Standard Operating Procedure
1,4-Dioxane
Print a copy and insert into your
Laboratory Safety Manual and Chemical Hygiene Plan.
Department:
Chemistry
Date SOP was written:
Date SOP was approved by PI/lab
supervisor:
Principal Investigator:
Internal Lab Safety Coordinator/Lab
Manager:
Lab Phone:
11/29/2012
Office Phone:
510-643-6312
Emergency Contact:
Richmond Sarpong (626)-644-2407
(Name and Phone Number)
Latimer
834,836,837,838,839,842,844,847,907
(Building/Room Number)
Location(s) covered by this SOP:
Type of SOP:
Process
11/29/2012
Richmond Sarpong
Rebecca Murphy
510-643-2485
Hazardous Chemical
Hazardous Class
Purpose
1,4-Dioxane is a select carcinogen and a peroxide former. Like some other ethers,
dioxane combines with atmospheric oxygen on standing to form explosive peroxides.
Distillation of dioxane concentrates these peroxides, thus increasing the danger. If not
stored and handled properly, this can pose a serious threat to the health and safety of
laboratory personnel, emergency responders and chemical waste handlers. Hence, it is
important to follow safety protocols to handle this chemical.
1,4-Dioxane (dioxane), a cyclic ether, is used as a degreasing agent, as a component of
paint and varnish removers, and as a wetting and dispersion agent in the textile
industry. Dioxane is used as a solvent in chemical synthesis, as a fluid for scintillation
counting, and as a dehydrating agent in the preparation of tissue sections for histology.
Physical & Chemical Properties/Definition of Chemical Group
CAS#: 123-91-1
Class: Peroxide forming chemical and carcinogen,
Molecular Formula: C4H8O2
Form (physical state): liquid
Color: colorless
Boiling point: 100-102 ºC
Potential Hazards/Toxicity
This product is or contains a component that has been reported to be possibly
carcinogenic.
Target Organs
Liver, Kidney, Central nervous system
Other hazards
May form explosive peroxides.
Potential Health Effects
Inhalation: May be harmful if inhaled. Causes respiratory tract irritation
Skin: May be harmful if absorbed through skin. Causes skin irritation.
Eyes: Causes eye irritation.
Ingestion: May be harmful if swallowed.
CalOSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL): 0.28 ppm
Engineering Controls
All operations involving 1,4-dioxane must be carried out in a certified chemical fume
hood (certified once every year by EH&S).
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Respiratory Protection
NOTE: Lab personnel intending to use/wear a respirator mask must be trained and fittested by EH&S. This is a regulatory requirement.
Refer to 8 CCR 5144 for selection of respirators. A respiratory protection program that
meets 8 CCR 5144 must be followed whenever workplace conditions warrant use of a
respirator.
Respirators should be used only under any of the following circumstances:
 As a last line of defense (i.e., after engineering and administrative controls have
been exhausted).
 When Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) has exceeded or when there is a
possibility that PEL will be exceeded.
 Regulations require the use of a respirator.
 An employer requires the use of a respirator.
 There is potential for harmful exposure due to an atmospheric contaminant (in
the absence of PEL)
 As PPE in the event of a chemical spill clean-up process
Hand Protection
Handle with butyl gloves.
NOTE: Consult with your preferred glove manufacturer to ensure that the gloves you
plan on using are compatible with 1,4-dioxane.
Refer to glove selection chart from the links below:
http://www.ansellpro.com/download/Ansell_8thEditionChemicalResistanceGuide.pdf
OR
http://www.allsafetyproducts.biz/page/74172
OR
http://www.showabestglove.com/site/default.aspx
OR
http://www.mapaglove.com/
Eye Protection
Safety goggles or glasses.
Skin and Body Protection
Fire/flame resistant lab coat (100% cotton based), cotton based clothing/attire, full
length pants or equivalent, closed toe shoes.
Hygiene Measures
Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wash hands before breaks and immediately
after handling 1,4-dioxane.
First Aid Procedures
If inhaled
If breathed in, move person into fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact
Wash off with soap and plenty of water. Consult a physician.
In case of eye contact
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
If swallowed
Do NOT induce vomiting. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water. Consult a physician.
General advice:
Consult a physician. Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance. Move out
of dangerous area.
Special Handling and Storage Requirements
Precautions for safe handling
Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Keep away from
sources of ignition (such as Bunsen burners). Take measures to prevent the build-up of
electrostatic charge.
Conditions for safe storage
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are
opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Possibility of hazardous reactions
Vapors may form explosive mixture with air.
Conditions to avoid
Heat, flames and sparks. Extremes of temperature and direct sunlight.
Materials to avoid
Oxygen, Oxidizing agents, Halogens, Reducing agents, Perchlorates,
Trimethylaluminum
Hazardous decomposition products
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions. - Carbon oxides
Spill and Accident Procedure
Chemical Spill Dial 911
Spill – Assess the extent of danger. Help contaminated or injured persons. Evacuate the spill area.
Avoid breathing vapors. If possible, confine the spill to a small area using a spill kit or absorbent material.
Keep others from entering contaminated area (e.g., use caution tape, barriers, etc.).
Small (<1 L) – If you have training, you may assist in the clean-up effort. Use appropriate personal
protective equipment and clean-up material for chemical spilled. Double bag spill waste in clear plastic
bags, label and take to the next chemical waste pick-up.
Large (>1 L) – Dial 911 and 510-642-9090 for assistance.
Chemical Spill on Body or Clothes – Remove clothing and rinse body thoroughly in emergency shower
for at least 15 minutes. Seek medical attention. Notify supervisor and EH&S immediately. Follow up with
a call to 510-642-9090 to report the incident.
Chemical Splash Into Eyes – Immediately rinse eyeball and inner surface of eyelid with water from the
emergency eyewash station for 15 minutes by forcibly holding the eye open. Seek medical attention.
Notify supervisor and EH&S immediately. Follow up with a call to 510-642-9090 to report the incident.
Medical Emergency Dial 911
Life Threatening Emergency, After Hours, Weekends And Holidays – Dial 911 or go to the nearest
emergency room. Note: All serious injuries must be reported to EH&S within 8 hours. Follow up with a
call to 510-642-9090 to report the incident.
Non-Life Threatening Emergency – Go to the Occupational Health Facility (Tang Health Center). After
hours go to the nearest emergency room. Note: All serious injuries must be reported to EH&S within 8
hours. Follow up with a call to 510-642-9090 to report the incident.
Needle stick/puncture exposure (as applicable to chemical handling procedure) – Wash the affected
area with antiseptic soap and warm water for 15 minutes. For mucous membrane exposure, flush the
affected area for 15 minutes using an eyewash station. Go to the Occupational Health Facility (Tang
Health Center). After hours go to the nearest emergency room. Note: All needle stick/puncture exposures
must be reported to EH&S within 8 hours. Follow up with a call to 510-642-9090 to report the incident.
Decontamination/Waste Disposal Procedure
Dispose of 1,4-dioxane container before the expiration date as marked by the
manufacturer on the container, or, within 1 year from the date of opening, whichever is
sooner.
General hazardous waste disposal guidelines:
Label Waste
 Label all containers with the label provided at http://ehs.berkeley.edu/hm/279-new-hazardous-wasteprogram-hwp.html. See the EH&S Fact Sheet, “Hazardous Waste Management” for general
instructions on procedures for disposing of hazardous waste.
Dispose of Waste
 Dispose of regularly generated chemical waste within 6 months
 Call EH&S for questions
Safety Data Sheet (SDS) Location
SDS can be accessed online at http://ucmsds.com
Protocol/Procedure
When used as a solvent for chemical reactions, 1,4-Dioxane should be handled by lab
members wearing a flame-resistant lab coat, gloves, and chemical safety goggles and
used only inside a functioning fume hood. Dioxane is used in quantities ranging from
<1mL up to 2L, and at temperatures up to 120 ºC. If being used at a temperature higher
than its boiling point (101 ºC), the reaction vessel must be capable of handling the
pressure buildup and the use of a blast shield is recommended for all volumes, and
required if >50mL dioxane is used. After completion of the reaction, any remaining
dioxane should be disposed as hazardous waste. If Dioxane is to be evaporated using
a rotavap, then a dry ice condenser must be employed to trap any volatiles and these
disposed of as hazardous waste.
Dioxane is also purified by distillation and is kept on a still in the lab. Efforts should be
made to prevent the dioxane from coming into contact with air to limit the danger of
developing peroxides. Additionally, the distilled dioxane should be refreshed every
couple of days to prevent any buildup of peroxides. Distilled dioxane can also stored in
an airtight schlenk tube. All dioxane, whether distilled or not should be peroxide tested
every 6 months and disposed of through EH&S if peroxides are detected. As a peroxide
forming chemical, all containers should be dated with the date they are received and
opened. If any old containers of dioxane test positive for the presence of peroxides or
are suspected of containing peroxides (due to the presence of white crystals, etc.) they
should be tagged as hazardous waste and disposed of properly. Containers should
never be shaken if peroxides are suspected, and care should be taken in trying to open
old containers of dioxane.
Protocol/Procedure for– 1,4 Dioxane
CAS # 123-91-1
Preparation
Never open a dented or otherwise compromised container of 1,4 Dioxane. Alert lab safety manager
immediately.
Never open/use/move a 1,4 Dioxane container that is suspected to contain peroxides or is in contact
with crystals indicative of peroxide formation. Do not touch the crystals. Alert lab safety manager
immediately.
Know the location of the nearest fire extinguisher, eyewash, and safety shower before beginning work.
Never work alone. Make sure there is another worker present who is also trained in the 1,4 Dioxane
SOP.
Know the location of the nearest fire extinguisher, eyewash, and safety shower before beginning work.
Lab-specific
Information
If not in use 1,4 Dioxane containers have to be safely stored in the ventilated flammable storage
cabinets.
Store and transport 1,4 Dioxane containers in secondary containment (for example polyethylene bottle
carrier).
Keep storage container closed (air tight) when not in use.
Maintain the smallest amount necessary for ongoing work. Use in the smallest practical quantities for
the experiment being performed.
Purchase 1,4 Dioxane with inhibitors added (for peroxide-forming) when possible.
Due to its peroxide-forming hazard, 1,4 Dioxane containers must be dated upon receipt and at the time
they are opened (mark the date on the bottle). If tested, note the date it was tested on the bottle.
1,4-Dioxane
UCLA- EH&S
7
Date: 12/19/2012
GKM/PY
Test open 1,4 Dioxane containers with peroxide test strips every 3 months.
An opened container can be stored for a maximum of 6 months. Dispose of unused amounts after that
period of time has passed (or if peroxides are found to be present by testing).
Degassed 1,4 Dioxane may be stored in resealable Schlenk flasks under an atmosphere of argon or
nitrogen, or stored in closed containers in a glove box with a nitrogen or argon atmosphere.
Procedure/Use
Scale
1. 1,4 Dioxane is Up to 2L
used in the lab
1,4
as a solvent.
Dioxane
per
reaction or
extraction
Engineering
Controls/Equipment
All work using 1,4
Dioxane must be
performed in a
ventilated fume hood.
1,4 Dioxane is a known
carcinogen.
Eliminate ignition
sources such as open
flames, hot surfaces,
steam baths, static
electricity, and
operation of
mechanical and
electrical equipment
that is not intrinsically
safe.
Ensure proper
grounding and avoid
creating static
electricity. Be sure to
1,4-Dioxane
UCLA- EH&S
8
PPE (eye, face, gloves,
clothing)
Eye protection: Wear
tight-fitting safety goggles or
safety glasses with side
shields.
Face protection: Wear a
face shield when handling
containers of 1,4 Dioxane
that are not behind a lab
hood sash or blast shield.
Gloves: 1,4 Dioxane
penetrates most common
lab gloves rapidly.
Extended contact with 1,4
Dioxane is not allowed. To
protect against incidental
contact, wear Laminate Film
gloves (e.g. Ansell Barrier)
or double nitrile or butyl
gloves (8 mil). Change
outer glove as soon as
Date: 12/19/2012
GKM/PY
Procedure Steps and Special
Precautions for this Procedure
1. Use in a fume hood and cap
container when not in use.
2. Draw out necessary amount with
as little exposure to ambient
moisture as possible.
3. Dispose of 1,4 Dioxanecontaminated gloves and glassware
in sealed containers.
Do not allow to evaporate to near
dryness unless absence of
peroxides has been shown.
If 1,4 Dioxane is concentrated on
the rotary evaporator use two dry
ice traps to collect the solvent
vapors.
Distillation/evaporation of 1,4
Dioxane efficiently removes all
ground metal
containers when
transferring flammable
liquids.
contaminated. Note: 1,4
Dioxane penetrates 4 mil
gloves nearly
instantaneously.
stabilizers. Collected fractions
(rotavap) must be treated as
unstabilized 1,4 Dioxane and
must be disposed of soon after
generation.
Use a blast shield if 1,4 Clothing: Wear fire/flame
Dioxane may be
resistant lab coat (100%
distilled to dryness or
cotton based); cotton based
evaporated to dryness.
clothing/attire; full length
pants or equivalent; and
close-toed, close-heeled
shoes.
Pressure can be built up if 1,4
Dioxane is used in reactions.
Adequate ventilation (pressure
bubbler on Schlenk manifold, or
an equilibrating balloon) has to
be used to prevent dangerous
over pressurization.
Pressure is built up if 1,4 Dioxane
is used in extractions. Adequate
ventilation (open the valve
frequently during the extraction)
has to be used to prevent
dangerous over pressurization.
If heated, the reaction apparatus
has to be fitted with an
adequately sized condenser and
an adequate flow of cooling water
has to be provided to prevent
evaporation. Cooling hoses have
to be secured with metal hose
clamps to the condenser and the
outlet.
Notes
1,4-Dioxane
UCLA- EH&S
Any deviation from this SOP requires approval from PI.
9
Date: 12/19/2012
GKM/PY
Initials of
individuals using
this procedure
1,4-Dioxane
UCLA- EH&S
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Date: 12/19/2012
GKM/PY
Documentation of Training (signature and initials of all users is required)

Prior to conducting any work with peroxide forming chemicals, designated personnel must provide
training to his/her laboratory personnel specific to the hazards involved in working with the specific
chemical(s) used, work area decontamination, and emergency procedures.

The Principal Investigator must provide his/her laboratory personnel with a copy of this SOP and a
copy of the SDS provided by the manufacturer.
I have read and understand the content of this SOP:
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Initials
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1,4-Dioxane
UCLA- EH&S
11
Date: 12/19/2012
GKM/PY