IDEX Paris-Saclay
APPEL A PROJETS RECHERCHE 2014
Titre du Projet : OPT2X
Responsable du projet :
Nom : Dowek
Prénom : Danielle
Etablissement/laboratoire : ISMO – CNRS – Université Paris-Sud
Courriel :
danielle.dowek@u-psud.fr
Tél : 0169157672
Résumé du projet (15 lignes maximum) :
This project aims at OPTimizing OPTical pulses for XUV ultrafast science (OPT2X). It will
provide the Paris-Saclay scientific community with the necessary resources to fully exploit the
exceptional potential of its laser-based sources in the extreme-ultraviolet (XUV 1nm-100 nm)
domain. OPT2X will enhance the capabilities and the attractiveness of facilities like ATTOLAB and
LASERIX, providing essential and presently missing advanced instrumentation at the interface
between sources and user stations, and will be crucially important for a new generation of projects
like LUNEX5. This instrumentation will make it possible to fully manipulate the temporal/spectral and
spatial properties of XUV light beams according to the experimental needs, while preserving their
unique characteristics (ultra-broadband coherence and high peak brightness). This synergetic effort
will make optimal use of existing knowhow and resources, providing a broad scientific community
with instruments and technological solutions otherwise non accessible to small research groups, will
increase the visibility of the Campus and will train young scientist in a rapidly developing field.
1
Table des matières
IDEX Paris-Saclay ..................................................................................................................................... 1
APPEL A PROJETS RECHERCHE 2014........................................................................................................ 1
Introduction – overall presentation of the project ................................................................................. 5
1
2
Ultrafast Science with XUV light (J.M. Mestdagh, A. Klisnick, + ....) ................................................ 5
1.1
Physics, chemistry and biology in the gas phase ....................................................................... 5
1.2
Physics, chemistry and biology in the condensed phase ........................................................... 5
1.3
Plasmas ...................................................................................................................................... 5
1.4
The XUV sources - characteristics : HHG, XRL, FEL .................................................................... 5
1.4.1
High harmonic sources ....................................................................................................... 6
1.4.2
X-ray laser (Sophie) ............................................................................................................. 6
1.4.3
Free Electron Laser (David) ................................................................................................. 7
State-of-the art ................................................................................................................................. 8
2.1
2.1.1
International – National (Marino - Rodrigo) ....................................................................... 8
2.1.2
Local (Franck instrumentation) ........................................................................................... 9
2.2
3
Existing Tools and User communities ........................................................................................ 8
What is missing and needed in Paris-Saclay campus (Danielle) .............................................. 15
2.2.1
Structuring and maintaining high level expertise ............................................................. 15
2.2.2
Technical needs ................................................................................................................ 15
2.2.3
Needs in training ............................................................................................................... 15
Objectives ....................................................................................................................................... 16
3.1
Structuring objectives in the perspective of UPS (Marino) ..................................................... 17
3.2
Technological objectives (Marino)........................................................................................... 17
3.3
Training (Sophie K) ................................................................................................................... 17
3.3.1
Maintaining expertise ....................................................................................................... 17
3.3.2
Existing involvement/actions in training .......................................................................... 17
3.3.3
Future actions in training .................................................................................................. 17
3.4
Academic dissemination (Danielle).......................................................................................... 17
3.4.1
existing actions ................................................................................................................. 17
3.4.2
Interest and future actions ............................................................................................... 18
3.5
industrial dissemination : technological transfer .................................................................... 18
3.5.1
Existing joint actions and projects .................................................................................... 18
3.5.2
Interest and future actions ............................................................................................... 18
3.6
Scientific benchmark studies (all) ............................................................................................ 18
3.6.1
atto time-resolved study in gas phase (Bertrand C, …) .................................................... 18
3.6.2
PI and polarization control – chirality (Danielle D, L. Nahon, T. Ruchon) ......................... 19
3.6.3
atto time-resolved study in solid (Marino) ....................................................................... 20
3.6.4
as-fs Ultrafast Phenomena at a nanometer scale (Hamed M) ......................................... 20
2
3.6.5
fs-ps timescale WDM (Annie K) ........................................................................................ 22
3.6.6
application bio (Philippe Z. to be discussed and selected) ............................................... 22
3.7
4
3.7.1
Technical ........................................................................................................................... 23
3.7.2
Training and Dissemination .............................................................................................. 23
Methodology and work plan........................................................................................................... 23
4.1
Overall technical objectives .............................................................................................. 28
4.1.2
2 year deliverables ............................................................................................................ 31
Overall technical objectives .............................................................................................. 32
4.2.2
2 year deliverable ............................................................................................................. 35
WP3: On-line diagnostics of spectro-temporal properties (A. Klisnick + D. Garzella +....) ...... 36
4.3.1
Overall technical objectives .............................................................................................. 36
4.3.2
2 year deliverables ............................................................................................................ 38
4.4
WP4: On-line diagnostics of spatial properties and polarization (Ph. Zeitoun + ...) ................ 39
4.4.1
Overall technical objectives .............................................................................................. 39
4.4.2
2 year deliverables ............................................................................................................ 42
4.5
WP5: Off-line optics metrology and detector development (F. Polack + F Mercier +...) ........ 43
4.5.1
technical objectives .......................................................................................................... 43
4.5.2
2 year deliverables ............................................................................................................ 43
4.6
WP6: Training (Sophie) ............................................................................................................ 43
4.6.1
Funding PhD theses, internships, ..................................................................................... 43
4.6.2
Training modules for students in the labs ........................................................................ 43
4.6.3
Website for training in XUV optics.................................................................................... 43
4.7
7
WP2: Control of spatial profile and polarization (F. Polack + ....) ............................................ 32
4.2.1
4.3
6
WP1: Control of the spectro-temporal profile (F. Delmotte + ...) ........................................... 28
4.1.1
4.2
5
2 year deliverables (Marino) .................................................................................................... 22
Gantt chart for WPs ................................................................................................................. 43
Consortium and financial request................................................................................................... 44
5.1
Consortium description (Danielle) ........................................................................................... 44
5.2
Governance (Danielle) ............................................................................................................. 44
5.3
financial request (Bertrand)..................................................................................................... 44
References ...................................................................................................................................... 48
6.1
External .................................................................................................................................... 48
6.2
OPT2X Consortium ................................................................................................................... 52
Annex .............................................................................................................................................. 59
7.1
XUV source characteristics ...................................................................................................... 59
7.2
French teams in ultrafast dynamics ......................................................................................... 59
7.3
XUV HHG sources ..................................................................................................................... 60
7.4
Funded projects ....................................................................................................................... 61
3
7.5
Training activity........................................................................................................................ 61
7.6
Industrial Partnership - letters of interest ............................................................................... 61
7.6.1
Horiba (FP) ........................................................................................................................ 61
7.6.2
Amplitude Techno (BC) ..................................................................................................... 61
7.6.3
Fastlite (BC) ....................................................................................................................... 61
7.6.4
EOTECH (FP) ...................................................................................................................... 61
7.6.5
Imagine Optics (HM) ......................................................................................................... 61
7.6.6
Phase view ?...................................................................................................................... 61
7.6.7 ............................................................................................................................................... 61
4
Introduction – overall presentation of the project
1 Ultrafast Science with XUV light
(J.M. Mestdagh, A. Klisnick, + ....)
1.1 Physics, chemistry and biology in the gas phase
1.2 Physics, chemistry and biology in the condensed phase
1.3 Plasmas
The scientific motivation of the proposed technical developments is to contribute to the understanding
of matter heating induced by intense XUV radiation, and of the induced non-equilibrium transition
phase from solids to the Warm Dense Matter (WDM) to dense strongly coupled plasmas (DSCP),
through the investigation of the radiative emission .properties of the heated sample.
The primary process for the energy deposition is direct photoionization of the solid by the incident
XUV pulse, with a strong dependence with respect of the energy (wavelength) of the photons. Our
particular interest is to investigate X-ray emission from hole states transitions rather than usual
resonance lines. Due to the high autoionization probability associated with core hole states, emission
originating from tcore holes is only possible on a femtosecond timescale. Therefore, it is not sensitive
to low density recombining regimes that usually mask interesting high density features.
We intend to use state-of-the art ASE XUV lasers operating at photon energies 89 eV and above, in a
range of focused energy/duration that complements those already achieved with XUV Free Electron
Lasers (see eg Dzeldzainis et al HEDP 6 (2010) 109; Zastrau et al Laser And Particle Beams 30 1
(2012) 45-56 ).
Current ASE XUV lasers, delivering µJ, few ps pulses, will allow to investigate interaction in the 10 12
- 1013 W/cm2 range, while limiting the loss of density due to plasma expansion. Higher focused
intensities (1014 W/cm2 and above) and shorter pulse duration (100 fs and below), approaching XUV
FELs ones, are foreseen in a near future with the progress of seeded XUV lasers, which will be
implemented at LASERIX and also investigated at the Apollon-CILEX facility.
However the implementation of these experiments requires the development of specific advanced
instrumentation to control and characterize the XUV intensity focused on the solid sample, on a
single-shot basis. Namely, control of focusing with micrometer size (NB: we do not want very small
focal spots, since we want to study the emission of the heated sample)
Note: required parameters to reach a focused intensity of 1014 W/cm2
 duration 1 ps: 100µJ in 10µm (diam) focal spot; 25µJ in 5µm (diam) focal spot
 duration 100 fs: 8µJ in 10µm (diam) focal spot; 2µJ in 5µm (diam) focal spot
1.4 The XUV sources - characteristics : HHG, XRL, FEL
The XUV radiation which is considered in OPT2X has two main characteristics:
 It covers the extreme-UV spectral range between 100 nm (12 eV) and a few nm, including the
water window (2.34 - 4.4nm / 280-530 eV), that we extrapolate to 1 nm (1200 eV) for the sake of
definiteness.
 It has good temporal/spectral (longitudinal) and spatial coherences, respectively, in the following
sense. If one component of the electric field is written as the complex quantity:
⃗
⃗ , 𝝎)𝒆+𝒊(𝒌∙𝒓⃗−𝝎𝒕) 𝒅𝟑 ⃗𝒌𝒅𝝎,
̃𝑿𝑼𝑽 (𝒌
⃗ , 𝒕) = |𝓔𝑿𝑼𝑽 (𝒓
⃗ , 𝒕)|𝒆+𝒊𝝓(𝒓⃗,𝒕) = ∬ 𝓔
Eq 1 𝓔𝑿𝑼𝑽 (𝒓
⃗ =𝒌
⃗ (𝜔), the 𝝓(𝒓
⃗ , 𝒕) phase in the space-time domain – and
with the given dispersion relation 𝒌
̃
⃗
⃗
̃
equivalently the 𝝓(𝑘, 𝜔) phase of 𝓔𝑿𝑼𝑽 (𝒌, 𝝎) in the reciprocal wave vector-frequency, or spectral
domain -, vary regularly enough with, respectively, space and time, wave vector and frequency over
the full spectral bandwidth of the light field. As a result, amplitude and phase can be measured and,
5
very importantly, controlled and shaped in order to control and possibly optimize the conditions of
their interaction with the system under study.
Although they may be intrinsically combined, it is usual and convenient to consider separately the
temporal/spectral and spatial properties of the XUV radiation, and their subsequent control. This partition
is adopted in the presentation and technical developments of the OPT2X project where, on the one hand,
different types of XUV beamline with different properties are involved, and, on the other hand, the
requirements of the scientific applications are different, addressing in priority either the temporal or the
spatial characteristics of the XUV light. It is however central that an overall and consistent program of
characterization and control be jointly supported in the project. Three types of XUV sources and radiation
are considered in OPT2X.
1.4.1 High harmonic sources
Laser-driven high harmonic generation (HHG) in either gas medium or plasma is today one of the
main sources of coherent ultrashort light pulses in the XUV range. Based on laser-induced nonlinear
polarization of bound electrons (atoms & molecules in gas medium) or free electrons (plasma),
harmonic emission covers a large spectral range of which extension scale as the ponderomotive
potential 𝑈𝑝 ∝ 𝐼𝐿 𝜆2𝐿 , where IL and λL are the driving field intensity and wavelength (at λL =800 nm
(3µm) and IL =1014 W/cm2, Up~6 eV (90 eV)). In the time domain, when driven by a multi-cycle laser
pulse, the emission takes the form of a train of attosecond pulses, of duration between a few 10 and
100 as. In the spectral domain, this corresponds to a discrete comb of odd harmonics (q-order
“overtones”) of the driving frequency. One can produce isolated atto pulses either using a time gate
[Baltuska03, Sola04] or exploiting spatial dispersion of attosecond emission in the attolighthouse
scheme, proposed and demonstrated by the OPT2X partners [Vincenti12], in plasma [Wheeler12]
and gas [Kim13] (in collab. with NRC Ottawa). One can use harmonic light in either the “femtosecond
mode”, after appropriate selection of a narrow spectral width (ΔE/E~10-3 in the XUV range), or the
attosecond mode, keeping a large spectral width (ΔE/E~1). In the NL process, the harmonic light
inherits coherence properties of the driving field, however with important restriction and specific
features. The XUV emission displays a temporal linear chirp (quadratic spectral phase) at the fs
timescale (~100 meV bandwith, DE/E~10-3) and as timescale (~10 eV bandwith), due to a nonlinear
dipole phase:
̃ (𝝎; 𝒓
̃ 𝑳 (𝝎𝑳 ; 𝒓
̃ 𝒅𝒊𝒑 (𝝎; 𝑰𝑳 ),
⃗ , 𝒕) = 𝒒𝝓
⃗)+𝝓
Eq 2 𝝓
where ω=qωL, 𝜙̃𝐿 (𝜔𝐿 ; 𝑟, 𝑡) is the driving laser phase, 𝜙̃𝑑𝑖𝑝 (𝜔; 𝐼𝐿 ) the intensity-dependent nonlinear
dipole phase (slow variations of 𝜙̃ phase with time and space, e.g., through 𝐼𝐿 (𝑟, 𝑡), are still
described with (𝑟, 𝑡) variables rather than in the reciprocal space). Eq 2 illustrates that the phase
properties of the XUV field are deterministically fixed by the generation conditions, that they can be
partially controlled through the laser driving field, but that the key for control and shaping is the
accurate characterization of phase in the spectral domain and in space.
HHG emission is perfectly synchronized with the driving field at the attosecond optical cycle scale, at
high repetition rate (1-10 kHz currently achieved, 1 MHz possible [Rothhardt]).
1.4.2 X-ray laser (Sophie)
The X-ray laser (XRL) results of population inversion and lasing transition in either underdense
plasma in gas target [Sebban] or overdense plasma on solid target [Laserix]. According to the high
linear gain (>> 100 cm-1) at central frequency, the XRL has extremely narrow spectral width ΔE/E~105
in the XUV range, corresponding to pulse duration of ~1 ps close to Fourier limit. Several XRL
schemes have been demonstrated. A very efficient one combines grazing incidence pumping (GRIP)
(gain pumped by progressive wave in plasma on solid target) and XRL injection with a coherent XUV
seed at the XRL wavelength, e.g., provided by narrow band harmonic emission. Injected XRL achieves
high spatial coherence and high quality wavefront, as well as fs synchronization with an external laser
source. The XRL in Ne-like and Ni-like metallic ions now densely covers the XUV range down to the
water window, with output energy in the µJ range at 10 Hz repetition rate. Highly monochromatic
6
XRL is particularly adapted to time-resolved studies at high XUV intensity, e.g., in biological
applications [Lacombe] and warm dense matter studies [xxx], time-resolved coherent imaging [xxx].
1.4.3 Free Electron Laser (David)
The Free Electron laser (FEL) has demonstrated extraordinary performances, e.g., at LCLS facility
delivering pulses of 1 mJ energy and 5-20 fs duration at 200 eV-1 keV photon energy (Å wavelength
range) and 100 Hz -1 kHz repetition rate (David, check). The FEL achieves high transverse (spatial)
coherence which has been exploited in coherent imaging applications. In the SASE mode, the
longitudinal (temporal) coherence is still limited. It can be drastically improved by seeding the FEL
with an external source [xxx]. Seeding of FEL in the XUV range has been first demonstrated at 160 nm
(5th harmonic of Ti:S laser generated in gas) at SCSS-Spring8 [Lambert08], and SPARC [Giannessi08],
both experiment involving OPT2X partners. External seeding has been extended to 60 nm (13 th
harmonic of Ti:S laser generated in gas [Togashi11]), and is currently implemented on several FEL (SFLASH, SACLA, … ?). Besides seeding, another crucial step will be reached with the injection of FEL by
laser-accelerated electrons. Laser wake field acceleration (LWFA) of electrons in plasma, up to
several GeV, constitutes one of the main programs of the CILEX Equipex to be installed on the ParisSaclay campus, in synergy with the LUNEX5 project (free electron Laser Using a New accelerator for
the Exploitation of X-ray radiation of 5th generation). This scientific effort has been supported by
three ERC advanced grants (V. Malka at LOA (2), M.-E. Couprie at SOLEIL).
Basic characteristics of coherent XUV sources, HHG in gas and plasma, XRL, FEL are summarized in
Table 1, as well as for standard SR beamline. Specifically, indicative numbers of photons delivered by
HHG and XRL are plotted in Figure 1.
HHG Plasma
HHG Gas
HHG Gas
XRL
SR
FEL
LOA Salle Noire
SLIC ATTOLAB NIR
SLIC ATTOLAB MIR
LASERIX
SOLEIL METROLOGY
LUNEX5
lambda minmax (nm)
Ephot min-max
(eV)
duration minmax (fs)
Bandwith minmax (eV)
Energy/pulse
min-max (nJ)
reprate
5-100nm
5-100nm
1-100nm
2-20nm
2-100nm
1-100nm
12-250 eV
12-250 eV
12-1200 eV
60-620 eV
12-620 eV
12-1200 eV
0,1-10fs
0,1-10fs
0,1-10fs
1ps
30ps
1-30fs
30meV-3eV
30meV-3eV
30meV-3eV
0,3meV
0,1meV
10-300meV
10nJ-10µJ
1nJ-1µJ
1nJ-1µJ
1µJ
1pJ
1µJ-1mJ
1,E+03
1,E+04
1,E+03
1,E+01
1,E+08
1,E+03
Nphot/sec minmax
3,E+11-5,E+15
3,E+11-5,E+15
5,E+09-5,E+14
1,E+11-1,E+12
1,E+12-5,E+13
5,E+14-5,E+16
Table 1 : Basic characteristics of coherent XUV sources, HHG in gas and plasma, XRL, FEL
7
12
15
10
10
Nb Photons / sec
Nb Photons / pulse
X-ray laser (10 Hz reprate)
9
10
HHG driving laser (10 kHz)
wavelength / energy / duration
0.8 µm / 2 mJ / 20 fs
3.0 µm / 1 mJ / 40 fs
6
10
X-ray laser (10 Hz reprate)
12
10
HHG driving laser (10 kHz reprate)
9
10
wavelength / energy / duration
0.8 µm / 2 mJ / 20 fs
3.0 µm / 1 mJ / 40 fs
3
6
10
10
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0
Photon energy (eV)
500
1000
1500
2000
Photon energy (eV)
Figure 1 : typical numbers of photons delivered, respectively, in 0,1% bandwidth (~100 meV) for HHG, in full BW for XRL, a)
per pulse, b) per second. For HHG in the mid-IR (3µm), the numbers are extrapolated from [Popmintchev12]
2 State-of-the art
2.1 Existing Tools and User communities
2.1.1
International – National (Marino - Rodrigo)
2.1.1.1 HHG (Rodrigo)
[LOA-Palaiseau] http://loa.ensta.fr/
[CLF-RAL-Oxford] http://www.clf.rl.ac.uk/Facilities/Artemis/12270.aspx
[ETH-Zürich] http://www.ulp.ethz.ch/research/research_overview
[IC-London] http://www.imperial.ac.uk/research/qols/
[ICFO-Barcelona] http://www.icfo.es/index.php?section=research5&lang=english
[IMS-Ottawa] http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/research/physics.html
[JILA-Boulder] http://jila.colorado.edu/kmgroup/
[KAIST-Daejeon] http://www.kaist.ac.kr/english/03_academics/02_research.php
[LLC-Lund] http://www-llc.fysik.lth.se/
[MPQ-Garching] http://www.attoworld.de/
[MPIK-Heidelberg] http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/ullrich/page.php?id=25
[MBI-Berlin] http://www.mbi-berlin.de/en/research/program/atoms/index.html
[PoliMi-Milano] http://www.fisi.polimi.it/dip-fisica/page167.do
[TUV-Vienna] http://atto.photonik.tuwien.ac.at
[RIKEN-Tokyo] http://www.riken.jp/lab-www/mid-lab/untitled1-e.html
[AMOLF-Amsterdam] http://www.amolf.nl/research/xuv-physics/
[ALLS-Toronto] http://lmn.emt.inrs.ca/EN/ALLS.htm
[KSU-Kalamazoo] http://jrm.phys.ksu.edu/exp-research-grps.html
[OSU-Colombus] http://www.physics.ohio-state.edu/~dimauro/
[IOPCAS-Beijing] http://english.iop.cas.cn/
8
2.1.1.2 Laser X (Sophie K.)
There are quite a few laser installations in the world dedicated to the applications of soft x-ray lasers.
Among them:
1) Colorado state university, Rocca’s team
2 capillary discharges x-ray lasers 46 nm 1 Hz 1 mJ 1 ns (non seeded)
1 Ti:Sapph laser until 10 J pumping x-ray lasers down to 8 nm at 1 Hz (seeded)
1 XRL pumped by diode pumped laser with rep rate 100 Hz (non seeded)
2) PALS
Inside the laserlab network offers a quasi steady state x-ray laser at 21,2 nm with the highest
energy per pulse in the world (up to 10 mJ) relatively long pulse duration (100 ps) and no
more than 3 pulses per hour.
3) APR Japan soft x ray laser at 13,9 nm, spatially coherent thanks to double target scheme (a
first x-ray laser plays the role of an oscillator and is sent to a second amplifier one).
These are the only installations open to users for applications to our knowledge. Otherwise LOA
(Palaiseau France in the OFI scheme), Bern University, Tewallas (Roumania), MBI (Berlin
Germany), GSI PHELIX (Darmstadt Germany), APRI GIST (Korea) develop their own source.
2.1.1.3 FEL (Marino – MEC – David G)
LCLS
FLASH
SACLA
FERMI
LUNEX5 ?
Swiss FEL
2.1.2
Local (Franck instrumentation)
The large community of scientists involved in the research on sources, instrumentation and
applications of XUV radiation positions the Paris-Saclay Campus as a national leader in these new
technologies. The local interest is reinforced by the presence of large scientific facilities, such as
SOLEIL, Equipex CILEX project and the future LUNEX5 project. The present project OPT2X aims at
sharing of scientific and technological skills and equipment and will contribute significantly to
strengthen the scientific impact of the Paris-Saclay community and the attractiveness for young
French and foreign researchers in this field. We describe in the following paragraphs the state-of-theart of the ultrafast sources and XUV instrumentation already existing on Paris-Saclay campus.
2.1.2.1 Ultrafast XUV sources available in Paris-Saclay Campus
Paris-Saclay campus gather in the same area a number of ultrafast coherent XUV sources that are
internationally renowned and that have produced several high-impact scientific results in these last
ten years. In 2001, SPAM was the first laboratory to observe and characterize an attosecond pulse
train with a High Harmonics Generation source. [Paul2001] In 2004, the LOA produced the first highintensity highly coherent soft X-ray femtosecond laser seeded by a high harmonic beam. By
combining the high optical quality available from high-harmonic laser sources (as a seed beam) with
a highly energetic soft X-ray laser plasma amplifier, they produced a tabletop soft X-ray femtosecond
9
laser operating at 10 Hz and exhibiting full saturation, high energy, high coherence and full
polarization. [Zeitoun2004]
LASERiX -> The first XUV source facility fully dedicated to users…
The LASERIX facility of the Paris South University is composed of a pettawatt class laser system fully
dedicated to the development of advanced x-ray laser schemes and their applications. The
installation is run by 4 assistant professors together with 4 engineers and technicians specialized in
laser technology, electronics and computing. As a member of Laserlab network, LASERIX already
offers beam-time directly using the XUV laser generated at 10 Hz from solid target (8 weeks per
year). The visitor teams are concerned either by the soft x ray laser generation understanding and
improvement or by the XUV beam as a pump or probe beam. As compared to high harmonic source,
the XUV beam provided by soft x ray laser in transient collisional pumping is highly monochromatic,
can range the microjoule energy level per pulse at 10 Hz and when seeded by harmonics has a
regular spatial profile with low divergence (typically 1 mrad). Up to now, the pulse duration is close
to 1 ps, of the order of the Fourier transform limit due to the spectral profile. Active research will be
carried out to overcome this limit and reduce the pulse duration of soft x ray lasers, making them
competitive sources as regards to advanced X-FEL sources.
The XUV beam line that will be proposed to the user community will consist of a seeded x-ray laser at
various wavelengths from 32,6 to 10 nm. An additive synchronized beam at the femtosecond scale
will be proposed if required: femtosecond infrared up to 50 mJ per pulse or high harmonic beam. A
large set of XUV imaging and focussing devices based on multilayer optics is proposed. The
diagnostics already existing on the beam are: energy characterization with calibrated photodiode,
near and far-field imaging, spectrum. The improvements that will be due to OPT2X project are
temporal characterization, strong focussing.
The development of ultrafast XUV sources within Paris-Saclay campus is supported by national and
regional programs, as Equipex CILEX and ATTOLAB or SESAME ATTOLITE. These state-of-the-art
sources, which are (or will be soon) available for Paris-Saclay scientific community, are listed in the
table below, with their main characteristics and applications.
Tableau à compléter/harmoniser avec la proposition de BC pour la partie 1.4
XUV Sources
fs
HHG gaz
as
HHG solid
ASE
XRL OFI
seeded
XRL solid
ASE
Spectral Energy per
duration
range
pulse
10-40
LOA
1 à 50 nJ
20 fs
nm
1 µJ
10 - 100 @32nm,20
SPAM
10 fs
nm
Hz 0.1µJ
@1kHz
10 - 100
100 as
SPAM
few nJ
nm
(trains)
10 µJ
20 - 70
@60nm
SPAM
10 fs
nm
expected
100µJ
30 - 40
LOA
30-40 nJ
5 ps
nm
30 - 40
LOA
1 µJ
5 ps
nm
10 - 30
LIXAM
nm
1 µJ (prévu
LASERI
1 - 10 ps
(7-30
1-100 µJ)
X
nm)
Loc.
Rep. rate
Spatial
quality
Main applications
1 kHz
10 Hz
1 kHz
Div :
0.5mrad
Source :
50µm
1 kHz
qq Hz
A compléter
A compléter
Div : 15-20
mrad
Quasigaussien
A compléter
10 Hz
10 Hz
10 Hz
(0,1Hz)
Div : qq
mrad
modulations
A compléter
10
2.1.2.2 Optical components and systems for ultrafast XUV sources
The study and the development of advanced XUV optical components (mirrors, detectors, filters,
polarizers…) and systems (interferometers, imagers, monochromators, wavefront sensors…) for XUV
ultrafast sources is essential in order to achieve XUV beamlines accessible to users. Moreover, the
needs of these users give directions to the academic research required on the new materials and
new technologies in order to achieve such instruments.
We give below some examples of research and developments achieved by the Paris-Saclay scientific
community related to optical components and systems for ultrafast studies in the XUV spectral
range. These instrumental developments recently supported by local and national research networks
(Triangle, PALM, ANR) illustrate the diversity and importance of this thematic within Paris-Saclay
campus. They also show the huge amount of knowledge and knowhow existing in Paris-Saclay
Campus that the OPT2X project aims at federate.
XUV multilayer mirrors
One of the pioneers in coatings for optics in the extreme ultraviolet (~ 10-60 nm), the "XUV Optics"
team of Laboratoire Charles Fabry (LCF) studies and optimizes interferential mirrors based on
multilayers since more than 25 years for several applications. A rather unique specificity of LCF is that
it controls all the skills required for the development of optical components in the XUV spectral
range: aspherization of super-polished surfaces, multilayer design, nanometric and sub-nanometric
layer deposition and interferometric characterization. These skills have been applied in the past for
the production of solar observation telescopes embedded in programs of ESA and NASA ( SOHO
mission in 1992 and STEREO in 2003 ), [Howard] to achieve the unique Fourier-transform
spectrometer that operates down to wavelengths as short as 40 nm (collaboration with SOLEIL)
[DeOliveira] and more recently to provide X-ray diagnostics based on aperiodic multilayer mirrors for
Laser MegaJoule plasma imaging and spectrometry [Maury, Bridou].
Concerning optics for ultrafast XUV sources, several specific multilayer components have been
designed and produced in these last years:
- Narrowband multilayers with enhanced spectral purity in order to select on harmonics in the
HHG spectrum and to reject the VUV light. These optics provided for the RTRA project
DYNELEC (LCAM‐LIXAM‐SPAM), have required the design of a specific XUV anti-reflection
coatings on top of the multilayer [Billaud]. (see figure below)
- XUV beamsplitters for Michelson interferometry. Due to material absorption in the XUV,
efficient beamsplitters have been produced by deposition of multilayers on very thin silicon
nitride membrane (about 80 nm thick) (collaboration LCF-LOA) [Delmotte2002]
- Multilayer Optics for attosecond pulses. The first broadband multilayer mirrors for
attosecond sources have been designed and produced in Paris-Saclay campus (coll. LOA-LCF)
in 2006 [Morlens]. More recently, mirrors with control dispersion phase have been
developed in order to transport or compress attosecond pulses. [Bourassin2011] This
research has been supported by ANR project “Attomix” (coll. LCF-LCPMR) and RTRA project
“Atto-Optique” (coll. LCF-SPAM). We have demonstrated that Pulse compression down to 50
as can be reached with broadband multilayer mirrors [Bourassin2012]
11
Figure 2: (a) Scheme of high-order harmonic generation (HHG) (b) Illustration of the spectral
selectivity of the multilayers mirrors: HHG wavelength spectra measured without mirror (black full
line), measured with one mirror (pink full line) and deduced for two mirrors (violet full line). (from
[Billaud])
EUV Polarizer and Polarimeter
The control and the characterization of the polarization of EUV ultrafast pulses are essential for many
applications. For instance, the study of ultrafast demagnetization dynamics by using XUV magnetic
microscopy required circularly polarized light whereas the HHG process in rare gas generates linearly
polarized light. In order to overcome this difficulty, the LOA has designed and developed an EUV
polarizer based on a four mirror setup (see figure below). Each mirror introduces a phase-shift
between the s and p component of the electromagnetic wave. By adjusting the direction of
polarization of the incoming wave and by optimizing the angles of incidence on the mirrors, one can
get the s and p components with equal intensity and dephased by pi/2. This system has been
optimized for a 20 nm wavelength. They have demonstrated a degree of circular polarization equal
or close to 100 % for harmonics in the wavelength range on 18 to 26 nm and a total efficiency around
4 %. [Vodungbo] The setup is also equipped with an analyzer that consists of a multilayer mirror
working at Brewster angle (i.e. close to 45° in the EUV spectral range) and a detector. Thus, the all
setup can be used as a polarimeter in order to characterize the ultrafast pulse polarization state. This
development has been supported by RTRA project IMMAGE (col. LOA-SPAM) and by ANR project
FEMTO-X-MAG (col. LOA-SPAM-SOLEIL-LCPMR).
Figure 3: Setup layout showing the production of the harmonics in a neon filled gas cell, the polarizer,
the spectrometer, the analyzer and the CCD camera. From [Vodungbo]
XUV interferometers
Fresnel bi-mirror
A compléter : principe -> FD
12
Applications -> AK ?
Wavefront sensors
(à compléter par PZ ?)
2.1.2.3 The CEMOX platform
The CEMOX platform (Centrale d’Elaboration et de Métrologie d’Optiques XUV) has been created ten
years ago as a join equipment between LIXAM (now ISMO) and LCF with several other partners: LURE
(and then SOLEIL), CEA SPAM, CEA DAM, LOA. The main objective was to provide the community
with state-of-the-art XUV optics. The initial platform included magnetron sputtering deposition
systems (implanted in the LCF clean room) and a EUV plasma source reflectometer (implanted at
ISMO). In 2008, CEMOX becomes a platform af LUMAT federation. In 2010, a new X-ray
reflectometer, financially supported by Conseil Général de l’Essonne and ANR, was added to the
platform.
The different partners have used the CEMOX platform in a large number of research projects,
including 3 ANR projects and 4 projects RTRA Triangle de la Physique. In total, more than 100
multilayer optics have been designed and deposited for specific applications. In addition to the
project related to ultrafast XUV sources that we have already mentioned before, multilayer optics for
other applications have also been produced. The main projects are the following:
- Projets RTRA “Multicouche2D” (LCF‐SOLEIL): study and optimization of a new type of
monochromator based on alternate multilayer grating. [Polack]
- Design and production of aperiodic multilayer coatings for imaging diagnostics on LMJ (CEA DAM –
LCF) [Maury]
- Design and development of aperiodic multilayer coatings for spectrometry diagnostics on LMJ (CEA
DAM – LCF) [Bridou]
- ANR blanc “TPLUS”: Design and development of a tunable EUV laboratory source (LCPMR‐LCF)
- Coating and calibration of multilayer optics at 17.5nm for SWAP instrument (Sun Watcher using
Active pixel detector and imaging Processing) onboard PROBA‐2 satellite (ESA mission, collaboration
CSL).
- Coating and calibration of multilayer optics at 30.4nm for HECOR instrument (Helium Coronograph)
onboard Herschel sounding rocket mission (NASA mission, collaboration NRL and IAS).
- Coating of multilayer mirrors for ondulator diagnostic DIAGON for synchrotrons SOLEIL, DIAMOND
and ALBA. [Desjardins]
In 2014, the CEMOX platform will benefit from a new localization (in Institute d’Optique building at
Palaiseau) and a new deposition facility for multilayer coating on large optics. This new plateform
project is supported by region Ile de France (SESAME project CeMOX) and Equipex projects ATTOLAB
and MORPHOSCOPE.
2.1.2.4 Simulation tools for optical design
Several laboratories in Paris-Saclay have developed specific skills in the use of commercial simulation
and optimization tools for optical design or thin film design: Thin Film Calculation, ... à compléter.
Due to some particularities of the XUV spectral range, specific codes have been developed:
- ROSA software: “Reflective Optical Systems for Attopulses”. 3D simulation of attosecond pulses
after reflection on an optical component, by Charles Bourassin-Bouchet.
- CARPEM : à completer par FP ?
- … à completer par TOUS
13
2.1.2.5 Metrology for XUV components
Metrology :
SOLEIL – Optic Group
The national synchrotron light source is both a research laboratory and a large research equipment
welcoming 2,500 scientists per year over the 20 lines currently operating light, and employing 350
people. SOLEIL claims a dual purpose: to provide users with experimental devices at the highest
international level and to conduct advanced scientific and technological research around the
synchrotron source.
Since 2002, the Optic Group of SOLEIL is responsible of all synchrotron beamlines. Its skills cover all
the sequence from the general design of the beamline to the final instrument settings. The Optic
group has developed its own simulation tools for instrumental design and a metrology lab in a clean
room at controlled temperature for the control of optical surfaces. The main equipment available for
the metrology of XUV optical component are :
− phase‐shift interferometric microscopes for optical surface characterization
− Atomic force microscpy (AFM) for atomic level surface characterization and metrology of etched
patterns (e.g. gratings).
− Reflectometer in the wavelength range 1 to 40 nm (Metrology beamline, XUV branch)
Other facilities are also accessible in the other laboratories of Paris-Saclay:
− Reflectometer in the wavelength range 10 to 50 nm (CEMOX EUV Reflectometer)
- … à compléter:
[Howard] R. A. Howard et al., “Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation
(SECCHI)”, Space Science Reviews 136, 67 (2008).
[Maury] Maury H., Bridou F., Troussel P., Meltchakov E., Delmotte F., “Design and fabrication of
supermirrors for (2-10 keV) high resolution X-ray plasmas diagnostic imaging”, Nucl. Instr. and Meth.
in Phys. Res. A 621, 242-246 (2010)
[Bridou] F. Bridou, F. Delmotte, Ph. Troussel, B. Villette, “Design and fabrication of X-ray non-periodic
multilayer mirrors: Apodization and shaping of their spectral response”, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in
Phys. Res. A 680, 69-74 (2012)
[Delmotte2002] F. Delmotte; MF. Ravet; F. Bridou; F. Varniere; P. Zeitoun; S. Hubert; L. Vanbostal; G.
Soullie, “X-ray-ultraviolet beam splitters for the Michelson interferometer”, Appl. Opt. 41, 5905
(2002).
[Morlens] A.S. Morlens, R. Lopez-Martens, O. Boyko, P. Zeitoun, P. Balcou, K. Varju, E. Gustafsson,
T.Remetter, A. L’Huiller, S. Kazamias, J. Gautier, F. Delmotte and M.F. Ravet, “Design and
characterization of extreme ultraviolet broadband mirrors for attosecond science”, Optics Letters 31,
1558-1560 (2006).
[Bourassin2011] Bourassin-Bouchet C., Diveki Z., De Rossi S., English E., Meltchakov E., Gobert O.,
Guénot D., Carre B., Delmotte F., Salières P. and Ruchon T., “Control of the attosecond
synchronization of XUV radiation with phase-optimized mirrors”, Optics Express 19, 3809 (2011)
[Bourassin2012] Bourassin-Bouchet C., De Rossi S., Wang J., Meltchakov E., Giglia A., Mahne N.,
Nannarone S., Delmotte F., “Shaping of single-cycle sub-50-attosecond pulses with multilayer
mirrors”, New J. Phys. 14, 023040 (2012)
14
[Vodungbo] B. Vodungbo, A. Barszczak Sardinha, J. Gautier, G. Lambert, C. Valentin, M. Lozano, G.
Iaquaniello, F. Delmotte, S. Sebban, J. Lüning, and P. Zeitoun, “Polarization control of high order
harmonics in the EUV photon energy range”, Optics Express 19, 4346-4356 (2011)
[Dobosz] S. Dobosz, H. Stabile, A. Tortora, P. Monot, F. Reau, M. Bougeard, H. Merdji, B. Carre, Ph.
Martin, D. Joyeux, D. Phalippou, F. Delmotte, J. Gautier, and R. Mercier, “Internal frequency
conversion extreme ultraviolet interferometer using mutual coherence properties of two high-orderharmonic sources”, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 113102 (2009)
[Zeitoun2004] Ph. Zeitoun et al., Nature 431, 426-429 (2004)
2.2 What is missing and needed in Paris-Saclay campus (Danielle)
2.2.1
-
Structuring and maintaining high level expertise
positionnement et enjeux stratégiques au niveau national et international
The advent of ultrafast science has made it possible to study the properties of matter in out of
equilibrium conditions, opening new pathways for the study and the control of basic phenomena
governing the behaviour of atoms, molecules, plasma and condensed matter. The Paris-Saclay
campus presents an intense activity in this domain, with a strong presence of world-class research
groups active in these fields and a concentration of ultrafast light sources which is second to none at
the international level, for the number, variety and quality of its installations. Nevertheless, a gap
needs to be bridged between the laser-based sources and the extended community of their users, in
particular in the XUV domain.
Ultrafast science requires ultra-steep gradients in time – down to the fs and as time scale – and
in space – down to the Å scale – to coherently excite electronic/nuclear wave packets in a controlled
manner, and to probe their temporal evolution. These gradients are ideally provided by fully
controlled photon beams, from the mid-IR to the XUV range: the manipulation of light pulses is
therefore an essential component of ultrafast science. While in the optical wavelength region light
manipulation can be performed with methods accessible to individual researchers, in the XUV
domain it requires a very specific and intense effort that is usually beyond the possibilities of small
groups. Namely, it requires entirely new techniques of metrology and shaping; much more
expensive, custom designed optical elements; and a more sophisticated and diverse knowhow. The
OPT2X proposal aims at filling this gap by creating a synergetic effort to optimise the XUV ultrafast
pulses available at the advanced facilities present in the Paris-Saclay campus – in particular at the
recently funded AttoLab Equipex, at the recently completed Laserix sources, and at the LUNEX5
project. This effort will provide strongly needed and still missing advanced instrumentation between
the XUV ultrafast sources and the user stations, to fully exploit the potential of the facilities and to
reaffirm the international visibility of Paris-Saclay in a highly competitive field.
The scientific and technological knowhow necessary to undertake this task is present on the
Paris-Saclay campus ; nevertheless, it needs additional resources to have access to advanced
technological elements and to realize efficient and reliable instruments, with the main goal of
delivering usable and well characterized photons to the experimental stations.
2.2.2
Technical needs
2.2.3
Needs in training
15
3 Objectives

Our main goal is the establishment of a transversal technical and scientific group capable
of designing and implementing optimized beamlines for XUV ultrafast sources. This will
be achieved thanks to a joint effort of the light source and user communities, together
with expert groups in XUV optics active in technological platforms, and it will be
constituted by an “OPT2X team”, mixing scientist and engineers that will keep
cooperating - in continuous interaction with the ultrafast science community - well
beyond the duration of this IDEX project.

The specific, immediate objectives are the conception, design, construction and
implementation of a few advanced photon manipulation instruments. These elements
will be the first realizations of the OPT2X team: they will be able to be tested and
operated as parts of novel and/or existing XUV beamlines on the Paris-Saclay campus; in
this way, they will provide the user community with state-of-the-art instruments as soon
as in 2016, allowing experiments at the forefront of the domain of ultrafast science. The
design and implementation of these prototype instruments will help establishing a
“working method” for our community and will pave the way for the realization of future
similar beamlines in our campus, providing a long term answer to an urgent and growing
need of a wide scientific community.
Preproject
This project aims at OPTimising OPTical pulses for eXtreme ultraviolet ultrafast science (OPT2X),
providing the Paris-Saclay scientific community with the resources necessary to fully exploit the
exceptional potential of its laser-based sources in the XUV domain. Within a 2- to 4-year period of
stepwise development, the XUV sources on ATTOLAB and LASERIX will be equipped with advanced
instrumentation at the interface with the user stations; these instruments will also be available for
the first experiments on more innovative sources like LUNEX5. This investment will thus maintain its
value in the long term: it will be used well beyond 2016 (for instance, we can recall that phase 2 of
the ATTOLAB Equipex guarantees operating funds until 2020), and will enhance the capability of the
facilities to find new funding.
Since time gradient is the essential parameter in ultrafast science, the community of users of
these facilities must be able to characterize, shape and control the temporal properties of the XUV
light field (its spectral amplitude and phase properties), adapting their characteristics to each specific
study. Besides controlling the XUV pulse generation by acting on the driving laser, pulse manipulation
includes special new optical elements (multilayer mirrors for amplitude/phase shaping,
monochromators, focusing optics, XUV waveplates, interferometers, etc.): they will be designed and
characterized by means of “all-optical” specific set-ups implemented on the existing facilities
available at the LCF, the SOLEIL synchrotron, LOA and CEA laser laboratories . Moreover, XUV field
characterization involves advanced techniques based on photoemission and quantum
interferometry, which will be implemented on dedicated stations. The final goal is to complement
the XUV sources with flexible and user friendly optical systems, to obtain a control of the optical
pulses similar to what is achieved (in a cw mode) at synchrotron radiation sources.
If fully controlling the XUV field properties is the key concept of the project, the effective goal of
OPT2X is to realize two types of XUV beamlines, i) one based on multilayer mirrors with different
bandwidths, and ii) one based on dispersive gratings. The two types of beamlines will be
implemented on both LASERIX and ATTOLAB facilities. The beamlines will incorporate at least one
microfocusing system, polarizing elements and a complete set of diagnostics to allow real time
16
characterisation of the XUV pulses delivered to the user stations. These crucial issues will be
developed while taking into account stringent conditions of excellent mechanical stability,
differential pumping, precise optical delay lines, etc.
-
impact au niveau de Paris-Saclay
By making it possible to fully exploit the potential of its XUV sources for ultrafast science, the
OPT2X project will significantly enhance the scientific activity on Paris-Saclay; furthermore, it will
reinforce the role of these facilities as scientific crossover centers, facilitating the access for future
possible users.
An important facet of the project will be the training of Ph.D. students and postdocs in an open
scientific context, at the intersection of laser technology, optics and basic sciences: the project will
host a number of young scientists motivated by its rich interdisciplinary content.
The results of this effort will make it possible for the Paris-Saclay campus to confirm and
strengthen its leading international role in ultrafast science, and to cope with a fierce competition
from other campuses in Europe, US and Asia.
3.1 Structuring objectives in the perspective of UPS (Marino)
 Structuring and strengthening the considerable existing know-how in XUV optics, on the mid to
long term at UPS
 Training young scientists and students in the field of XUV-optics and applications
 Associating the strong industrial environment in joint R&D
3.2 Technological objectives (Marino)
 Realization of advanced instruments for the controlled transport of XUV photons to the user
stations, preserving the unique properties of XUV atto-femto-picosecond pulses in space, time,
energy and polarization.
 Establishment of a platform for off-line development and characterization of novel instruments
(optics, detectors, etc), to characterize instruments before their implementation on the beamlines
 Conception and realization of optimized on-line diagnostic tools, to provide the users the
necessary real time characterization of the XUV pulses during the experiments.
3.3 Training (Sophie K)
3.3.1 Maintaining expertise
Preparing future recruitment
3.3.2
Existing involvement/actions in training
3.3.3 Future actions in training
See 4.6
Demande bourses
Site web pour offre thèses et stages
3.4 Academic dissemination (Danielle)
3.4.1 existing actions
See list in Annex
EQUIPEX
17
LUMAT
LABEX
ANR
3.4.2 Interest and future actions
Spatial research (FD)
3.5 industrial dissemination : technological transfer
3.5.1 Existing joint actions and projects
See list in Annex
3.5.2
Interest and future actions
CEA, LOA have established a partnership with Imagine Optic Company. They have obtained in 2013 a
1Meuros grant from the French ministry of research (ANR) to develop lensless microscopy at an
industrial level with sub micrometer spatial resolution and a moderate cost. Images are obtained by
recording coherent diffraction pattern without using any lens. It is based on the use of phaseretrieval algorithms and holograms. Since few years, it became a very active area of research for
lensless imaging at X-ray wavelengths. This technique having the potential to reach high resolution at
low cost, there is a growing interest in using it in the visible or UV range with targeted resolution on
the order of a few 100’s nanometers. Indeed, the extreme spatial resolution can reach half the
illumining wavelength motivating the use short wavelength radiation. Moreover the technique does
not suffer from any aberration due to the limited quality of optics. Whatever the wavelength is, high
quality, high aperture optics are hardly impacting the cost of microscopes. The consortium will start
by building a prototype using a compact UV laser diode. Our constraint is to have a 2D/3D
microscope, called the Nanoscope, with an ultimate resolution of 200 nm with a cost lower than 20
Keuros. To achieve this goal we will work on the process of 2D and 3D image formation from multiple
to single diffraction pattern. We will push the basic knowledge in coherent imaging exploiting and
speeding up algorithms and image processing techniques. In parallel of building this prototype, the
partners will prepare the second class of instrument, the 20 nm resolution instrument. This
instrument is more prospective. It makes use of an intense coherent X-ray source with a wavelength
down to 10 nm. Innovative demonstration applications of The R-Nanoscopes will be performed in
Biology and Material science. To realize this program, state of the art wave front sensing and
corrections developed by Imagine Optic Inc. will be used to push the spatial resolutions at its
extreme. Finally, an important goal is to stimulate at all level the development and implementation
of the Nanoscope instruments with potential commercial value. We will look for any potential
market from biophotonics, medicine to nanosciences.
3.6 Scientific benchmark studies (all)
Within the two-year project, the technical developments aim at making – partially or fully – possible
a series of benchmark studies in the gas phase, the solid-state and plasmas. These studies are
representative of the scientific objectives and generic needs of research in the field of ultrafast
dynamics and XUV optics.
3.6.1
atto time-resolved study in gas phase (Bertrand C, …)
One of the main tasks of ultrafast dynamics is the study of coherent electronic wavepackets (EWP)
localized in space and time. As an example, recent efforts have been focused on measuring a socalled “photoemission delay” in atoms and molecules [Haessler09, Schultze10, Klünder11, Caillat11]
and solids [Cavalieri07]. In photoionization in the gas phase, let us recall that the free photoelectron
wavepacket, produced in single photon ionization of the initial bound state |𝜓0 ⟩ by the ℰ𝑋𝑈𝑉 XUV
18
field, expresses as a coherent superposition of scattering eigenstates |𝜀⟩𝑒 𝑖𝜂(𝜀) at 𝜀 energy in the
continuum:
+∞
(𝜺−𝜺𝟎 )
(𝒕−𝝉𝑾 )
ℏ
⃗ 𝑿𝑼𝑽 (𝜺)|𝝍𝟎 ⟩𝒆−𝒊
⃗ , 𝒕) ∝ ∫𝟎 |𝜺⟩⟨𝜺|𝒓
⃗ ∙𝓔
𝝍𝒆 (𝒓
𝒅𝜺, (E1)
where 𝜀0 is the central energy of the electronic wavepacket (EWP). The photoemission delay or the
𝑑𝜂
Wigner time [Wigner55, Caillat11] appears as a group delay 𝜏𝑊 = 𝑑𝜀 | , i.e., the derivative of the
𝜀0
scattering phase with respect to energy. In isolated systems, the photoemission delay corresponds to the
formation of the free EWP from the valence shell out of the core region, therefore depending on the
ionized bound state, potential shape and electron correlations. In solids, it is rather related to the
transport time of the EWP from the bulk where photon is absorbed to the solid surface. Variation of the
photoemission delay from one to another initial bound state is as short as a few 10 as [Schultze10,
Klünder11]. These measurements, though they are still discussed theoretically, undoubtedly shed light on
electronic dynamics at the finest timescale, in one of the most fundamental processes in physics, physicalchemistry and biology.
To achieve characterization of the EWP and photoemission delay measurements in (E1), FROG type
techniques are particularly adapted. They involve production of the EWP in the presence of a strong
coherent field, e.g., a laser field in the mid-IR/IR range. The strong field acts as an “optical gate” inducing
modulation of the EWP quantum phase and energy. From the measured spectrogram, i.e., the
photoelectron yield as a function of energy and XUV/laser delay, one can retrieve amplitude and quantum
phase of the EWP. Note that, in (E1), only the combination of the XUV field and EWP properties is
addressed and the latter not resolved. However, the XUV field spectral amplitude and phase are
determined as soon as those of the EWP are known or can be reliably calculated, as this is the case for
𝑑𝜂
photoionization into a “flat” continuum ( 𝑑𝜀 ≈ 0). Conversely, photoionization with a fully characterized
XUV field gives access to the intrinsic properties of the system, e.g., photoemission delay in autoionizing
resonance [Haessler09]. The general frame of the above FROG type (FROG-CRAB) technique has been
proposed at SPAM [Mairesse05], whereas variants were already successfully used, such as attosecond
streaking [Drescher02, Uiberacker, Goulielmakis, Yakovlev10, Schultze13] and RABBIT [Paul01,
Mairesse03, Mauritsson, Boutu09, Haessler10].
The OPT2X project will implement, among others, the FROG type techniques as standard tools for the
users, for the two complementary purposes of, i) complete determination of the XUV field, and ii)
complete characterization of EWP.
This requires that stringent conditions are reached:
 In order to get well defined of quantum interferences in PI, the XUV and laser wavefronts should
be well defined.
 XUV/IR superposition perfectly controlled.
3.6.2 PI and polarization control – chirality (Danielle D, L. Nahon, T. Ruchon)
CELIA
The importance of chiral configuration determination through chiroptical diagnostics such as circular
birefringences and dichroisms (CD*) is enormous in biology and chemistry, especially in the 3-6eV
range. Indeed, a great deal of molecules used and synthesized by living organisms are chiral, and
elementary bricks of life such as amino-acids are found homochiral* in the biosphere. In the drug
industry, usually only one of the enantiomers* is useful, the other one being potentially harmful.
However, at variance with magnetic circular dichroism which is a routine diagnostic on synchrotron
beam lines, CD values are excessively small compared to regular absorption (∼10-3-10-5). Their study
thus requires the use of lock in detection techniques, requiring the modulation of the light source’s
polarization. In the XUV domain only a slow modulation of a few tens of Hertz is achieved on the
undulators of about five synchrotron radiation (SR) beam lines worldwide (e.g. [Nah2012,Tur2004]).
Alternatively, PhotoElectron Circular Dichroism (PECD: excess of forward/backward photoionization
19
of chiral species by a circularly polarized XUV light beam) is much larger than regular CD. It has been
studied on SR soon after its prediction in the 2000’s and proved to be excessively sensitive to the
photon energy [Nah2006], static [Pow2008] and dynamical molecular structures [Gar2013]. Along
with synchrotron sources, the currently commissioned XFEL’s include this capability of delivering
circular polarization [e.g. All2012], extending the synchrotron static measurements to dynamical
ones with a resolution of 10 to 500 fs with significant jitter. In view of this state of the art, there is a
clear scientific case for temporally short XUV beams of modulated circular polarization. The Opt2X
project will implement
i.
ii.
HHG beam lights with high modulation rate of circular polarization through the use of smart
combinations of driving fields for the study of PECD.
Polarization characterization devices (reflective polarizers) for the study of XCD
3.6.3 atto time-resolved study in solid (Marino)
as-fs ARPES
Time, space
Switching between as/broadband and ps/narrow band
3.6.4
as-fs Ultrafast Phenomena at a nanometer scale (Hamed M)
Ultrafast phenomena at a nanometer scale merge two large and highly successful fields of modern
research: ultrafast science and nanoscale physics. Ultrafast science, which produces and analyzes
events as short as attoseconds, is often explored through studies of atoms and molecules, while
nanoscale research focuses on condensed matter. Joining these two fields is only natural because
their intrinsic time and length scales match almost perfectly. In fact, all important electronic
processes in solids take place on attosecond to femtosecond time scales as determined by the
spectral bandwidths and electron interaction (collision) times. In space, important phenomena in
condensed matter such as plasmonic energy localization, electron scattering, the skin effect as well
as the steering of electronic matter waves, etc. take place over distances of around 10 nm.
Researchers in the Plateau de Saclay have started to investigate ultrafast processes at a nanoscale
using coherent X-ray diffraction and small angle scattering. Ultrafast coherent diffraction using soft
and hard X-rays is actually revolutionizing imaging science thanks to new sources recently available
(HHG, FELs in particular). This powerful technique extends standard X-ray diffraction towards imaging
of non-crystalline objects and leads actually to a strong impact in physics, chemistry and biology.
Atto/femto-second coherent X-rays from high harmonic generation available in our lab allow
watching matter evolving with unprecedented space and time resolution. We have demonstrated
single shot (20 femtoseconds) nanoscale imaging using either a phase retrieval approach or a new
holographic scheme. This has required a lot of effort to achieve state-of-the art X-ray beamlines with
few micron focusing, wavefront and coherence optimization.
Indeed, measuring accurately the spatial configuration of an isolated nanometric object may turn
difficult in multi-shot acquisition. The difficulty even increases in dynamical imaging, where space and
time configurations should be repeated. Hence, real time imaging of single object requires that the
parameters of the source are well known. Accuracy means that the beam parameters have to be
carefully controlled and that the highest intensity is available on the sample. As above mentioned, we
have already obtained at LOA and CEA single shot diffraction pattern from isolated object using tabletop harmonics lasers [Ravasio09, Gauthier10, Ge13]. Further progresses can be made by using
innovative approaches to transport and condition the beam and to focus the coherent beam. LOA and
Imagine Optic have been developing jointly optical systems that would match our requirements.
Further developments are however needed. In particular, a Shack Hartmann wavefront sensor would
help in improving the beam quality and the focusing of the XUV beam.
20
We propose to explore the limits of these coherent imaging techniques in space (nanometer to
atomic) and in time in a “pump-probe” experiment (femtosecond down to attosecond). We are
interested in following at a nanometer scale different dynamical processes such as laser-induced
nano-plasmas, magnetic nanoscale phase transition and nanoplasmonic field enhancement.
Imaging magnetic nanodomains properties
Magnetism properties of nano-objects is known to be different from bulk structures. Such tiny
magnetic elements will be commercially available in every computer within less than 10 years for
enhanced data storage capacity or for flash memories. Today, study of magnetic nano-objects is
mainly achieved on huge facilities [Wang12] (free-electron lasers) that are ranging from 200 m to 3
km, with cost from 200 M€ to 1B€. In parallel, since about 6 years LOA and CEA collaborate with two
French laboratories, LCPMR and LPS, specialized in magnetic nano-systems to transfer the imaging
technics from these huge machine to compact high harmonic sources. This work is now far beyond
the demonstration with several high impact articles already published [Vodu11, Vodu12].
Figure 4: Schematic description of pump-probe experiment (a) achieved at LOA aiming to study the
temporal evolution of magnetic nano-objects (b and c). Image b has been obtained with Magnetic
Force microscope showing the magnetic nano-structures.
Up to now LOA and CEA have performed scattering experiment. We are now on the path to realize
images of magnetic nanodomains. Moreover the ultrashort pulses (femtosecond) allow tracking the
dynamical properties of such systems. More generally, OPT2X beamlines at CEA and LOA will offer to
every industrial laboratory the capacity to do at-home experiments and inspections on their future
magnetic nano-systems.
Ultrafast Nanoplasmonics:
Recently, IDEX researchers have proposed to study generation of coherent EUV pulse from HHG
assisted by plasmonic resonances. Bowtie nano-antenna will be used to generate high-harmonic
radiation at a repetition rate of 75 MHz as proposed by Kim et al. [Kim et al. Nature 2008]. It is clear
that the scientific and industrial outcome of this research is more than timely and extremely valuable
for the IDEX scientific community. The low cost of this new generation of coherent XUV light will
stimulate the wide diffusion of these new EUV ultrafast sources for novel academic and industrial
applications. The developments proposed in the OPT2X project will support those progresses. In
particular, coherent diffractive imaging will be used to characterize the coherence properties of the
21
radiation. Wave front sensing and spatial coherence will additionally help in characterizing the
beamline.
Nanoplasmas
It has been recently shown that it is possible to confine relativistic fields in nanostructured gold
targets [Purvis et al. Nature Photonics 2013] in order to reach ultra-hot and dense plasmas regimes.
Typically, densities two orders of magnitude above the critical density and temperatures exceeding
few thousand of keV can be obtained using moderated laser energy (below 1 joule). In parallel,
researchers have shown that it is possible to amplify locally a laser field using plasmonic structures.
IDEX researcher will combine both knowledge in plasmas physics, ultrafast lasers and plasmonics to
generate relativistic fields (1018 W/cm²) from few 1014 W/cm² classical laser field obtained using very
modest laser (few 10 mJ range). The target will be designed at CSNSM in Orsay and the experiments
will be conducted at CEA in collaboration with LOA. The generated relativistic nanoplasmas will be
diagnosed using ultrafast nanoscale imaging already in hand at Saclay. We will benefit from OPT2X
developments, in particular broadband attosecond optics and few micrometers XUV focusing optics
are mandatory for the success of the experiment.
3.6.5 fs-ps timescale WDM (Annie K)
The scientific motivation of the proposed technical developments is to contribute to the understanding
of matter heating induced by intense XUV radiation, and of the induced non-equilibrium transition
phase from solids to the Warm Dense Matter (WDM) to dense strongly coupled plasmas (DSCP),
through the investigation of the radiative emission .properties of the heated sample.
The primary process for the energy deposition is direct photoionization of the solid by the incident
XUV pulse, with a strong dependence with respect of the energy (wavelength) of the photons. Our
particular interest is to investigate X-ray emission from hole states transitions rather than usual
resonance lines. Due to the high autoionization probability associated with core hole states, emission
originating from core holes is only possible on a femtosecond timescale. Therefore, it is not sensitive
to low density recombining regimes that usually mask interesting high density features.
We intend to use state-of-the art ASE XUV lasers operating at photon energies 89 eV and above, in a
range of focused energy/duration that complements those already achieved with XUV Free Electron
Lasers (see eg Dzeldzainis et al HEDP 6 (2010) 109; Zastrau et al Laser And Particle Beams 30 1
(2012) 45-56 ).
Current ASE XUV lasers, delivering µJ, few ps pulses, will allow to investigate interaction in the 10 12
- 1013 W/cm2 range, while limiting the loss of density due to plasma expansion. Higher focused
intensities (1014 W/cm2 and above) and shorter pulse duration (100 fs and below), approaching XUV
FELs ones, are foreseen in a near future with the progress of seeded XUV lasers, which will be
implemented at LASERIX and also investigated at the Appollon-CILEX facility.
However the implementation of these experiments requires the development of specific advanced
instrumentation to control and characterize the XUV intensity focused on the solid sample, on a
single-shot basis. Namely, control of focusing with micrometer size (NB: we do not want very small
focal spots, since we want to study the emission of the heated sample)
Note: required parameters to reach a focused intensity of 1014 W/cm2
 duration 1 ps: 100µJ in 10µm (diam) focal spot; 25µJ in 5µm (diam) focal spot
 duration 100 fs: 8µJ in 10µm (diam) focal spot; 2µJ in 5µm (diam) focal spot
3.6.6
application bio (Philippe Z. to be discussed and selected)
3.7 2 year deliverables (Marino)
The following technical objectives have been identified by the partners as strategic and requiring a
cooperative effort to be realized by 2016:
22
3.7.1
Technical
- Pulse shaping monochromating system based on dispersive gratings;
- Pulse shaping bandpass control system based on multilayers;
- Microfocusing optical systems with relative mechanical components etc
- XUV polarization control
- Real time XUV diagnostics, with relative detectors etc
3.7.2 Training and Dissemination
- Training of young scientists and engineers
4 Methodology and work plan.
We have identified 5 work packages (WP’s) to organize the cooperative action among the partners.
This work plan will make it possible to achieve the specific goals (described in 2.4), delivering novel
instruments that will be tested and operated on the existing XUV facilities at Paris-Saclay, and will be
a basis to continue the operation of the OPT2X team also beyond 2016.
WP1 –
WP2 –
WP3 –
WP4 –
WP5 –
Manipulation of the spectro-temporal profile
Manipulation of spatial profile and polarization
On-line diagnostics of spectro-temporal properties
On-line diagnostics of spatial properties and polarization
Off-line optics metrology and detector development
The WP coordinators, together with the users present in the OPT2X team, will collect specific
technical needs from the wide user community supporting this proposal, to define the specifications
and the choices for the instruments. All the main choices/ decisions will be communicated to the
user community (for instance with topical one-day workshops). When the instruments will be
available on the various XUV sources, the source managers will inform in detail the user community
on the new performance levels attained by the facilities thanks to the contribution of OPT2X.
The OPT2X team will continuously interact and exchange information with the user community.
23
OPT2
X
LASERIX
ATTOLAB
LOA
SOLEIL
2016
User
Platform
Future
projects
WP1
WP2
WP3
WP4
WP5
Each of the 5 technical workpackages is presented as a two-step effort. First, we present the generic
long term development. Second, we focus on the 2-year deliverables of the project.
24
Generic beamlines (Annex ?)
Figure 5 : Generic atto-fs HHG-based beamline
25
Figure 6 : Generic fs-ps XRL beamline
26
Topic
D1.1
Time Control
Space Control
Temporal
Characterization
Spatial Characterization
WP1
WP2
WP3
WP4
Metrology
WP5
Training
WP6
D1.2
Deliverable
monochromatizing system based on multilayer optics (switchable between “10 fs – single harmonic”
mode and “as – broadband” mode)
monochromator based on “off plane mount approach” (switchable between “30 fs – narrow bandpass”,
“10 fs – single harmonic” and “as–broadband” mode)
D1.3
Multicolor (XUV/IR) and XUV/XUV time and space (focusing) superposition system (Marie G, Bertrand C)
D2.1
as-fs / fs-ps : Focusing system grazing-incidence to achieve few micron focal spot (PhZ)
D2.2
as-fs / fs-ps: “User polarization control system: de-phaser”
D2.3
as-fs : multicolor XUV/IR and XUV/XUV focusing system (Marie G.)
D3.1
Shot-to-shot measurement of pulse intensity
D3.2
As-fs/fs-ps : Shot-to-shot (almost) on line spectrum (recorded/stored during data acquisition) with
absolute monitoring of pulse intensity (time & space)
D3.3
as-fs : complete characterization time profile : FROG-CRAB or 2nd order autoco (Thierry R)
D3.4
Online, single-shot characterization of XUV pulse by THz streaking
D4.1
on-line measurement of spatial profile
D4.2
Wavefront sensor
D4.3
complete determination of all Stokes numbers (Danielle D, Laurent N)
D5.1
Metrology
Table 2 : 2-year Deliverables
27
4.1 WP1: Control of the spectro-temporal profile (F. Delmotte + ...)
4.1.1
Overall technical objectives
4.1.1.1 as-fs: Multilayer optics for (broadband) spectral selection and spectral phase
shaping (F. Delmotte, ....)
The rapid progress in ultrafast science applications induces new requirements on multilayer optics:
not only higher reflectivity, but also a better control of the spectral shape (narrowband or broadband
mirrors, enhanced spectral purity by rejection of unwanted spectral lines, etc.)…
In order to efficiently reflect ultrashort pulses off a multilayer mirror, the latter must have a
bandpass broader than the pulse spectrum and a well-controlled phase. Thus, there is a distinction
between the design of a multilayer stack for pico/femtosecond pulses, and for attosecond pulses. In
the first case, the pulse spectrum never exceeds a few tenths of electron-volts, which always fits in
the Bragg’s peak of a periodic multilayer stack. Moreover, the phase of such a mirror being always
linear throughout the reflectivity peak, the pulse can be efficiently reflected off a simple periodic
stack. In the case of attosecond pulses, the XUV spectrum is at least a few ten-eV large, i.e. much
larger than the Bragg’s peak of a periodic multilayer stack. Therefore specific multilayer designs are
required to obtain structures exhibiting a broadband reflectivity and a controlled phase. Concerning
fs pulses, the design of multilayer mirror turns out to be very challenging if one wants to select one
harmonic from a HHG spectrum. As usual, the mirror peak reflectance is an essential parameter but,
in this case, more critical is the spectral selectivity. On one hand, the bandwidth of usual multilayer is
not narrow enough to efficiently reject the neighbor harmonics. One the other hand, usual multilayer
mirrors exhibit high reflectance at low energy due to metallic surface reflection.
During these last years, both kinds of multilayer components (broadband & phase controlled mirrors
on one side and selective multilayers on the other side) have been successfully designed, produced
and used for applications in Paris-Saclay laboratories.
One main objective of OPT2X project is to combine these two functions in one single instrument to
be inserted in-line on Paris-Saclay ultrafast beamlines. It will offer to the users a very versatile way to
control the spectro-temporal profile and thus enable multi-timescale studies of one sample in the
same environment. The user will have the possibility to select one harmonic (fs duration) or few
harmonics (as duration) just by translation of multilayer mirrors with specific design. As one of the
two functions concerns the manipulation of attosecond pulses, we will take special care about
mechanical stability issues in the design of the instrument. Currently, this opportunity does not exist,
inside or even outside Paris-Saclay campus. It will be an actual contribution of OPT2X project to the
users community.
4.1.1.2 as-fs : Attosecond delay lines with active control (Marie G – Willem B)
It is worth to recall that the major motivation for studies in the time domain is to track the – usually
coherent - motion of electronic and nuclear wavepackets in real time, in the two cases of:
i) initial excitation by a pump pulse followed by the free motion of the WP under action of internal
driving forces alone [Haessler10, Goulielmakis, Wörner11, Ruf12], and
ii) initial excitation and motion under action of internal and time-dependent external pump forces,
e.g., in the presence of a strong field [Sansone10, Schultze13].
28
In the simpler first case i), through coherent excitation with light pulse of duration tL ~ 1 fs and
ℏ
bandwidth EL ~0.5 eV (∆𝑡𝐿 ∆𝐸𝐿 = 2), it is possible to produce electronic/nuclear wavepacket
ℏ
localized in space: the spatial extension of the wave packet, ∆𝑥0 = 2∆𝑝 = 𝑣∆𝑡𝐿 where v is the group
(classical) velocity, intrinsically ranges at the Angström scale of a molecule or solid lattice. The WP
then coherently evolves in time, its quantum coherences changing over the ∆𝑡𝐿 timescale, its spatial
extension changing over the 𝑡𝑠 = 2 𝑚Δ𝑥02 ⁄ℏ “uncertainty” timescale [Zewail01], over which the WP
may be considered as a “classically localized” object; since it depends on mass, the uncertainty time
is typically in the as-fs (fs-ps) range for an electronic (nuclear) WP.
Both cases i) and ii) imply that multiple – at least two - ultrashort pulses, including attosecond XUV
ones, are combined in pump/probe experiments, that is spatially overlapped with accurate control of
intensity and wave fronts, and temporally delayed with attosecond accuracy, i.e., nm scale control of
optical path . At given frequency ω, propagation into material of refractive index 𝑛𝜔 over distance d
𝑑
𝑑𝑛
𝑑
introduce phase shift 𝜙𝜔 = 𝑛𝜔 𝜔 𝑐 and group delay 𝑡𝜔 ≈ (𝑛𝜔 + 𝜔 𝑑𝜔𝜔 ) 𝑐 ; in vacuum, d=3 nm
corresponds to 10 as group delay. In experiments, the time delay between the pump and probe
pulses has to be controlled with an accuracy better than 100 as and a setup to adjust the delay has to
have a stability of at least 30 nm to reach the required temporal resolution.
Two pump-probe schemes, and thus two types of delay lines, are required, combining respectively
XUV/laser (IR-vis-UV) and XUV/XUV pulses.
1) In the XUV/laser (IR-vis-UV) scheme, since the XUV source is coherently driven by and
therefore perfectly synchronized with the laser driving field (DF), the delay can be more
easily introduced between the DF and pump/probe laser field (PF) (before the generation
process), in the IR-vis-UV range where accurate transmissive optics (wedge) are available.
However, this usually results in long arms interferometer (m length) with critical stability,
especially on the long run period (several hours or even days) required for data acquisition.
In this scheme an active stabilization of the optical path difference is mandatory
[Böttcher2008, Ruchon2010]. Alternately, the delay can be introduced between the XUV and
PF (after generation). This requires that highly specific optics are designed which reflect
either broadband or selectively narrow band XUV - using multilayer mirrors - together with
laser (IR), focus the two beams in the same region with attosecond control of the delay. A
commercial device derived from lab research is shown in Figure 7
2) [UltrafastInnov]. This arrangement is also available as a narrow band XUV/XUV delay line,
then including two multilayer mirrors.
Figure 7 : a) Example of XUV/IR pulse delay unit for attosecond streaking, from UltraFast Innovations
company [UltrafastInnov]. The central mirror reflects the XUV and the surrounding silver mirror the
IR beam. The two-segment mirror is mounted on independent piezo-actuated translations and tilts.
The translation of the inner segment is feedback controlled in a scan range of 300 fs, with a
resolution reaching less than 3 as. b) interferometric scheme for active time and 2D space
stabilization of the coaxial delay line [Böttcher08].
29
As mentioned above, in experiment requiring long acquisition time at 1-10 kHz repetition rate, active
stabilization of the time- and space overlap is mandatory in case 1), and highly recommended in case
2°. Figure b gives example of the interferometric scheme adapted to the coaxial delay line
[Böttcher08]. Active stabilization of the two pulses overlap in time and space (i.e., XUV/IR) can be
obtained by means of an He-Ne laser (split in 2) which co-propagates collinearly to the IR beams
through the interferometer. After recombination the two He-Ne beams produce a pattern of
interference fringes, which is measured by multiple (4-quadrant) photodiodes. From the interference
pattern, the optical path difference in the delay line is calculated and a PID loop acting on the piezoplate control allows stabilizing the delay within 60 as rms. Simultaneously, the 4-quadrant signal
allows for continuous adjustment of the spatial overlap.
4.1.1.3 as-fs & fs-ps delay line for XUV pulses
XUV/XUV pump/probe experiments raise specific problems for superimposing two XUV pulses and
controlling their temporal and spatial overlap. If the two XUV pulses have the same spectral
characteristics, it is natural to produce them from the same initial pulse by either amplitude or
wavefront division. Because of the high absorption of the materials, amplitude division beamsplitters
are complex devices requiring advanced design and fabrication, e.g., beamsplitter at λ=22 nm based
on multilayer deposited on thin membrane and realized in the consortium [Morlens04].
Wavefront division offers more flexibility though the design should be specifically dedicated to either
as-fs or fs-ps pulse control. Finally, in the case of HHG, the “attolighthouse” scheme offers an elegant
and efficient way of producing multiple atto pulses separated in space which can be further
recombined in a pump/probe arrangement.
4.1.1.3.1 optics for wavefront division (Willem Boutu)
Wavefront division systems have been developed and demonstrated both on FELs and HHG
beamlines. The most efficient solution consists in using a split focusing optics with a fixed part and a
controlled part that can be moved along the beam position with a high precision. The arrangements
in Figure 7 and Figure 8a give two examples of cylindrical and plane symmetry, respectively. The
schematic in Figure 8b shows the relation between optical path difference (𝑐𝜏 ∝ 𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖, where τ is
the delay, d the mirror translation and i the incidence angle) and relative displacement of the beams
(∝ 𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖). In the as-fs regime at grazing incidence favoring broadband reflectivity (or in the fs-ps
regime at usually close to normal incidence on wavelength specific multilayer mirrors), one should
take care that scanning the delay over a few fs scale (a few 100 fs) does not shift the beam by more
than the beam waist (µm size). Alternatively, a versatile option is to use a system that can be
decoupled from the focusing, inserted before the focusing optics. For instance, CEA developed a
system based on one prism that cuts the beam in two equal parts and subsequent grazing incidence
mirrors that makes the two beams parallel – see Error! Reference source not found.9a. One of the
mirrors can be adjusted to change the timing. An off-axis parabola is then used to both select the
wavelength and focus the two beams on the same sample spot. A compact and moveable system will
be developed. The micrometer precision needed for the delay line motion is a standard with vacuum
compatible DC motors. The use of grazing incidence optics ensures a high transmission of the setup,
even in the XUV range.
30
c= 2dcosi
2dsini
i
d
Figure 8: a) XUV/XUV delay line using two-segment mirror with plane symmetry, b) schematic of the
two-segment mirror with cylindrical symmetry, showing delay and central ray displacement as a
function of incidence angle.
(a)
Figure 9 (a) and (b) : XUV beam splitters for XUV/XUV pump-probe experiments.
4.1.1.4 as-fs: Diffractive optics (conical grating) for selecting single harmonic (DE ~100
meV, < 10 fs) (F. Polack, ...)
4.1.1.5 as-fs: Mechanical stability (LOA, SOLEIL)
4.1.2
2 year deliverables
4.1.2.1 monochromatizing system based on multilayer optics (easily switchable between a
“10 fs – single harmonic” mode and an “as – broadband” mode)
Post-doc 1 year: 50 k€
Mirrors and precision mechanics: 20 k€
Motorized mirror holders: 20 k€
Mirror Coatings (incl. calibration & test): 20 k€
Vacuum chamber + optical table: 30 k€
Consumables for tests: 10 k€
31
User interface (computer & electronics): 10 k€
4.1.2.2 monochromator based on “off plane mount approach” (easily switchable among a
“30 fs – narrow bandpass”, a “10 fs – single harmonic” and a “as–broadband”
mode)
4.1.2.3 multicolor (XUV/IR) space-time superposition (Marie G, Bertrand C)
One of the end-stations foreseen in ATTLOAB is a reaction microscope relying on the COLTRIMS
technique. In order to perform experiments using an XUV source combined with this instrument, we
must be able to:
- focus the XUV/IR (respectively XUV/XUV) pulses in the ultrasonic jet of the target gas inside
the reaction chamber at ultra-high vacuum,
- monitor precisely the spatial overlap in time of the two XUV/IR (respectively XUV/XUV) foci,
during the whole experiment duration (many hours, even days).
Two schemes can be used, and thus two types of optics are required, combining XUV/laser (IR-visUV) (respectively XUV/XUV) pulses.
1) drilled silver mirrors combined to specific filtering system as metallic filters and multilayer
mirrors allowing spectral selection of one or several harmonic in the XUV spectrum.
2) two-segment XUV/IR (respectively XUV/XUV) mirror.
4.2 WP2: Control of spatial profile and polarization (F. Polack + ....)
4.2.1
Overall technical objectives
4.2.1.1 as-fs / fs-ps : Focusing (Ph. Zeitoun, S. Kazamias, O. Guilbaud)
In order to achieve high intensities or for coherent imaging it is necessary to focus the soft x-ray
beams down to a spot of few micrometers in diameter, with a minimum loss of energy. Such focal spot
has been achieved in LOA and CEA thanks to the use of normal incidence, multilayer-coated parabola
or at SOLEIL with grazing-incidence optics.
Parabola, either centered or off-axis, are relatively cheap optical element and relatively simple to align.
From our experience, off-axis parabola may need the use of XUV wavefront sensor for fine alignment.
Such sensor exists within the partners of the project. Normal incidence parabola has two main
limitations. To efficiently reflect the XUV beam the parabola has to be coated with multilayer. So,
first the reflectivity does not exceed 60% at best and often ranges at about 30%. Second, high
reflectivity implies narrow bandwidth. Such coating is not compatible with attosecond beams. Also it
requires a set of parabola for a facility like LASERIX. Warm Dense Matter experiment (see Science
part) requires being able to easily change the wavelength of the XUV beam from above to below an
atomic edge. LASERIX demonstrated their capacity to quickly modify the wavelength by changing
the target. However, aligning a new parabola and searching for the position of the focal spot is a long
work not compatible with user access. Finally, the cost associated to a large set of parabola is far from
negligible and it might be relatively long to purchase these optics since each wavelength will require a
specific coating.
OPT2X policy consists in standardizing as much as possible the optical elements between the partners
ensuring cost-reduction, knowledge and know-how sharing, and possibility to exceptionally borrow an
optic. Consequently grazing-incidence optics are the most suitable for both attosecond and
femtosecond focusing.
There are two main kinds of optics: monolithic and active. We consider acquiring active optic and
more specifically an optic so called “bender”. This is often a set of two flat mirrors placed at 90° from
32
each other and bent to form two ellipsoidal mirrors. Within elastic limit of the mirrors it is possible to
slightly change the focal length by adjusting the bending. SOLEIL, LOA and CEA teams have good
experience in using and actively aligning these optics on both synchrotron and free-electron lasers.
Alignment is much easier and accurate if using a XUV wave front sensor as CEA and LOA
demonstrated on FERMI@ELETRRA free-electron laser, in collaboration with Imagine Optic.
As mentioned in 3.6, in XUV/XUV pump/probe experiment the signal does not only depend on the
number of XUV photons but on the XUV intensity on target. This requires that the XUV beam be
tightly focused – see 4.2.1.1.
Technical objective (AK)
- Microfocusing with grazing incidence (achromatic) optics to allow studies at several wavelengths
with a single device
Possible solutions (to be chosen in the early stage of the project):



two-toroidal mirrors (see Poletto et al SPIE 2013): aberration corrected, long exit arms,
cost-effective; but focal spot 5-15 µm (enough for our purpose ?)
elliptical mirrors in a Kirkpatrick-Baez geometry (ref ?)
other alternative choice: off-axis parabolas with multilayer coating; single wavelength, but
several mirrors could be mounted on a single mount, to allow easy change when changing
wavelength
4.2.1.2 as-fs / fs-ps : Polarization control (FD+L Nahon)
The state-of-the-art undulator-based VUV beamline DESIRS at SOLEIL covers the 4-40 eV range (30030 nm) and is mainly dedicated to spectroscopy and photodynamics on dilute matter. [Nahon2012]
It features very high spectral resolution, with resolving power of up to 106 on the Fourier-Transform
spectroscopy branch for absorption and 2 x 105 on the monochromator branch, and high flux,
typically in the 1012-1013 ph/sec/0.1%BW over most of the VUV range. In addition, owing to its
variable polarization undulator, fully tailored polarization ellipses can be achieved, with in particular
quasi-perfect horizontal and vertical linear polarization (s1= ± 0.99), as well left- and righ-circular
polarization (s3= ±0.97 or better). Such polarizations have been calibrated owing to a home-made
VUV 2x3 reflections-based polarimeter. [Nahon2004] Nevertheless, this instrument is implemented
permanently on DESIR beamline (it is part of the beamline) and can not be move to another place.
Concerning polarization control on ultrafast XUV sources, a polarizer based upon a four-mirror
reflection setup has already been developed by the LOA (see part 2.1.2). This instrument has been
successfully applied to generate circularly polarized HHG at wavelength around 20 nm. The fact that
it was optimized for a precise wavelength and for a specific application (to transform linear polarized
light to circular one) limits its usability and/or performances for other applications.
In this project, we will develop a new polarizer system, based upon the same concept, but much
more versatile and more compact, owing to variable angles of incidence and the use of various
coatings. The objective is to reach an overall transmission higher than 10% in the spectral range 10 –
60 nm (20-120 eV), and an absolute circular polarization rate (s3) above 95 %. This in-line instrument
will be designed to fit all Paris-Saclay beamlines (definition of mechanical standard).
To design such instrument in the EUV range, it is very important to have access to the experimental
response of each mirror, i.e. their complex reflectivity (including the phase), which is poorly known
from the literature especially in the VUV range. As a matter of fact, surface effects (oxidation, carbon
contamination) have a significant effect on the polarization that is not taken into account in
theoretical models.
In this project, several types of thin film coated mirrors will be characterized on the DESIRS beamline
at SOLEIL in order to access their complex reflectivity, by using an already existing reflectometer
chamber from CEMOX platform. This reflectometer, based on a pulsed laser plasma source, will be
33
adapted to receive the harmonic-free and linearly polarized photons from DESIRS. Based on these
measurements, the best combination of mirrors will be chosen and implemented on four motorized
rotation stages under vacuum. In addition, we will develop a user interface allowing to tune the
optimal angles of the mirrors as a function of the state of polarization required for a given
experiment. Then, the transmission of the whole instrument will be calibrated on the DESIRS
beamline.
The control of polarization of attosecond pulses is an actual technological challenge due to the large
spectral bandwidth of such pulses. Innovative solutions will be studied by simulations and developed
at medium term in the project.
[Nahon2004] L. Nahon, and C. Alcaraz, "SU5: a calibrated variable-polarization synchrotron radiation
beam line in the vacuum-ultraviolet range," Applied Optics 43, 1024-1037 (2004).
[Nahon2012] L. Nahon, N. de Oliveira, G. Garcia, J. F. Gil, B. Pilette, O. Marcouille, B. Lagarde, and F.
Polack, "DESIRS : a state-of-the-art VUV beamline featuring high resolution and variable polarization
for spectroscopy and dichroism at SOLEIL " J. Synchrotron Rad. 19, 508-520 (2012).
4.2.1.3 as-fs : sub-micron target control - Multiple targets (Willem B)
Coherent diffractive imaging and other applications are extremely sensitive to the beam spatial
properties. It is therefore crucial to measure and control its characteristics in situ, at the exact
sample position. For instance, measuring the coherence is done by using a specifically patterned
mask at focus, and a beam focal spot size can be measured using a scanning razor blade across the
beam profile. Being able to switch from the characterization configuration to the actual experiment
without breaking the ultra-high vacuum environment is crucial. Moreover, when imaging samples
with sub-100 nm details, the position of the beam in the few micrometer diameter XUV spot has to
be controlled with the nanometer precision.
Combining those requirements can be achieved using a specifically designed sample holder that can
accommodate several samples and diagnostics – see Figure 10. Vacuum compatible motorized stages
allow now for 10s cm travel range with sub-micrometer resolution, while new piezo-electric systems
can achieve few nanometers steps over very long distances. Furthermore, long distance microscopes
can be used to monitor the beam positioning with respect to the sample. This is especially useful in
the case of pump-probe schemes in a non collinear configuration.
Figure 10: Sample holder in the Matter in Extreme Conditions (MEC) endstation at LCLS. The holder is
fixed on highly stable hexapod, long run translation stage and magnetic socket. It comprises four
slots for sample and beam diagnostics.
34
4.2.1.4 as-fs : Simulation tool for XUV optical instruments (F. Delmotte)
A Matlab code, called ROSA: “Reflective Optical Systems for Attopulses” has been developed by
Charles Bourassin-Bouchet during his PhD at LCF [Bourassin-ROSA2010]. This software provides 3D
simulations of attosecond pulses after reflection on an optical component (focusing mirror,
multilayer mirrors…). It allows complex studies of the effect of optical aberrations on the pulse
duration in experimental conditions, in particular the effect of spatiotemporal coupling in attosecond
pulses. [Bourassin-ROSA2011] It is also a very efficient tool to simulate the quality of focusing of
attosecond pulses [Bourassin-ROSA2013]. In this project, we propose to improve this code in order to
take into account multiple optical reflections. This will allows the simulation and complete
instruments and will facilitate the design of attosecond/femtosecond XUV beamlines.
We would like also to make this simulation tool available for Paris-Saclay scientific community. For
this, we plan to produce a user manual and some user training sessions.
This new code would be also an efficient tool for the training of students at master level.
[Bourassin-ROSA2013] How to focus an attosecond pulse, Charles Bourassin-Bouchet; Matthias
Maximilian Mang; Franck Delmotte; Pierre Chavel; Sébastien De Rossi,
Optics Express, 2013, 21, pp. 2506-2520
[Bourassin-ROSA2011] Duration of ultrashort pulses in the presence of spatio-temporal coupling
Charles Bourassin-Bouchet; Michele Stephens; Sébastien De Rossi; Franck Delmotte; Pierre Chavel
Optics Express, 2011, 19 (18), pp. 17357
[Bourassin-ROSA2010] Spatiotemporal dist ortions of attosecond pulses, Charles Bourassin-Bouchet;
Sébastien De Rossi; Franck Delmotte; Pierre Chavel, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 2010,
27 (6), pp. 1395
4.2.2
2 year deliverable
4.2.2.1 as-fs / fs-ps : Focusing KB system grazing-incidence to achieve few micron focal
spot (PhZ)
We plan to realize a focusing system aiming to achieve few micrometers focal spot with a focal
distance of about 0.5 m. The system will work under grazing-incidence, around 2°, to ensure high
reflectivity over a wide spectral range. With gold coating the reflectivity peaks around 80% per mirror
from 10 eV to 185 eV then decreases to 60-70% for photon energy up to 1 keV. Even for two
reflections, the total throughput will be around 60% for photon energy below 185 eV that is better
than the reflectivity of most normal incidence multilayer coating. At higher photon energy,
multilayers reflectivity drops dramatically to 20% or less while this optic maintains reflectivity around
40-50%.
The optic will be based on the Kirkpatrick-Baez bender technology well-known at SOLEIL and widely
used on large-scale facilities. The optic will be controlled by a dedicated XUV wave front sensor. We
will also associate a monitoring system to control the focal spot after alignment. We will use the
technic developed on free-electron laser consisting in inducing damage on a flat sample and
measuring its shape and size in-line by the use of a tele-microscope.
The full system will be built, then implemented in Salle Orange at LOA on the high harmonic
beamline for test. Although the energy per pulse is low, LOA demonstrated the possibility to ablate
samples meaning that the full system may be totally tested. After fully decommissioning, the system
will be transferred to LASERIX for being implemented on its beamline.
35
4.2.2.2 as-fs / fs-ps: “User polarization control system: de-phaser”
Post-doc 1 year: 50 k€
Polarizer instrument
Mirrors and coatings: 20 k€
4 motorized mirror stages: 40 k€
Vacuum chamber + optical table: 35 k€
Consumables for tests: 20 k€
User interface (computer, control software, electronics) : 10 k€
Modification of CEMOX reflectometer : (à mettre dans WP5 ?)
New detector with electronics: 10 k€
Upgrade for compatibility with SOLEIL: 20k€
Upgrade of user interface (computer, control software…): 10k€
4.2.2.3 as-fs : multicolor XUV/IR and XUV/XUV focusing system (Marie G.)
see 4.1.2.3
One of the end-stations foreseen in ATTLOAB is a reaction microscope relying on the COLTRIMS
technique. In order to perform experiments using an XUV source combined with this instrument, we
must be able to:
- focus the XUV/IR (respectively XUV/XUV) pulses in the ultrasonic jet of the target gas inside
the reaction chamber at ultra-high vacuum,
- monitor precisely the spatial overlap in time of the two XUV/IR (respectively XUV/XUV) foci,
during the whole experiment duration (many hours, even days).
Two schemes can be used, and thus two types of optics are required, combining XUV/laser (IR-visUV) (respectively XUV/XUV) pulses.
3) drilled silver mirrors combined to specific filtering system as metallic filters and multilayer
mirrors allowing spectral selection of one or several harmonic in the XUV spectrum.
4) two-segment XUV/IR (respectively XUV/XUV) mirror.
4.2.2.4 as-fs : Simulation tool for XUV optical instruments
Post-doc 1 year: same person as 4.2.2.2
4.3 WP3: On-line diagnostics of spectro-temporal properties (A. Klisnick +
D. Garzella +....)
4.3.1 Overall technical objectives
Characterizing the temporal/spectral properties of the XUV light field, with component ℰ𝑋𝑈𝑉 (𝑡) =
|ℰ𝑋𝑈𝑉 (𝑡)|𝑒 +𝑖𝜙(𝑡) (𝑟-dependence in Equation 1 has been skipped), is very challenging. One should
recall that, for the studies of coherent processes excited/probed by XUV pulses, it is crucial that the
amplitude and the phase of ℰ𝑋𝑈𝑉 (𝑡) are determined.
At the as-fs scale, HHG pulses spectrally extend and show coherence over a broad spectral range of
several tens eV. Throughout this range, an account of the strong absorption in matter, none of the
powerful optical methods which serve in the IR-vis-UV directly applies. Conversely, at the ps
timescale, XRL shows extremely narrow line width (ΔE/E~10-5) which cannot be measured using
36
conventional spectrometer. To face these challenges, XUV metrology has developed a number of
specific innovative techniques, a number of which – XUV Fourier transform spectroscopy, FROG- and
SPIDER-type techniques - has been proposed and demonstrated by the OPT2X partners.
We briefly address some major tasks of temporal/spectral characterization which motivate long term
effort in the OPT2X consortium, as well as 2-year realization of specific deliverables.
4.3.1.1 As-fs : complete characterization of ultrashort pulses : Quantum interferometry &
FROG techniques (Thierry R, BC)
Frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) is a widely used technique for the full temporal
characterization of visible pulses [Trebino00]. In FROG, to determine the ℰ(𝑡) complex field, one cuts
“temporal slices” in the field by means of an movable optical time gate 𝐺(𝑡 + 𝜏), and gets its
+∞
2
spectrum 𝑆(𝜔, 𝜏) = |∫−∞ 𝐺(𝑡 + 𝜏)ℰ(𝑡)𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡| . From algorithmic analysis of the so-called 𝑆(𝜔, 𝜏)
spectrogram, one usually uniquely retrieves the ℰ(𝑡) field and the 𝐺(𝑡) gate. Y. Mairesse and F.
Quéré have shown that FROG could be transposed in the XUV to achieve complete reconstruction of
attosecond bursts (FROG-CRAB), and more generally of any ultrashort pulse at the as- fs time scale
[Mairesse05]. FROG-CRAB offers the general frame which encompasses its former variants efficiently
used in specific cases, such as Attosecond streaking [Uiberacker07, Goulielmakis07, Schultze13] and
RABBIT [Véniard96, Paul01, Mairesse03]. FROG-CRAB is based on quantum interferometry :
photoelectrons are produced from photoionization of atoms into a “flat” continuum (free of
resonance, slow energy-dependence of the scattering phase), in the presence of a laser field. The
optical field modulates in time the quantum phase of the EWP, i.e., its energy, and plays the role of
the optical time gate in FROG. The photoelectron spectrum as a function of the XUV/laser delay takes
the form of a S(ω,τ) spectrogram, from which the ℰ(𝑡) – and the optical field – can be fully retrieved
– see numerical example from [Mairesse05] in Figure 11.
Figure 11: from [Mairesse05] a) FROG- CRAB trace of a complex as field, whose spectrum (shaded
curved and spectral phase - red line - are shown in panel b). The spectrum consists of discrete peaks
spaced by <3 eV in its lower part, and a continuous component in its upper part. In (c) and (d), the
exact intensity profile of the as field and the laser electric field (full lines) are compared to the ones
retrieved from this trace (dots) after 300 iterations of PCGPA algorithm.
4.3.1.2 As-fs : complete characterization of ultrashort pulses : Optical interferometry
(SPIDER, 2-sources) (Bertrand C)
4.3.1.3 as-fs : Single shot characterization of ultrashort pulse : THz streaking (Annie)
- Online, single-shot characterization of the time-resolved intensity (power) of the XUV pulse
Possible technical solutions:
37



THz streaking of XUV generated photoelectrons (U Fruhling et al Nat Phot 2009, I
Grguras et al Nat Phot 2012)
IR induced side-bands of XUV generated photoelectrons with spatial resolution (S
Cunovic et al APL 2007)
other methods ?
4.3.1.4 as-fs : Free Electron laser (D Garzella, P. Audebert, C. Miron)
4.3.1.5 fs-ps : X-ray laser (S. Kazamias, A. Klisnick)
4.3.2
2 year deliverables
4.3.2.1 Shot-to-shot (almost?) intensity of pulse fluence
4.3.2.2 As-fs/fs-ps : Shot-to-shot (almost) on line spectrum (recorded/stored during data
acquisition)
When performing gas phase measurements, in line spectrum measurement can be performed by
installing a spectrometer after the interaction region. The system can consist of either an imaging
photon spectrometer or an electron spectrometer.
However, solid state samples usually absorb the XUV radiation, thus preventing a posteriori
characterization. Two solutions can be envisioned. The first one, already implemented at CEA,
consists in inserting a first independent photoelectron spectrometer upstream of the experiment
interaction point. However, single shot spectrum measurement is then usually prevented due to the
low photon number and ionization probabilities. Moreover, this implies using a second focusing optic
to re-image that first focus, hence increasing the sources of optical aberrations.
The second possibility is to introduce a transmission grating in the beam path. The zeroth order is
sent to the experiment, while the first order, where the spectral components of the beam are
dispersed, is sent to a XUV CCD camera. In that configuration, shot to shot spectrum acquisition
becomes possible, within the limitation of the readout time of the CCD, usually longer than the laser
period. The system main advantages are its small size and its minimum impact on the beam
properties. The same diagnostic, once calibrated, can also be used to measure the intensity and
spatial profile. However, the zeroth order transmission (a few 10s percent) may limit the
applications. An alternative solution would be to use reflective gratings, at the expense of the
compactness and movability of the system.
4.3.2.3 automatic analysis of (single pulse) spectral lineshape (to point out instabilities)
4.3.2.4 as-fs : time profile (Thierry Ruchon)
When performing multiphoton experiments, not only the power spectrum of the excitation light
comes into play, but also i) its spectral phase, to define a given temporal profile, and ii) the
synchronization of the two or more fields involved. Envisioning XUV-XUV experiments is for now an
experimental tour de force, and it is unlikely that we could, within two years, set up an online
diagnosis about the synchronization of two XUV beams. We will alternatively focus on two linked
objectives: monitoring XUV pulse profiles and servo-looping XUV/IR pulse synchronization within
20as. Both will make use of the FROG-CRAB protocol, implemented using a magnetic bottle electron
spectrometer to enhance the collection efficiency and thus the acquisition time. Given the FAB1FAB10 anticipated fluxes, we will aim at a diagnosis within less than a minute, short enough to
monitor long term drifts, and much shorter that typical acquisition times in solid state physics of
COLTRIMS experiments. Special care will be taken to be able to run this diagnosis without stopping
the experiments placed downstream, thus requiring a series of differential pumping stages to get
38
from typically 10-4 to 10-10 mbar, and a specifically shaped (probably annular) dressing beam. Special
care will also be taken to design a user friendly software that will give a live update of the XUV
temporal pulse profile and synchronization with the IR, the aim being to transfer the SPAM
knowledge to a diagnosis run by non experts.
4.4 WP4: On-line diagnostics of spatial properties and polarization (Ph.
Zeitoun + ...)
4.4.1
Overall technical objectives
4.4.1.1 single shot coherence measurement (Hamed)
The beam spatial coherence is a key factor for all the coherent imaging techniques, as demonstrated
recently at CEA (Ge et al. Optics Express 2013). However, the Young’s double slits experiment can
only measure the spatial coherence at one given dimension of the harmonic beam in one acquisition.
Therefore, to characterize the entire beam spot, one should combine the measurements of multiple
acquisitions from a complete set of various size double-slits. This avoids a single shot characterization
of the full beam. This last point is crucial as most of the available XUV sources, HHG, X-ray laser or
XFELs will exhibits shot to shot fluctuations. To perform such measurement, one can use a nonredundant array of apertures (NRA), which can characterize the beam more completely in two
dimensions with one interferogram (or hologram). The NRA, initially proposed and demonstrated
with visible lasers in Ref. 1, is composed of nine pinholes (Fig…) in well-chosen positions to have a
non-redundant superposition of the beam spot (Fig…) for interference measurement (Fig….). The
spatial coherence of the beam (Fig…) can then be calculated at the localization of each spot.
Therefore, a more complete characterization of the spatial coherence across the beam is achieved.
Note that in both Young’s double slits and NRA measurements, the knowledge of the beam’s
intensity distribution is necessary for calculating the spatial coherence, which is usually assumed to
be uniform for simplification. Thus, single-shot measurement of the spatial coherence will always rely
on the statistics of the intensity distribution introducing a systematic deviation in the measurements.
At CEA, we are currently developing NRA-style patterns (Fig…), which are actually redundant and
symmetric to retrieve both intensity and spatial coherence for all the pinhole positions from only one
measurement. The only hypothesis is that the pinholes within a small area of the beam center (red
circles) are identical in intensity and each pair has same spatial coherence. We will develop a code to
retrieve the spatial coherence based only on this assumption. Additionally, the intensity distribution
can be consistently checked using a phase retrieval of the recorded hologram. The principle will be
tested first using HHG sources at LOA and CEA. The goal is to demonstrate the capability of a single
shot mode. We propose to develop then specific instruments for the LASERIX and the FERMI X-ray
free electron laser installations, for in situ full spatial coherence inspection.
39
Fig. 12. Principle and experimental demonstration of the NRA spatial coherent measurement.
Pictures are extracted from Ref. 1. (a) The NRA is composed of nine pinholes whose autocorrelation
(b) has equal amplitudes for all autocorrelation peaks (filled circles) except the center one (open
circle). (c) is the measured interferogram of a diode laser (635 nm) and (d) is the deducted spatial
coherence of the beam from (b).
Fig. 13. SEM images of the NRA patterns that will be used for characterizing our harmonic beam. The
white bars in each image is 1 μm. Note that the images are taken with a view angle of about 60
degrees.
4.4.1.2 - Wavefront sensing (Ph. Zeitoun, H. Merdji 2 contributions to be merged)
(HM)
Although not critical it remains important to achieve a small and homogeneous (aberration-free) focal
spot with the XUV beam. Wavefront sensing and adaptive optics will be implemented to keep the
wavefront down to the diffraction-limit. Another application of the wavefront sensor will be the
optimization of the IDEX XUV beams transport and parameters. As a consequence, we will minimize
fluctuations related to wavefront instabilities. Control over the source parameters is mandatory to
adjust the micrometer to sub-micrometer focusing.
The principle of a Hartmann wavefront sensor is illustrated below. A grid samples the beam. Each
sub-beam is then illuminating a specific area of a CCD detector. The deviation of the sub-beams
positions compared to references leads to the reconstruction of the phase front of the wave at the
grid. As the intensity profile is also recorded, back propagation codes can be applied to calculate for
instance the field at focus. In the context of imaging, one could inverse Fourier transform the field at
the grid to reconstruct a sample image. However, due to both the reduced sampling (limited by the
grid properties) and the limited numerical aperture, the spatial resolution that could be reached with
our current detector is limited. Nevertheless, this first image could serve as a guide in the image
reconstruction process (the initial guess in the phase retrieval algorithm).
Fig. 14. Principle of a Hartmann wavefront sensor.
40
For wavelength lower than 300nm, Hartmann sensing is the most common method used to measure
wavefronts. Above 300nm, the Shack Hartmann technique is preferred: Holes are replaced by
microlenses. The accuracy and sensitivity of sensors are then increased. The new generation of
Shack-Hartmann sensor should include some modifications of the existing algorithms as the expected
spots shape on the CCD will be different than those obtained on visible light wavefront sensors. For
wavelength under 160nm, the Shack-Hartmann technology is nearly impossible due to a limitation in
the existing glass. CEA and LOA in synergy with Imagine Optic will design an optimized Hartmann
sensor adapted to the Opt2X beamlines. All the experiment constraints (high resolution, number of
available photons, field of view…) will be taken into account to optimize the grid parameters and the
CCD choice.
Principle of Hartmann or Shack Hartmann spatial resolution improvement
The spatial resolution of these types of wavefront sensors is given by the micro lens or micro holes
pitch. The lateral positions of the spots of each sub aperture gives the local slopes of the wavefront
(i.e. the wavefront first derivative). The spatial resolution is then the sub-aperture pitch. An
assumption is done in this analysis: the local wavefront in front of each aperture comprises only tilts.
But, when there is some aberrations (except tilts) in the wavefront this assumption is not perfectly
correct. There are some small aberrations in the local wavefront in front of each sub aperture. These
aberrations change a little bit the shape of each spot (diffraction pattern). It is known that, in small
aberration regime, it is possible to determine the aberrations thanks to the deformation of the
diffraction pattern. If all the second orders of the aberrations (i.e. focus and astigmatisms) are
determined for each sub aperture, the spatial resolution is improved by a factor of 2. If all the second
and third orders aberrations are found for each sub aperture, the spatial resolution is 3 times better.
OPT2X will use a complete new approach of the Shack-Hartmann technology. CEA will be in charge of
these developments with the support of Imagine Optics Company who will commercialize the high
resolution Shack Hartmann in the long term.
(PhZ)
Use of fully or partially coherent soft x-ray sources for application implies a much higher control
of the beam quality than for incoherent beams. Within all the applications already developed,
OPT2X is particularly interested in non-linear physic in soft x-ray range, coherent imaging and
plasma creation with soft x-ray laser. These applications require tight focusing, on a few
micrometer spot, with most of the energy contained in the main spot. Such problem has been
widely studied for visible and infrared lasers that commonly use wave front sensor associated
with an adaptive optics. From our past experience, we observed that the wave front of OPT2X
sources (high harmonics and LASERIX) might have very good wave front at the diffraction-limit.
The main problem remains in the beam transport and focusing. Also since the beams are
propagating under vacuum there is no need of using adaptive optic. As described above we only
consider active optic, i.e. an optic with slightly changeable focal length and where coma and
astigmatism might be corrected in-line.
Wave front sensor for KB focusing on Laserix
The wave front sensor associated with such an optic may have relaxed constraints with the
advantages of higher compactness, cheaper prize and faster calculation. Actual wave front
sensors are based on expensive soft x-ray CCD camera with chip as large 2.5 cm. The sensor has
typically 70*70 pupils for sampling the beam giving access to very high order aberration (up to
the 36th Zernike polynomial). Since astigmatism at 0° and 45° are the 4th and 6th Zernike
polynomial sand coma the 5th, one may understand that such sensor is of too high quality for our
purpose. LOA will develop with Imagine Optic a specific wave front sensor having smaller
detector and fewer pupils. Such sensor would have high commercial impact for Imagine Optic
since it will be designed for active bender as installed on many large-scale facilities.
41
When developed the sensor will be used for optimizing the Kirkpatrick-Baez optic to be installed
on LASERIX. The design of this sensor will be very fast. Calibration and test will be done on Salle
Orange at LOA with the high harmonic source. We consider also to do some test at
FERMI@ELETTRA on their Kirkpatrick-Baez optic. This will serve as final test and also to
promote our technology to potential buyers.
Wave front sensor for Holography and Coherent Diffraction Imaging
Wave front sensing is also important for coherent imaging. Wave front impacts this technic
along two issues. Holography and Coherent Diffraction Imaging require focusing the beam on a
spot ranging from sub-µm to 10 µm. The spot size depends on the technic and the sample size.
However, imaging requires always much better wave front than focusing process. As mentioned
above, to achieve a good focusing the beam does not need to be sampled with high spatial
resolution. However, on coherent imaging, a residual defect on the incident beam wave front will
be encoded on the detector as a defect of the object. The only way to prevent it consists in
measuring the wave front of the incident beam with a high spatial resolution and encoded on a
high number of Zernike polynomials to subtract the aberrated wave front during the data
treatment process (phase retrieval, inverse Fourier-transform …). Although, this problem affects
differently the coherent diffraction imaging, the in-line holography or the Fourier-transform
holography, it is always a limiting factor. CEA and LOA will work on that subject.
Wave front sensor for large NA beam characterization
CEA and LOA demonstrated already a spatial resolution of 60 nm using coherent X-ray
diffraction imaging coupled with high harmonic beam. This means that the recorded diffraction
beam had numerical aperture of nearly 0.5. Measurement of wave fronts at such high numerical
aperture is extremely challenging and has never been done so far. CEA and LOA, in collaboration
with Imagine Optics will work on the development of such sensor. Post- OPT2X, we consider to
test different optics for sub-µm focusing. It will leads to intensity enhancement by one or two
orders of magnitude of interest for soft x-ray non-linear physics. It will be also very beneficial for
coherent diffraction imaging of very small biological samples
4.4.1.3 - Polarimetry (D. Dowek, J. Gautier, L. Nahon, F. Delmotte)
4.4.2
2 year deliverables
4.4.2.1 on-line measurement of spatial profile (who?)
4.4.2.2 Wavefront sensor (PhZ)
Wave front sensor for KB focusing on Laserix
Post-doc 1 year: same as for 4.1.2.2
Soft x-ray CCD: 25 kE
Mechanics + Hartman plate + alignment system: 15 kE
Filters, gas, small consumable: 10 kE
Computer for the sensor: 2 kE
Development, calculation, new design, tests and calibration by Imagine Optic: 25 kE
Wave front sensor for Holography and Coherent Diffraction Imaging
Post-doc 1 year: same person as for 4.1.2.2
Soft x-ray CCD: 25 kE
Mechanics + Hartman plate + alignment system: 15 kE
Filters, gas, small consumable: 10 kE
Computer for the sensor: 1 kE
Development, calculation, new design, tests and calibration by Imagine Optic: 15 kE
42
Wave front sensor for large NA beam characterization
Post-doc 1 year: on high numerical aperture wave front sensing and coherent imaging
Soft x-ray CCD: 40 kE
Mechanics + Hartman plate + alignment system: 15 kE
Filters, gas, small consumable: 10 kE
Computer for the sensor: 1 kE
Development, calculation, new design, tests and calibration by Imagine Optic: 25 kE
4.4.2.3 complete determination of Stokes numbers (Danielle D, Laurent N)
4.5 WP5: Off-line optics metrology and detector development (F. Polack +
F Mercier +...)
4.5.1
technical objectives
4.5.1.1 - off line optics characterization
4.5.1.2 - detector development (specific aspects for XUV pulses? relevance also for WP3
and WP4) (SOLEIL)
4.5.2 2 year deliverables
addition to existing infrastructures specific to OPT2X's needs ???? (SOLEIL, CEMOX)
4.6 WP6: Training (Sophie)
4.6.1
Funding PhD theses, internships,
4.6.2
Training modules for students in the labs
4.6.3
Website for training in XUV optics
4.7 Gantt chart for WPs
See budget
43
5 Consortium and financial request
5.1 Consortium description (Danielle)
Nom, prénom du
responsable
Dowek Danielle
Klisnick Annie
Mestdagh Jean-Michel
Mons Michel
Miron Catalin
Polack François
Marsi Marino
Delmotte Franck
Garzella David
Carré Bertrand
Ros David
Lopez-Martens Rodrigo
Statut Laboratoire, Etablissements de Taille
Commentaires éventuels
tutelle
équipe
(chercheurs
et
enseignants
chercheurs)
DR
ISMO, CNRS-UPSUD
2
DR
ISMO, CNRS-UPSUD
1
DR
LFP, CEA-CNRS
2
DR
LFP, CEA-CNRS
2
DR
SOLEIL
4
DR
SOLEIL
2
PR
LPS, CNRS-UPSUD
3
MCF LCF - IOGS
3
DR
SPAM, CEA
2
Laser and XUV secondary sources
DR
SPAM, CEA
3
ATTOLAB, high harmonic source
MCF LASERIX, UPSUD
4
DR
LOA – ENSTA-CNRS
2
5.2 Governance (Danielle)
5.3 financial request (Bertrand)
Financial request to IDEX <=> Other funding sources for larger budget ???
Need breakdown per year: indicatively 680 K€ (year 1) and 630 K€ (year 2)
WP
WP1
WP2
WP3
WP4
Item
kEuros
Focusing system - few micron focal spot
60
multicolor XUV/IR focusing system
50
polarization control system
150
variable band selection
broad band selection
multicolor time overlap
wavefront sensing
polarimetry
230
150
40
100
150
single pulse intensity
30
44
single pulse (auto-analysis) spectrum?
pulse time profile
WP5
post-doc
Ph-D. Student
detectors
TOTAL requested to Idex
30
30+40
100
90
60
1310
45
To be completed and validated - see excel file - Check compatibility with initial table
Deliverable
Topic
Year1 Year2 cost
Time Control
WP1
D1.1
Time Control
WP1
D1.2
monochromatizing system based on multilayer optics (switchable between “10 fs – single harmonic” mode and
“as – broadband” mode)
monochromator based on “off plane mount approach” (switchable between “30 fs – narrow bandpass”, “10 fs –
single harmonic” and “as–broadband” mode)
Time Control
WP1
D1.3
Multicolor (XUV/IR) and XUV/XUV time and space (focusing) superposition system (Marie G, Bertrand C)
Space Control
WP2
D2.1
as-fs / fs-ps : Focusing system grazing-incidence to achieve few micron focal spot (PhZ)
Space Control
WP2
D2.2
as-fs / fs-ps: “User polarization control system: de-phaser”
Space Control
WP2
D2.3
as-fs : multicolor XUV/IR and XUV/XUV focusing system (Marie G.) - see D13
x
0
Temporal
Characterization
WP3
D3.1
Shot-to-shot measurement of pulse intensity
x
0
Temporal
Characterization
WP3
D3.2
As-fs/fs-ps : Shot-to-shot (almost) on line spectrum (recorded/stored during data acquisition) with absolute
monitoring of pulse intensity (time & space)
x
80
Temporal
Characterization
WP3
D3.3
as-fs : complete characterization time profile : FROG-CRAB or 2nd order autoco (Thierry R)
Temporal
Characterization
WP3
D3.4
Online, single-shot characterization of XUV pulse by THz streaking
Spatial
Characterization
WP4
D4.1
on-line measurement of spatial profile
x
0
Spatial
Characterization
WP4
D4.2
Wavefront sensor
x
354
Spatial
Characterization
WP4
D4.3
complete determination of all Stokes numbers (Danielle D, Laurent N)
x
50
Metrology
WP5
D5.1
Metrology
x
120
Metrology
WP5
Training
WP6
Total
640
X
100
x
100
x
107
x
240
x
x
x
30
59
50
650,5 1291
46
Table 3 : 2-year deliverables, planning and budget
47
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M. Roulliay, F. Delmotte, F. Lepetit, A. Huetz, B. Carré and D. Dowek, "Molecular frame
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[Howard08] Howard, R. A.; Moses, J. D.; Vourlidas, A.; Newmark, J. S.; Socker, D. G.; Plunkett, S. P.;
Korendyke, C. M.; Cook, J. W.; Hurley, A.; Davila, J. M.; Thompson, W. T.; St Cyr, O. C.; Mentzell, E.;
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Harrison, R. A.; Waltham, N. R.; Lang, J.; Davis, C. J.; Eyles, C. J.; Mapson-Menard, H.; Simnett, G. M.;
Halain, J. P.; Defise, J. M.; Mazy, E.; Rochus, P.; Mercier, R.; Ravet, M. F.; Delmotte, F.; Auchere, F.;
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Investigation (SECCHI)», Space Science Review 136(1-4),67–115.
[Jullien08] A. Jullien, J.-P. Rousseau, B. Mercier, L. Antonucci, O. Albert, G. Chériaux, S. Kourtev, N.
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[Jullien09] A. Jullien, C.G. Durfee, A. Trisorio, L. Canova, J.P. Rousseau, B. Mercier, L. Antonucci, G.
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[Labat08a] Labat M., Bruni C., Lambert G., Hosaka M., Shimada M., Katoh M., Mochihashi A.,
Takashima Y., Hara T., Couprie M.-E. , Local heating induced by Coherent Harmonic Generation on
electron beam dynamics in storage ring
[Labat08b] Labat M., Lambert G., Couprie M.-E., Shimada M., Katoh M., Hosaka M., Takashima Y.,
Hara T., Mochihashi A., Coherent Harmonic Generation experiments on UVSOR-II storage ring,
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers,
Detectors and Associated Equipment 593, 1 (2008)
[Labat08c] Labat M., Tcherbakoff O., Lambert G., Garzella D., Carré B., Couprie M.-E., Test of HHG
chambers for seeding at SPARC, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:
Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 593, 26 (2008)
[Lambert2008] Lambert, G.; Hara, T.; Garzella, D.; Tanikawa, T.; Labat, M.; Carré, B.; Kitamura, H.;
Shintake, T.; Bougeard, M.; Inoue, S.; Tanaka, Y.; Salières, P.; Merdji, H.; Chubar, O.; Gobert, O.;
Tahara, K. & Couprie, M. E. (2008), «Injection of harmonics generated in gas in a free-electron laser
providing intense and coherent extreme-ultraviolet light», Nature Physics 4(4),296-300.
[Mairesse05] Mairesse, Y. & Quéré, F. (2005), «Frequency-resolved optical gating for complete
reconstruction of attosecond bursts», Phys. Rev. A 71(1), 011401.
[Malinowski08] Malinowski, G.; Dalla Longa, F.; Rietjens, J. H. H.; Paluskar, P. V.; Huijink, R.; Swagten,
H. J. M. & Koopmans, B. (2008), «Control of speed and efficiency of ultrafast demagnetization by
direct transfer of spin angular momentum», Nature Physics 4(11),855-858.
[Maury10] Maury H., Bridou F., Troussel P., Meltchakov E., Delmotte F., “Design and fabrication of
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W. Boutu, H. Merdji, A. Gonzalez, D. Gauthier and M. Zangrando, "Microfocusing of the
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GSI :
[Zimmer2010]
« Short-wavelength soft-x-ray laser pumped in double-pulse single-beam non-normal incidence »,
Phys Rev A, Zimmer, D. and Ros, D. et al., volume 82, 013803 (2010)
ROCCA discharge :
« Demonstration of a Discharge Pumped Table-Top Soft-X-Ray Laser » Phys Rev Lett, Rocca et al.,
volume 16, 2192 (1994)
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saturated output at wavelengths down to 13.9 nm and gain down to 10.9nm », Phys Rev A, volume
72, (2005)
Rocca short wavelengths : « Efficient Excitation of Gain-Saturated Sub-9-nm-Wavelength Tabletop
Soft-X-Ray Lasers and Lasing Down to 7.36 nm », Phys Rev X, Alessi et al., 021023 (2011)
Rocca High rep rate : « Demonstration of a 100 Hz repetition rate gain-saturated diode-pumped
table-top soft x-ray laser », Reagan et al., Optics Letters, Vol. 37 Issue 17, pp.3624-3626 (2012)
PALS RUS : « Multimillijoule, highly coherent x-ray laser at 21 nm operating in deep saturation
through double-pass amplification », Phys Rev A, volume 66, page 063806 (2002)
PALS application : « Opacity Measurements of a Hot Iron Plasma Using an X-Ray Laser », Edwards et
al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 035001 (2006)
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number: 1936 (2013) Magnitskiy et al.
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high harmonic beam » Nature 431, 426-429 (23 September 2004) Zeitoun et al.
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ultraviolet laser backlighting », Phys. Rev. E 86, 026406 (2012) Wilson et al.,
58
7 Annex
7.1 XUV source characteristics
HHG Plasma
HHG Gas (NIR)
HHG Gas (MIR)
XRL
RS
FEL
LOA Salle Noire
SLIC ATTOLAB
SLIC ATTOLAB
LASERIX
SOLEIL METROLOGY
LUNEX5
lambda max (m)
1,E-07
1,E-07
1,E-07
2,E-08
1,E-07
1,E-07
lambda min (m)
5,E-09
5,E-09
1,E-09
2,E-09
2,E-09
1,E-09
Ephot min (eV)
12
12
12
62
12
12
Ephot max (eV)
248
248
1239
620
620
1239
reprate
1,E+03
1,E+04
1,E+03
1,E+01
1,E+08
1,E+03
duration min (s)
1,E-16
1,E-16
1,E-16
1,E-12
3,E-11
1,E-15
duration max (s)
1,E-14
1,E-14
1,E-14
1,E-12
3,E-11
3,E-14
3,E-02
3,E-02
3,E-02
3,E-04
1,E-05
1,E-02
3,E+00
3,E+00
3,E+00
3,E-04
1,E-05
3,E-01
1,E-08
1,E-09
1,E-09
1,E-06
1,E-12
1,E-04
1,E-05
1,E-06
1,E-06
1,E-06
1,E-12
1,E-04
Nphot/sec min
3,E+11
3,E+11
5,E+09
1,E+11
1,E+12
5,E+14
Nphot/sec max
5,E+15
5,E+15
5,E+14
1,E+12
5,E+13
5,E+16
Bandwith min
(eV)
Bandwith max
(eV)
Energy/pulse
min (J)
Energy/pulse
max (J)
7.2 French teams in ultrafast dynamics
[FrenchUFD] (PSC means Paris-Saclay Campus)
Gas
Phase
French laboratories hosting one or more UFD teams
Laboratoire Charles Fabry de l'Institut d'Optique (LCFIO,
PSC)
http://iramis.cea.fr/spam/inde
x.php
x
http://iramis.cea.fr/spam/ME
C/?lang=ang&num=0&keyw=
http://www.lcf.institutoptique
.fr/
Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay (ISMO, PSC)
http://www.ismo.u-psud.fr/
Service des Photons, Atomes et Molécules (SPAM, PSC)
http://www.synchrotronsoleil.fr/
http://wwwLaboratoire Francis Perrin (LFP, PSC)
lfp.cea.fr/?lang=ang&num=0&
keyw=
Service de Physique et Chimie des Surfaces et Interfaces http://iramis.cea.fr/spcsi/inde
(SPCSI, PSC)
x.php
SOLEIL (PSC)
Condensed Plasma
Phase
s
Biolog R&D
y
laser
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Laboratoire de Physique des Solides (LPS, PSC)
http://www.lps.u-psud.fr/
x
Laboratoire des Solides Irradiés (LSI, PSC)
http://www.lsi.polytechnique.
fr/jsp/accueil.jsp?CODE=05322
973&LANGUE=1
x
Laboratoire d’Optique Appliquée (LOA, PSC)
http://loa.ensta-paristech.fr/
x
x
x
59
Centre de Physique Théorique (Marseille)
Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications (CELIA, Bordeaux)
Département Optique, Interaction MatièreRayonnement (OMR, Dijon)
Institut de Physique de Rennes (IPR, Rennes)
Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de
Strasbourg (IPCMS, Strasbourg)
Institut de Recherche sur les Systèmes Atomiques et
Moléculaires Complexes (IRSAMC, Toulouse)
Laboratoire Aimé Cotton (LAC, PSC)
Laboratoire de Chimie Physique (LCP, PSC)
Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Matière et
Rayonnement (LCPMR)
Laboratoire de Dynamique, Interactions et Réactivité
(LADIR, Lille)
Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux
Luminescents (LPCML, Lyon)
Laboratoire de Physique des Gaz et des Plasmas (LPGP,
PSC)
Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de la Matière
Condensée (LPTMC, PSC))
Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Ionique et Moléculaire
(LASIM, Lyon)
Laboratoire Optique et Biosciences (LOB, PSC)
Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Laser Intenses (LULI,
PSC)
Lasers, Plasmas and Photonic Processes (LP3 Marseille)
Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moléculaires
(PIIM, Marseille)
http://www.cpt.univ-mrs.fr/
http://www.celia.ubordeaux1.fr/
http://icb.ubourgogne.fr/OMR/
http://www.ipr.univrennes1.fr/FR/home
http://www-ipcms.ustrasbg.fr/
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
http://www.irsamc.ups-tlse.fr/ x
http://www.lac.u-psud.fr/x
Laboratoryhttp://www.lcp.upsud.fr/rubrique.php3?id_rubr x
ique=266/
http://www.lcpmr.upmc.fr/
x
http://www.ladir.cnrs.fr/
x
http://pcml.univ-lyon1.fr/
x
x
http://www.lpgp.upsud.fr/modeles/ind.php
x
http://www-lasim.univx
lyon1.fr/
http://www.lob.polytechnique
.fr/
http://www.luli.polytechnique
.fr/
http://www.lp3.univmrs.fr/lp3-gb.htm
http://www.piim.up.univmrs.fr/
Total
14
x
x
x
x
11
5
x
2
7.3 XUV HHG sources
[LOA-Palaiseau] http://loa.ensta.fr/
[CLF-RAL-Oxford] http://www.clf.rl.ac.uk/Facilities/Artemis/12270.aspx
[ETH-Zürich] http://www.ulp.ethz.ch/research/research_overview
[IC-London] http://www.imperial.ac.uk/research/qols/
[ICFO-Barcelona] http://www.icfo.es/index.php?section=research5&lang=english
[IMS-Ottawa] http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/research/physics.html
[JILA-Boulder] http://jila.colorado.edu/kmgroup/
[KAIST-Daejeon] http://www.kaist.ac.kr/english/03_academics/02_research.php
[LLC-Lund] http://www-llc.fysik.lth.se/
[MPQ-Garching] http://www.attoworld.de/
[MPIK-Heidelberg] http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/ullrich/page.php?id=25
[MBI-Berlin] http://www.mbi-berlin.de/en/research/program/atoms/index.html
60
5
[PoliMi-Milano] http://www.fisi.polimi.it/dip-fisica/page167.do
[TUV-Vienna] http://atto.photonik.tuwien.ac.at
[RIKEN-Tokyo] http://www.riken.jp/lab-www/mid-lab/untitled1-e.html
[AMOLF-Amsterdam] http://www.amolf.nl/research/xuv-physics/
[ALLS-Toronto] http://lmn.emt.inrs.ca/EN/ALLS.htm
[KSU-Kalamazoo] http://jrm.phys.ksu.edu/exp-research-grps.html
[OSU-Colombus] http://www.physics.ohio-state.edu/~dimauro/
[IOPCAS-Beijing] http://english.iop.cas.cn/
7.4 Funded projects
7.5 Training activity
7.6 Industrial Partnership - letters of interest
7.6.1
Horiba (FP)
7.6.2
Amplitude Techno (BC)
7.6.3
Fastlite (BC)
7.6.4
EOTECH (FP)
7.6.5
Imagine Optics (HM)
7.6.6
Phase view ?
7.6.7
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