker.
The research adds to the current literature the integration of micro- and macro-perspective of the role of
social context in predicting attitudes towards sexual liberalization.
15
SESSION “Values and Value Transmission-2”
Chair: Tatjana Kanonire
Research Fellow at the International Scientific-Educational Laboratory for Socio-Cultural
Research, HSE, Moscow
Dmitry Dubrov
Research Intern at the International Scientific-Educational Laboratory for Socio-Cultural
Research, HSE, Moscow
Similarities and differences in parent-adultscent’s values in rural and urban area
There are normative influences leading to similar typical values of individuals who share the same socialcultural context. The question to which we are referring has been called the stereotype effect (Cronbach,
1955), that is, the dominant mainstream position taken by the majority of people in a given society (or of
given subgroups within a society, e.g., adults vs. children, males vs. females). In other words, the stereotype
effect expresses contextual or group-specificities in socialization.
Our current study investigates the role of the place of living (rural and urban society) and its social-cultural
context in determining the parent-adolescent child value similarity. There are the differences between the
urban and rural societies and families and children in the two areas vary greatly in their daily experiences
and opportunities for the future. Families in rural Russia live largely agricultural lives, with children being
expected to assist their parents in their farming and household maintenance duties.
An empirical study of similarities and differences of the values of parents and adolescents in urban and rural
area was conducted at schools of Moscow city and rural settlements of Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Tver regions.
Adolescents were distributed questionnaires (S. Schwartz’ PVQ-R) that they filled either at school or at
home. Teenagers were given questionnaires to be filled by one of the parents.
After comparison of similarities teenagers values with values of their peers and parents we found out that in
urban sample 74 (81%) of the adolescent has significant correlations of value profiles with peers and 43
(47%) – with parents. In the rural sample, 43 (69%) of the adolescent has significant correlations of value
profiles with peers and 25 (40%) – with parents. Therefore, the hypothesis that the values of adolescents in
the urban society will be more similar to the values of peers than parents is confirmed both on urban and
rural samples.
Tatiana Karabchuk
Deputy Director at the Laboratory for Comparative Social Research, HSE, Moscow
Anna Ryabchikova
Research Assistant at the Laboratory for Comparative Social Research, HSE, Moscow
Family values and number of children in families across Europe: does generation matter?
16
The paper deals with the correlation between family values and number of children in European countries
focusing on cohort effects. The goal of the paper is to reveal the relationship between values and fertility
patterns through generations among European countries. The analysis is done for four separate cohorts: 6455 years old, 54-45 years old, 44-35 years old, 34-25 years old. The authors claim that younger generations
have more egalitarian, individualistic values that prevent people from having more children. However some
papers prove the positive link between females’ employment and fertility. Only few of them declared
changes in family values and fertility patterns in respect with generations. Applying modernization theory of
Ronald Inglehart we explain generation effect on value changes and fertility patterns. The empirical part of
the paper is based on European Value Study of 2008 (48 countries). The paper shows the significant
interdependence between generations - fertility patterns and generations – values. Multilevel approach
allows us to control for cross-national cultural differences and countries’ development level.
Denis Zubalov
Research Fellow at the Institute of Education, HSE, Moscow
To be or not to be: National and ethnic cultural values transmission patterns within the
community of Pontic Greeks in Cyprus
The linguistic and cultural transformation of the Pontic Greek community in Cyprus has been taking place
since the major influx of Pontic Greeks from the former Soviet Union, mainly from the north and south
Caucasus (Russia and Georgia respectively) in the mid-1990s. Older generation of Pontic Greeks, being
predominantly either Russo- or Turko-phone (or balanced bilinguals), were not instantly recognized as
Greeks by the local Greek-Cypriot community precisely because they lacked knowledge of Greek.
Moreover, the fact that some Pontic Greeks spoke Turkish in public along with their overt manifestation of
Turkish-influenced cultural elements at wedding parties did not facilitate the integration of Pontic Greeks on
the island. In this paper, I am going to demonstrate how negative language attitudes can lead the community
of Pontic Greeks to start reconsidering the role that language and culture can play in the socialization and
integration process. Moreover, I am going to show how socio-political and sociolinguistic factors triggered
older members of the Pontic Greek community to choose the language(s) and ethno-cultural elements of
their community which they should maintain and which they should abandon.
In the present study, I employed quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. In total, 247
questionnaires were collected and 44 interviews were conducted. The results showed that the community of
Pontic Greeks has internalized negative language/culture attitudes towards Turkish in light of the Cyprus
political problem (invasion of the Turkish army in 1974 as well as subsequent minor incidents between the
Greek-Cypriot and Turkish-Cypriot communities). As a result, Pontic Greek parents try to avoid using
Turkish in family interactions and try to uproot any cultural Turkish elements that could be found at cultural
events (wedding/birthday parties). Russian is obtaining more prestige and economic value in Cyprus and,
therefore, attempts are made by Pontic Greeks to maintain it, at least, within the family domain, without any
damage to the community’s ethnic self-perception as Greeks.
Ksenia Tenisheva
Research Assistant at the Laboratory of Sociology in Education and Science, HSE, St.
Petersburg
17
Valeria Ivaniushina
Leading Research Fellow at the Laboratory of Sociology in Education and Science, HSE, St.
Petersburg
Daniel Alexandrov
Head of the Laboratory of Sociology in Education and Science, HSE, St. Petersburg
Migrant adolescents in Russian schools: a shift in values?
The proposed paper deals with the problem of the difference in values and norms between the native and
migrant students of the secondary schools in Saint Petersburg. Russia receives huge amount of labor
migrants from former Soviet countries yearly, thus the number of migrant students in Russian schools is
remarkable, although not comparable to European statistics. Adolescents who grew up in the sending society
significantly differ from the adult migrants as they have to interact with the new community on a daily basis
at school. The success of these everyday interactions explicitly depends on how fast they can assimilate, but
their elder relatives do not change their views that fast. Thus, migrant students should balance the sets of old
and new values to meet the requirements of both sides (sending and receiving communities). We investigate
the way they manage this value conflict and become a part of the new society.
The research is based on the results of the project “Monitoring of the station of minority children” initiated
by the UNICEF and carried out by the Laboratory of Sociology of Education and Science, NRU HSE (Saint
Petersburg). The data was collected in 33 schools in Saint Petersburg, with 632 students of the age 14 years
and elder questioned (44% of them – migrants without Russian citizenship). The questions concerned ethnic
and socio-economic background of students, their stories of migration, educational attainment and
educational and professional plans.
The values were measured two-fold: (1) by the shortened Schwartz questionnaire (containing 14 questions
on 4 main axes ) and (2) by our original question requesting students to choose 4 out of 12 values listed.
Quantitative data is complimented with the results of 20 qualitative interviews and 10 focus-groups with
migrant students thus allowing for an in-depth interpretation of the differences and similarities between the
values and norms of native and migrant students.
Our findings reveal some interesting discrepancy in the values of migrant students which confirms them
being in the process of adaptation to a new society. On the one hand, non-native youth do have higher values
of Conservation, as expected. On the other hand, they also have higher values of Self-Transcendence, than
native students. There was revealed no difference between migrant and native students in values of
Openness to change and Self-enhancement. Migrant students value the overall equity, justice, tolerance and
the openness to the opinion of others, which is more characteristic for modernized societies. Although this
might be partly attributed to the amount of injustice their families have faced after moving to Russia, this
fact still confirms migrant adolescents holding values of both old and new societies.
Main norms migrant students incorporated from their sending societies and do not reject are religious norms,
the idea of honor – especially important for the masculine part of respondents, the norms of extended family
and the necessity to help their parents and other relatives. The norms that are most frequently rejected by the
girls concern the control of their intimate lives, which is provided by their parents, and the traditional views
of woman as a housewife. Rejection of these norms might be the most explicit; girls intentionally try to
show everybody that they do not accept such a view of their lives. The masculine roles are not that
contradictory in the sending and receiving community thus allowing boys to avoid such an open conflict
with the norms of their families.
18
09.06.2015
SESSION “Culture, personality and well-being”
Chair: Dmitry Leontiev
Head of the International Laboratory for Positive Psychology of Personality and Motivation,
HSE, Moscow
Dmitry Leontiev
Head of the International Laboratory for Positive Psychology of Personality and Motivation,
HSE, Moscow
Culture, social priming, and meaning-making
Psychological mechanisms of cultural influences over mental and personality development make a large
field that cannot be reduced to simple regularities. The aim of this paper is an attempt of specifying the
mechanisms of cultural influences over meaning-making, using the concept of social priming as the
mediating link.
In line with the relational, or referential view on personal meaning (Nuttin, 1984; Baumeister, 1991;
Leontiev, 1999; 2005; 2013) meaning-making is treated as a connection of a given content (object, event or
action) to broader meaning-making context. Meaning-making is defined, in line with this, as establishing
new meaning connections that can occur in three ways: finding meaning (natural connection), imposing
meaning (prescribed connection) and creating meaning (individual work of meaning reconstruction)
(Leontiev, 2014).
Imposing meaning is the imposed association of individual actions, events or objects in their life-world with
definite optional meaning-making contexts that is deliberately arranged by other people (“good girls obey
their parents”) or social organization (“you will have high self-esteem only if you make enough money”).
Imposed meanings can be used in situational manipulations as well. In all these cases the imposed meaning
connections are optional but the individual or social impact results in accepting these connections as
ultimate, self-evident, and lacking alternatives.
This mechanism is similar by its structure to the widespread experimental procedure of priming, hidden
imposing of some thematic context beyond the subject’s awareness that results in predictable changes in the
second phase of experiment that can be interpreted in terms of imposed meaning-making. A special form of
priming is social priming (Molden, 2014) based on social embodiment (Lakens, 2014). Cultural priming,
that is imposing definite culture-specific meaning-making contexts upon the worldview of all the
representatives of a given culture, be it an ethnic/national culture or the culture of professional, age and
other communities, may be treated as a special form of social priming producing meaning-making effects.
We assume that many cultural influences, especially the ones related to value dynamics, can be fruitfully
analyzed in terms of social/cultural priming and its meaning-making effects.
19
Evgeny Osin
Leading Research Fellow at the International Laboratory for Positive Psychology of
Personality and Motivation, HSE, Moscow
Martin Lynch
Associate Professor of Counseling & Human Development at the Warner School of
Education, University of Rochester, USA
Ken Sheldon
University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States; International Laboratory for
Positive Psychology of Personality and Motivation, HSE, Moscow
Elena Rasskazova, Tamara Gordeeva
Leading Research Fellows at the International Laboratory for Positive Psychology of
Personality and Motivation, HSE, Moscow
Differences in expression norms for happiness and unhappiness in Russia and the USA
Existing findings and theories concerning emotional expression norms in Russia produce a mixed picture:
some authors claim that Russians are likely to express their emotions openly (e.g., Kitayama & Markus,
1994; Wierzbicka, 1998), while others present findings indicating high levels of emotional inhibition in
Russia (Matsumoto et al., 1998; 2008). Data by Matsumoto and colleagues show that emotional inhibition
effects are not uniform across the range of basic emotions; however, their findings are based on a small
sample. We have undertaken two studies (N=888 and N=612) with comparable US and Russian student
samples to investigate the differences in expression norms for happiness and unhappiness between the two
countries. We used an original rating procedure, asking respondents how much they, their peers, and people
in their country are likely to conceal their happiness and unhappiness from others in friend and stranger
setting. The results were analyzed using mixed Anova. The findings indicate that Russian students are more
likely to conceal their happiness (particularly with strangers), but less likely to conceal their unhappiness
(particularly with friends). The differences between the friend vs stranger setting were also more
pronounced in Russia. Concealing happiness was associated with a wider range of negative outcomes in the
USA (lower basic need satisfaction, subjective well-being, autonomy, authenticity, intrinsic aspirations) than
in Russia. Differences in the reasons for concealing happiness were also explored, showing a stronger role of
concern for others in the USA and a stronger role of fear of others’ envy in Russia. The findings suggest
important differences in the role of emotional expression across the two cultural contexts.
Dmitry Leontiev
Head of the International Laboratory for Positive Psychology of Personality and Motivation,
HSE, Moscow
Evgeny Osin
Leading Research Fellow at the International Laboratory for Positive Psychology of
Personality and Motivation, HSE, Moscow
Ken Sheldon
University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States; International Laboratory for
Positive Psychology of Personality and Motivation, HSE, Moscow
20
Elena Rasskazova, Tamara Gordeeva
Leading Research Fellows at the International Laboratory for Positive Psychology of
Personality and Motivation, HSE, Moscow
Responsibility, Freedom and subjective well-being in Russia and the U.S.: the Functional
and Happiness Benefits of Taking Responsibility
Social responsibility is an important human strength which has received little attention in positive
psychology research. Social responsibility and freedom may have different meaning in different sociocultural settings. Responsibility is usually treated as a constraint upon freedom, rather than as an intrinsic
good. However, it has been repeatedly argued that mature freedom and responsibility can be mutually
enhancing, rather than being in conflict. In the complementary model of freedom and responsibility, these
are the two sides of personal causality (Leontiev, 1993; Kaliteevskaya & Leontiev, 2004); freedom reflects
the problem of personal agency and responsibility reflects the problem of social integration.
Responsibility can be deliberately self-chosen (autonomous) or it can be accepted only for extrinsic reasons;
in the first case responsibility increases freedom, but in the second case, responsibility limits freedom. Our
new data show that trait responsibility measured by two independent scales and trait autonomy are positively
correlated (i.e. they indeed “go together”), in both American (N=200) and Russian students (N=1200). Still,
the correlation is significantly lower in the Russian students, indicating that the link between freedom and
responsibility may be weaker or inhibited in this cultural group. In both samples, however, trait
responsibility was associated with more autonomous goal-setting. Thus, being a “taker of responsibility”
may increase (rather than decrease) freedom, by increasing one’s ability to select deeply self-concordant
goals.
This talk will also show that Russian and American university students do not differ on the related
constructs of trait conscientiousness, dispositional need for achievement, and trait autonomy, although
Russian students are lower in trait responsibility than U.S. students. We will then discuss the meaning of
responsibility in Russia and the US and show that in Russian students responsibility could be predicted by
low neuroticism, and high conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness to experience, while in American
sample the only predictor of high responsibility is conscientiousness. In its turn responsibility is a reliable
predictor of well-being in Russian sample.
SESSION “Social Capital and Economic Behavior-1”
Chair: Seger Breuglmans
Co-Head of the International Scientific-Educational Laboratory for Socio-Cultural
Research, HSE, Moscow
Anna Mironova
Research Intern at the International Scientific-Educational Laboratory for Socio-Cultural
Research, HSE, Moscow
Trust as a factor of subjective life satisfaction
21
This paper is dedicated to analyze the relation between trust as the element of social capital and individual
subjective life satisfaction. Are trustful people happier than suspicious people? In the framework of social
capital concept we consider three main types of trust: general, institutional and social. By using data of value
research in two federal districts of the Russian Federation, which was conducted by the Centre for
Comparative Social Research in summer of 2012, we give the estimate of trust level in Russia. Using the
method of structural equation modeling the main hypothesis was tested - is there a positive relationship
between the level of trust and subjective life satisfaction.
Anna Almakaeva
Senior Researcher at the Laboratory for Comparative Social Research, HSE, Moscow
Ingroup ties and formation of generalized trust
The current study focuses on the relations between ingroup, particularized and generalized trust. Although
scholars usually differentiate generalized from particularized trust the distinction between particularized and
ingroup trust has not been emphasized. However, this distinction may shed an additional light on the
controversial evidence on the relations between generalized and particularized trust. Seminal works of
Banfield (1958) and Fukuyama (1995) postulate a negative effect of ingroup ties on generalized trust. At the
same time, empirical evidence has demonstrated contradictory findings. While one group of studies points
out negative effect of family ties on generalized trust (Alesina & Giuliano, 2013), another group detects a
positive association between particularized and generalized trust (Delhey & Welzel, 2012; Freitag &
Traunmüller, 2009; Newton & Zmerli, 2011; Uslaner, 2002). Presumably, this positive interlink is the result
of combining trust in family and trust in known people into a single additive index that may be misleading
from theoretical point of view. Only in relatively small groups intensive social ties might be a reason for
creating «bonding» social capital. Trust in family is, indisputably, the indicator which catches this type of
ingroup interactions but trust in known people relates to a rather wide circle of people and simultaneously
includes members of ingroups and outgroups.
Taking this statement as starting point, the current study contributes to the field in several main ways. First,
it distinguishes particularized from ingroup trust and treats them as separate concepts. Second, it
simultaneously estimates the effect of ingroup and particularized trust on generalized trust. Third, it
incorporates human development as a country-level moderator and multilevel regression modeling and
demonstrates how societal conditions affect these relations. Fourth, it uses the broadest dataset of the 5th
and 6th waves of the World Values Survey which covers 77 countries. Preliminary analysis shows stable
positive interlink between trust in known people and generalized trust. The strength of this impact is stable
across low and highly developed societies. However, the influence of family trust, indeed, differs depending
on the level of human development. It is significantly positive in developed countries and negative but weak
in developing countries.
Alexander Tatarko
Leading Researcher at the International Scientific-Educational Laboratory for SocioCultural Research, HSE, Moscow
Anna Mironova
Research Intern at the International Scientific-Educational Laboratory for Socio-Cultural
Research, HSE, Moscow
22
Sergey Chuvashov
Research Intern at the International Scientific-Educational Laboratory for Socio-Cultural
Research, HSE, Moscow
Does Ethnic Diversity Affect Social Capital in the Russian Context?
The research considers the impact of ethnic diversity on social capital in the Russian context. The theoretical
study is based on Putnam’s hypothesis related to the impact of ethnic diversity on social capital. The
empirical basis of a representative survey was compiled in two multicultural regions of Russia (N = 2061).
To assess the level of ethnic diversity an Ethnic Diversity Index (EDI) was calculated based on the results of
the latest National Population Census. Data were processed using two-level structural equitation modelling.
The results showed that ethnic diversity did not affect adversely the social capital of Russia, as assumed in
Putnam’s hypothesis. In particular, Russia's ethnic diversity positively influences ethnic tolerance and
informal sociability and does not affect social trust and community organizational life. The article also
suggests reasons for these results.
SESSION “Social Capital and Economic Behavior-2”
Chair: Alexander Tatarko
Leading Researcher at the International Scientific-Educational Laboratory for SocioCultural Research, HSE, Moscow
Miki Tsuda
2nd year Master at the Public Policy Department, HSE, Moscow
Why is maternalism such a strong and defining aspect of women’s organizations in Ukraine?
Maternalist organizations in Ukraine have been burgeoning presence since around the late 80s, especially
after the Chernobyl catastrophe. They highlight women’s capacity as mothers as “protector of culture” and
“protector of life” in their activities. Though defining both‘maternalism’ and ‘maternalist organizations’ is
challenging, this research questions why maternalism is such a strong and defining aspects of women’s
organization in Ukraine, using Bourdieu’s theories as well as analyzing its history and culture. This paper
argues that it happened because maternalism in Ukraine is specific to Ukraine society and closely aligned
with patterns of subordination in history and culture, as well as the mythical and symbolic importance of
Berehynia. Studying several empirical studies, this paper will reveal that the ideology of maternalism
resonates within these organizations, since women consider that it is strategically wiser for women to
support Ukraine’s gendered cultural traditions, since public power is less accessible to women.
Olga Poluektova
Research Intern at the International Scientific-Educational Laboratory for Socio-Cultural
Research, HSE, Moscow
The relationship between poverty and individual psychological characteristics
23
This study was aimed at analyzing the relationship between poverty and individual psychological
characteristics in Russia.
Recent statistics reveal that the incidence of poverty in Russia is high: 15% of the population live below
poverty line and 50% consider themselves poor, even though their income is above official substantial
minimum (Federal statistics service, 2014). In addition, opinion polls (FOM, 2014) suggest that the gap and
social distance between the poor and the rich is increasing.
The results of recent studies on poverty (Kraus et al, 2012, Mani et al, 2013; Griskevicius et al, 2013,
Haushofer & Fehr, 2014) suggest that different aspects, or indicators, of poverty, such as income, relative
deprivation, subjective socioeconomic status, economic status in childhood have negative impact on the way
poor people think, feel and behave. However, none of the mentioned studies have combined all these
indicators together.
In our study, we made an attempt to combine all mentioned aspects of poverty in order to determine how
each aspect contributes to the differences in individual psychological characteristics between poor and nonpoor people. We included individual psychological characteristics of three personality domains: subjective
well-being (self-esteem, satisfaction with life), motivation (individual values, self-efficacy, dispositional
greed) and decision-making (impulsiveness, self-control).
The study was conducted within two stages. At the first stage, we conducted 10 cognitive interviews with
people living in poverty. The analysis showed that poor people tend to be more socially desirable, do not
always understand standard instructions and items meaning. These problems were solved by extending
instructions and changing problematic items. At the second stage, we conducted a survey on a sample of 250
people. We sampled for both middle class and poor people. Poor respondents were recruited at the social
welfare centers.
We analyzed the results using multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA) and covariance (MANCOVA).
We found that all aspects of poverty have independent significant impact on the differences in individual
psychological characteristics between poor and non poor people.
Aleksey Oshchepkov
Senior Research Fellow at the Center for Labour Market Studies and Laboratory for
Comparative Social Research, HSE, Moscow
Maria Kravtsova
Junior Research Fellow at the Laboratory for Comparative Social Research, HSE, Moscow
A Comparative Study of Market and Network Corruptions
In this study, we conduct a comparative empirical analysis of two types of corruption, market corruption
(MC) and network corruption (NC). In the MC case, any person or firm who gives a reward to the official
may get some unofficial or illegal favors. In the NC case, only those persons or firms who have some
kinship, friendship, business ties, and so forth with the official may get those favors. This important
distinction was first emphasized by Scott (1969) and recognized in subsequent corruption literature
afterwards (e.g., Husted, 1994; Lambsdorff, 2002; Kingston, 2007; Granovetter, 2007). However, it has
never been examined quantitatively, neither at the country level nor at the individual level, and therefore
accumulated theoretical beliefs have never been tested empirically.
24
Using micro-data from the 2010 round of the Life in Transition Survey (LiTs) we measure individual
engagement in MC and NC and estimate the incidence of these corruptions in 30 post-socialist countries as
well as in 5 countries of Western Europe (France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, and Sweden). Post-socialist
countries represent an excellent “laboratory” to study MC and NC. On the one hand, they exhibit relatively
high levels of corruption rooted in the Soviet “blat” (Ledeneva, 1998; Gellbach, 2001; Sandholtz &
Taagepera, 2005) which is a well-known instance of NC. On the other hand, transition to the market has
disturbed old social networks, increased the value of money, and led to a more decentralized government in
these countries. These changes fostered MC. As a result, the current profile of corruption in post-socialist
countries may be viewed as a mix of its market and network types. Availability of data from Western
European countries in the LiTs sample allows us to compare post-socialist societies with matured
democracies.
We find that correlation between MC and NC across countries is positive but weak and countries’ corruption
rankings by MC and NC are far from to be the same. This suggests that MC and NC do not go hand in hand.
Among countries with the highest incidence of NC are Russia, Tajikistan, Kyrgyz Republic, Macedonia,
Uzbekistan, and Belarus, while leaders in MC are Azerbaijan, Kyrgyz Republic, Albania, and Ukraine. All
western European countries tend to locate at the bottom of both rankings but their advantage over postsocialist countries is less evident in the case of NC.
Another observation we make is that the structure of corruption in countries with high overall corruption is
shifted towards MC, while in countries with low overall corruption it is shifted towards NC. This suggests
that high-corruption countries differ from low-corruption countries not only by the incidence of corruption
(which is self-evident) but also by the nature of corruption. This observation also corresponds to a
theoretical expectation that MC being much more risky than NC may survive only if corrupt exchanges are
widespread and institutionalized, and the mass attitude towards corruption is permissive.
Next, we estimate correlations of our MC and NC indices with a battery of countries’ characteristics derived
from numerous cross-country studies that tried to explain why corruption levels in some countries are higher
than in others but did not distinguish between MC and NC (see Svensson, 2005; Lambsdorff, 2006;
Treisman, 2000; 2007; Pellegrini and Gerlagh, 2008). We find a number of characteristic differences
between MC and NC. For example, MC, unlike NC, is positively correlated with the incidence of selfemployment, which reflects the fact that MC provides a less restricted access to public services than NC and
thus “greases the wheels” better. Yet, we find that NC is higher in countries with higher social status of
officials, which is line with an idea discussed by Granovetter (2007) that the acceptance of bribe (i.e.,
engagement in MC) by public officials often means acknowledging a lower social status. At the same time,
we find a positive and highly significant correlation between the percentage of people who think that
corruption has stayed the same from 2011 to 2013 (taken from Global Corruption Barometer) and the level
of NC in 2010. This is in line with the theoretical expectation that NC is more inertial and stable than MC
due to its embeddedness in social networks. Higher NC makes overall corruption in the country more
persistent. What is more, we find a strong positive correlation between NC at present and the average
household size existed about a century ago. This suggests that NC, unlike MC, has long socio-historical
roots. A higher average household size reflects a higher incidence of extended families which promoted
particularistic values in the society and hampered the development of impersonal institutions (Hartman,
2004).
At the individual level, estimating a multinomial logit-model we show that MC and NC participants differ in
many respects. As it might be expected, NC participants have more social capital than their MC
counterparts. Thus, the distinction between MC and NC sheds some light on the “dark side” of social capital
25
(e.g., Levi, 1996; Graeff, 2007), namely how social capital favors corruption. Our results indicate that social
capital feeds the network type of corruption and has almost nothing to do with its market type. At the same
time, NC participants are more risk-averse, have less out-group trust, more negative attitude towards
competition, and more respect to authorities than MC participants. However, both MC and NC groups
express preferences for higher income inequality, in contrast to uncorrupt individuals.
In sum, our empirical analysis strongly supports the theoretical view that MC and NC are rather different
types of corruption and should be treated separately both in academic research and public policy.
26