Bishoftu Solid Waste Management Project
Environmental & Socio-Economic Impact Assessments
& Safeguards
E1844v3
Oromiya National Regional state
Bishoftu City Administration
Sanitary landfill construction
project
Environmental & Socio-Economic
Impact Assessments &
Safeguards
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Bishoftu Solid Waste Management Project
Environmental & Socio-Economic Impact Assessments
& Safeguards
Table of Contents
Executive summary .................................................................................................. 1
Background to the EIA study ............................................................................... 1
Objectives of the EIA study .................................................................................. 1
Analyses of Alternatives ....................................................................................... 2
Potential Environmental Impacts of Proposed Landfill Project ......................... 3
Air Pollution Impacts ............................................................................................. 4
Impact on Vegetation cover and Wildlife Resources ..................................... 4
Public Health and Safety Impacts ...................................................................... 4
Hazardous and Loss of Amenity .......................................................................... 4
Impacts Due to Bird Strike Hazard ...................................................................... 5
Mitigation Measure for Air Pollution Impacts .................................................... 6
Mitigation measure for Impact on Vegetation and Wildlife .......................... 6
Mitigation measures for Public Health and Safety Impacts ........................... 6
Mitigation measures for Hazardous and Loss of Amenity ............................... 6
Mitigation measures Impacts Due to Bird Strike Hazard ................................. 7
Environmental Management and Monitoring plan ............................................ 8
Conclusion and recommendation ........................................................................ 8
1. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ............................................................. 9
1.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 9
2. Policy, Legislatives and Institutional Framework ............................................ 11
2.1. Policy Framework ......................................................................................... 11
2.2. Legal Frameworks............................................................................................ 15
2.3. Institutional Set up ........................................................................................ 16
3. Baseline environmental conditions .................................................................. 16
3.1. Location and Climatic conditions ............................................................. 16
3.2. Geology and soils ........................................................................................ 17
3.3. Water Resources of the city ....................................................................... 17
3.4. Liquid Waste Management........................................................................ 19
3.5. Public Health Situation ................................................................................ 19
3.6. Existing Solid Waste Management Practices ........................................... 20
3.7. Public health situation ................................................................................. 26
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3.8. Impacts of Current Solid Waste Disposal .................................................. 27
3.9. Impact on Water Resource ........................................................................ 27
3.10. Bird Strike Hazard ........................................................................................ 28
4. The Proposed Solid Waste Landfill Project ...................................................... 28
4.1. Brief Description of Landfill Project ............................................................ 28
4.2. Environmental requirement of Landfill projects ...................................... 29
5. Analyses of Alternatives ..................................................................................... 29
5.1. Alternative sludge treatment sites ............................................................. 29
6. Potential Environmental Impacts of Proposed Landfill Project ................... 32
6.1. Beneficial /Positive impacts of the project .............................................. 32
6.2. Positive impacts of the landfill project ...................................................... 33
6.3. Adverse impacts of the landfill project and proposed mitigation
measures .............................................................................................................. 34
6.3.9. Impacts Due to Traffic load ..................................................................... 42
7. Environmental Management and Monitoring plan ...................................... 43
8. Conclusion and recommendation .................................................................. 44
1. Socio-Economic Impact Assessment .............................................................. 45
1.1. Abbreviated resettlement plan ................................................................. 45
2. Sub project land needs ..................................................................................... 45
2.1. Land needs ................................................................................................... 45
3. Census survey of displaced persons................................................................ 46
3.1. Methodology ................................................................................................ 46
3.2. Results............................................................................................................. 46
3.4. Affected assets with partially affected households ............................... 46
3.5. Socio economic features of affected peoples’ livelihoods.................. 46
4. Description of compensation and other resettlement assistance ............. 47
5. Consultation with displaced people ............................................................... 47
5.1. Needs assessment ........................................................................................ 47
5.2 .Priorities .......................................................................................................... 48
5.3. The capabilities ............................................................................................ 48
6. Procedures for grievance redress .................................................................... 48
7. Monitoring and evaluation ............................................................................... 48
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8. Institutional responsibilities and arrangement for implementation ............ 49
8.1. Budget ........................................................................................................... 49
8.2. Methodology ................................................................................................ 50
9. Conclusions and Recommendations .............................................................. 53
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Acronym
ADLI
EIA
EPA
EPE
ESMF
EWRMP
FDRE
F EPA
HIS
I.C.A.O
MOH
MOWR
NGO
OP/BP
TOR
ULGDP
Agricultural Development-Led Industrialization
Environmental Impact Assessment
Ethiopian Protection Authority
Environmental policy Ethiopia
Environmental and Social Management Framework
Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Federal Environmental Protection Authority
Improved Hygiene and Sanitation
International Civil Aviation organization
Ministry of Health
Ministry of Water Resources
Non Governmental Organization
Operational Policy/ Bank Policy
Term of Reference
Urban Local Government Development Project
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Executive summary
Background to the EIA study
Land filling is a common treatment and disposal method for municipal solid
wastes (none hazardous solid wastes).This has been identified as a preferred
technology option for treatment and disposal of solid waste generated in
Bushoftu City. EIA study for the landfill project implementation is, therefore,
planned to guide and ensure Environmental Compliance of the project
activities at all stages (design, construction, operation and closure of the landfill)
of the project implementation. TOR requires the consultant to conduct
investigations to assess the environmental impact of the construction of the
liquid waste treatment plant and recommend mitigation measures as per the
guidelines and procedures set out in the Urban Local Government Development
Project (ULGDP) Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF).
That the consultant will prepare the Environmental Management Plan and/or
other applicable documents as may be required as per the ESMF.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a basic tool for the sound assessment
of development proposals; to determine the potential environmental, social and
economic effects of a proposed development. The environmental assessment
process supports the goals of liquid waste management, environmental
protection and sustainable development and helps to; integrate environmental
protection and economic decisions at the earliest stages of planning an activity;
predict environmental, social, economic, and cultural consequences of a
proposed activity and plans to mitigate any adverse impacts resulting from the
proposed activity. It also provides opportunities for the involvement of
stakeholders in the review of the proposed activities.
Objectives of the EIA study
The EIA study has the objective of ensuring and supplementing the proper
achievements of the overall objective of the landfill project. Accordingly, the EIA
study will have the following specific objective;
 Assesses the prevailing solid waste management practices and related
environmental problems
 Tries to highlight environmental impacts due to existing disposal practices
 Assesses potential impacts of the proposed landfill project implementation
 Proposes possible mitigation measures for the anticipated adverse
environmental impacts
 Proposes environmental management plan for the land fill construction
and operation
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To conduct investigations to assess the environmental impact of the
construction of liquid waste treatment plant and recommend mitigation
measures.
To prepare Environmental Management Plan for the project
implementation
Project Description and location
The Sanitary land fill Project is found in Bishoftu City, Easter shewa Zone, of
Oromya National regional state. The project areas are situated at the City of
Bishoftu, which is the nearest city of the capital city of the country, Addis-Ababa.
In addition, the project area is located between latitude of 08°44’ N and
longitudes of 38°59' E. The land area of the city is estimated at 11, 000 hectare. It
has moderate climatic condition with temperature ranges between 16oC to 24 o
C; and average rainfall of 860mm. The major rainy season lasts from July to
September. The total area of the sanitary landfill of Bishoftu city is 10 hectares
including damping bed, leachate pond, Guard house, runoff collecting pond
and others. However, the actual size of the damping bed that will
accommodate the solid waste is 6 hectares and the leachate pond is 0.2
hectare.
Description of the proposed sanitary landfill
Solid waste treatment in landfill involves both physico-chemical and biological
processes. The solid waste has to be sorted out into hazardous and none
hazardous material before receiving for treatment.
The solid waste dumped is compacted in layers, followed by soil cover for every
cycle. The covered waste pile is then left to decompose and stabilize. The land
filled waste undergoes five distinct phases of decomposition as either aerobic or
anaerobic decomposition. In the process of decomposition several gaseous
products are generated as Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrogen and hydrogen
that escape into the atmosphere. Also some carboxylic acids like acetic acid,
Butric acid are generated and get out along with the leachate generated.
Analyses of Alternatives
The location of a landfill is a primary determinant of the extent to which a landfill
poses an environmental risk.
Judicious location of a landfill is the single most effective environmental
management tool. The aim is to avoid the need for impact mitigation and
ongoing management by selecting a site where natural barriers protect
environmental quality and where there will not be adverse impact on existing
and future development.
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 Golba site(existing site)(1.5km from flight route)
 Qajima-1 (Godguada plain) (2.8km from flight route)
 Qajima-2 (hillside) (2.9km )from flight route
The analyses for the alternative potential landfill sites are based on comparative
evaluation of expected significant impacts as illustrated in table-1-5. The check
list is rated as Positive (+) impacts or negative (-) impacts expected of the
project, depending on site specific conditions.
Therefore, Site-1: Qajima -1 :( Godguada) site is selected as the best site for
Sanitary landfill. It is found in a peasant association next to Kebele 03 in the south
– eastern direction. It is a depressed plain land surrounded by hills and mountains
in all directions. The site is bounded by hills and mountain ranges like; Godguada
Mountain to north –west and Gara Beru hill in the south and eastern sides. Just
on the other side of the Gara Beru ridge is the Ethiopian Air Force Base at about
2.8km distance. However, the Air force administration has confirmed that the site
is outside of the airplane runway corridor.
The plain land is an intensively cultivated crop field and partly used as livestock
grazing ground. There is no significant forest or tree cover; only acacia trees are
found dispersed here and there in the crop fields. The runoff water from the
surrounding hills does not have drainage outlet and seasonally stays ponding in
the flood plain.
Potential Environmental Impacts of Proposed Landfill Project
Impacts on water sources
During construction excavated soil may get into water sources and cause water
quality deterioration and siltation problem. Spoil soils generate from ground
excavation for landfill, paving and grading for access roads and at material
production sites.
During operation phase of the landfill; ground and surface waters can be
contaminated by untreated leachate from landfill sites. Leachate percolates
through landfills as a result of infiltration and/or decomposition of the wastes. It
may cause serious water pollution if it is not properly managed.
The hydro geological characteristics of a site will have a critical bearing on the
need for and nature of measures to control leachate. If a landfill is located in an
area with permeable substrata, any leachate generated will rapidly pollute the
groundwater (and even surface water) unless an adequate barrier system is
installed.
The potential damage by leachate can also be more critical if the landfill is
located in a drinking water catchment, in a floodway subject to washout, or in a
high rainfall area. Surface water run-off from a landfill site can cause
unacceptable sediment loads in receiving waters, while uncontrolled surface
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water run-on can lead to excessive generation of leachate. Hence site selection
or locating a landfill plays important role for properly functioning plant.
Air Pollution Impacts
Landfills primarily produce methane and carbon dioxide which, if not contained,
can contribute to the ‘greenhouse effect’. Unmanaged gas emissions also
represent a lost energy/fuel source. Landfill gas can also contain a variety of
corrosive, toxic or odorous components. Methane represents an explosion risk
which may occur on-site or off-site. So precautionary measures are essential
while dealing with landfill site operation;
Impact on Vegetation cover and Wildlife Resources
The plot of land selected for the landfill has no significant vegetation cover, and
has already been cleared for crop production. Only few acacia trees are found
dispersed in the crop fields
Public Health and Safety Impacts
The workers engaged on the landfill operation may be exposed to
contamination and water born communicable diseases related to the waste.
Respiratory track infection can be posed due to odour problem at the site.
Significant odour problems could be caused by the operation of the landfill. The
major odour is due to the rotten organics, garbage and dead animals brought
to the site and are mainly felt during dumping of the waste. The unsanitary
conditions at a poorly managed landfill site can pose filth and odour problem in
the compound.
Odour can also be due to the release of decomposition products of organic
wastes. Gaseous products like methane and carbon Dioxide are produced due
to the anaerobic decomposition of the waste (organic material). These gases
are toxic substance for human health.
Hazardous and Loss of Amenity
Hazardous wastes pose the most significant management challenge given their
higher potential to cause harm as a result of their:
 flammability
 corrosively
 potential to cause infection
 Reactivity (violently reactive, oxidizing or explosive)
 Toxicity.
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Landfills can also cause a localized loss of amenity due to litter, dust, odour,
noise, and vermin problems. Proximity to existing and proposed developments
and the strength and direction of prevailing winds will be key issues in this regard.
The potential hazards and amenity impacts from landfills include fire, birds, dust,
odour, pests, vermin and litter. Each of these potential impacts may occur onsite or offsite.
Impacts Due to Bird Strike Hazard
Solid waste, Sludge and liquid waste treatment and disposal sites can attract
bird population in the area and be cause for bird strikes, collision and risk to air
plane if located within takeoff and landing routes. Birds are attracted to feed on
the food available or generated due to the solid waste deposited. The solid
waste furnishes food material and litter for those organisms; pests, vermin and
other bigger wildlife, that in turn attract bird population to grow in the area.
During operation, birds, rats, dogs, mosquitoes, flies and other insects may also
be attracted to (or breed on) removed and disposed fresh waste if left open
(uncovered). Insects will flourish if weeds and grasses have been allowed to
grow on the inside slopes of ponds. These serve as food for bigger mammals &
birds and encourage their habitation and growth in the premises. Bigger
mammals like hyenas can be attracted to feed on lower and smaller organisms
as well.
The proposed landfill site falls within the minimum distances considered to be
protection zones from waste treatment and landfill operations; 13-kms radius for
international Civil Aviation organization, ( I.C.A.O), 6-kms for The Netherlands and
8-kms for Canada. However, it lies outside of the critical airport approach as well
as takeoff climb out area.
Impact Mitigation Measures
Mitigation measure Impacts on water sources
Leachate must be controlled within the landfill site, ensuring that neither
groundwater nor surface water is polluted. The design has to consider leachate
treatment facilities within the land fill design project and at the same location.
The treatment of the leachate should enable to prevent pollutants’ migration
into the water sources; either by percolation into ground water source or by
runoff into surface water body. A leachate treatment pond can stabilize the
pollutants by natural processes, while infiltration is avoided by use of proper
sealant material for the pond bottom. In addition, adequate side drainage
facility should be provided to avoid run on and runoff water from the landfill
areas.
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Mitigation Measure for Air Pollution Impacts
Landfill design, monitoring, management and remediation must comply with the
following Environmental Goals:
 Landfill gas must be controlled in such a way that:
 it does not reach explosive concentrations
 Greenhouse gas emissions are minimized
 Landfill gas is sustainably utilized
 Odorous emissions meet relevant environmental legislation
 Airborne impurities, pathogens and toxins do not pose health risk to the
community.
Mitigation measure for Impact on Vegetation and Wildlife
The few trees removed due to the project should be compensated for the
owners in monitory terms, but also replacement trees have to be planted at sites
to be reserved as buffer zone around the landfill. Trees can reduce impacts due
to odor and smell in the premises of the landfill.
Mitigation measures for Public Health and Safety Impacts
To minimize such health hazards, proper safety and precautionary procedures
need to be followed. Measures include; training and awareness creation
programs for workers on safe waste handling and hazards protection measures,
provision of protective cloths and devices like gloves, goggles, protective cloths,
provision of adequate water and soaps for bathing, and adequate bathrooms
to enable them day to day bathing after work, their periodical health checkups,
vaccinations etc. The workers should have free health services and medical
checkups.
Condition maintenance in the landfill is essential for proper and effective
degradation of the pollutants. Monitoring and control of the landfill operation
and process adjustments is required to maintain good operating conditions.
Mitigation measures for Hazardous and Loss of Amenity
Landfill design, constructions, monitoring, management and remediation must
comply with the following Environmental Goals:
The waste type received should be checked before acceptance at the landfill.
Hazardous waste should be treated separately and should not be allowed for
direct disposal at municipal waste landfill
 Unauthorized entry to the landfill site and to the waste tipping face needs
to be prevented.
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 Vehicles leaving a landfill site must not distribute litter and site materials in
surrounding streets. Odours, dust, vermin, weeds and litter must be
effectively controlled on-site.
 Noise emissions from the landfill operation must be kept to the minimum
and must comply with noise control requirements of the localities.
 The landfill site must have adequate fire-fighting plans, equipment and
staff to effectively manage fire outbreaks at any part of the landfill site.
 The level and nature of staffing the landfill site must be adequate for
environmentally responsible and safe management of the landfill.
Mitigation measures Impacts Due to Bird Strike Hazard
Therefore, strict monitoring of the landfill operation and site management
measures are required for the safety of the aviation activities in the premises.
Mitigation measures to be adopted for the project implementation should
endeavor to avoid and /or minimize the presence of these favorable conditions
for the birds not to be attracted to the site and for limiting their population
growth. The primary objective of the mitigation measures for limiting bird
attraction to the site should focus on reversing this situation, making the site
unfavorable for birds to inhabit it and breaking their food chain.
This entails upkeep of the sanitary conditions in the compound, creating noise
and movement disturbances, removal of grass and trees in the compound and
its premises etc.
The following are proposed measures to minimize bird population in the
compound;
 The damped solid waste should not be left open for long and has to be
covered by soil material on a daily bases.
 Clear the grass and any tree covers in the premises and avoid plantation
in the future. Grass heights should be kept as low as possible (below 2030cms), avoid grass growth at dike side walls.
 The dispersal of hazardous bird and wildlife species has long been an
important component of any comprehensive wildlife control program.
Common dispersal techniques include pyrotechnics (brilliant display),
propane gas cannons, lasers and acoustic systems.
 Arrange regular and frequent patrolling crew along the dikes surrounding
the landfill and in the compound in general by clamping hands or using
other sound producing devices to disturb the birds, not to settle and prey
in the area.
 Install clearly visible sign posts and reflectors that are repellent to birds from
nearby areas
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 In cases where the above mentioned measures fail to be effective; plastic
roofing would be used to cover the landfill. This can minimize bird species
that depend on waste and possible organisms in the compound.
Most of the above mentioned measures are cost intensive and increase the running
cost of the project. Thus, strict daily cover application is imperative to minimize the
risk to aviation activity in the area.
Environmental Management and Monitoring plan
The environmental management for the landfill will be a performance-based site
assessment and management to ensure landfill operators select the most
appropriate and innovative means of meeting the specified environmental
goals. Accordingly, the landfill Environmental Management will have to comply
with the following environmental goals;
 Preventing or mitigating pollution of water by leachate.
 Assuring quality of design, construction and operation
 Assuring quality of incoming waste
 Recording of wastes received
 Minimizing landfill space used
 Controlling gas emission
 Maximization of recycling
 Preventing unauthorized entry
 Preventing degradation of local amenity
 Preventing noise pollution
 Arranging adequate fire-fighting capacity
 organizing adequate staffing and training
 Remediating landfill after closure
Conclusion and recommendation
The currently selected site avoids most of the problems currently observed on the
existing disposal sites. The landfills design, construction and operation has to be
done to the satisfaction of the standard norms for environmental conservation,
public health and safety.
The operation and maintenances of the landfill should be strictly monitored and
appropriate measures be taken. Bird population has to be controlled by
employing the necessary mitigation measures.
So it is recommended that capacitating all the actors in the project
implementation is essential for the effectiveness and sustainability of the facility
provided. Well established environmental management plan and operational
guidelines have to be developed for the workers to follow.
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1. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
1.1. Introduction
1.1.1. Background to the EIA study
The guiding principle of sustainable development is to use scarce natural
resources more efficiently, and avoid the environmental impacts of waste
disposal .The waste management hierarchy to be advocated should, therefore,
recognize the following trend;
 Avoiding waste
 Re-using materials
 Recycling and reprocessing materials
 Waste disposal (if the first three are not possible)
Although we recognize that waste is best reduced or avoided at the point of
production or generation, we also recognize the need of reusing and recycling
those wastes that are generated. Inevitably, some waste will need to be
disposed of to landfill, which also needs to be carried out in an environmentally
effective and efficient manner.
The Bushoftu Municipality is committed to ensuring that this unavoidable waste
disposal is conducted in an environmentally responsible way. This includes
ensuring that project designers, contractors and operators are aware of the risks
that solid waste poses to the quality of air, water, and land and community
amenity. It also involves ensuring that these stakeholders take responsibility for
managing these risks in the most effective way possible by properly discharging
their respective responsibilities.
Land filling is a common treatment and disposal method for municipal solid
wastes (none hazardous solid wastes).This has been identified as a preferred
technology option for treatment and disposal of solid waste generated in
Bushoftu City. EIA study for the landfill project implementation is, therefore,
planned to guide and ensure Environmental Compliance of the project
activities at all stages (design, construction, operation and closure of the landfill)
of the project implementation. TOR requires the consultant to conduct
investigations to assess the environmental impact of the construction of the
liquid waste treatment plant and recommend mitigation measures as per the
guidelines and procedures set out in the Urban Local Government Development
Project (ULGDP) Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF).
That the consultant will prepare the Environmental Management Plan and/or
other applicable documents as may be required as per the ESMF.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a basic tool for the sound assessment
of development proposals; to determine the potential environmental, social and
economic effects of a proposed development. The environmental assessment
process supports the goals of liquid waste management, environmental
protection and sustainable development and helps to; integrate environmental
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protection and economic decisions at the earliest stages of planning an activity;
predict environmental, social, economic, and cultural consequences of a
proposed activity and plans to mitigate any adverse impacts resulting from the
proposed activity. It also provides opportunities for the involvement of
stakeholders in the review of the proposed activities.
1.1.2. Objectives of the EIA study
The landfill project is an environmental project by itself and has the objective of
environmental protection and conservation endeavors. It aims at minimizing the
adverse impacts that pollutants derived from solid waste could cause to he
natural environment and public health safety. The EIA study has the objective of
ensuring and supplementing the proper achievements of the overall objective of
the landfill project. Accordingly, the EIA study will have the following specific
objective;

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Assesses the prevailing solid waste management practices and related
environmental problems
Tries to highlight environmental impacts due to existing disposal practices
Assesses potential impacts of the proposed landfill project implementation
Proposes possible mitigation measures for the anticipated adverse
environmental impacts
Proposes environmental management plan for the land fill construction
and operation
To conduct investigations to assess the environmental impact of the
construction of liquid waste treatment plant and recommend mitigation
measures.
To prepare Environmental Management Plan for the project
implementation
1.1.3. Methodology of EIA Study
The EIA study followed standard procedures as per the EIA guidelines set by EPA,
and similar international guidelines.
Accordingly, Data collection, analyses of existing solid waste management
practices and its consequential impacts, analyses of alternative sites and site
selection for landfill construction, identification of possible impacts due to the
project and proposals for mitigation of adverse impacts have been made. Data
was collected both from primary and secondary sources; including site visit and
site investigation, consultation of relevant stakeholders, review of documents
and literature.
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2. Policy, Legislatives and Institutional Framework
The implementation of the project should be realized incompliance with the
available norms and standards, policy guidelines, legal and institutional frame
works. Projects to be implemented under the ULGDP should adhere to
acceptable environmental and social safeguards. The projects should, as far as
possible, not result in significant disturbance of sensitive ecological resources. It
should not result in involuntary resettlement and land acquisition and where this
is necessary, it is minimized by exploring all viable alternatives and where it is
unavoidable, compensation activities are prepared and implemented
2.1. Policy Framework
2.1.1. Environmental policy of Ethiopia
The environmental policy Ethiopia (EPE) of the Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia was approved by the Council of Ministers in April 1997 (EPA/MEDAC
1997). It is based on the CSE which was developed through a consultative
process over the period 1989-1995.
The policy has the broad aim of rectifying previous policy failures and
deficiencies which, in the past, have led to serious environmental degradation.
It is fully integrated and compatible with the overall long-term economic
development strategy of the country, known as Agricultural Development-Led
Industrialization (ADLI), and other key national policies.
The EPE’s overall policy goal may be summarized in terms of the improvement
and enhancement of the health and quality of life of all Ethiopians, and the
promotion of sustainable social and economic development through the
adoption of sound environmental management principles. Specific policy
objectives and key guiding principles are set out clearly in the EPE, and expand
on various aspects of the overall goal. The policy contains sectoral and crosssectoral policies and also has provisions required for the appropriate
implementation of the policy itself.
2.1.2. Sectoral Policies
Several detailed sectoral environmental policies are currently in various stages of
preparation, or are completed and endorsed.
Some of the sectoral
environmental policies cover:
 Soil husbandry and sustainable agriculture
 Forest woodland and tree resources
 Genetic species and ecosystem bio-diversity
 Water, energy and mineral resources
 Human settlement, urban environment and environmental health
 Pollution from industrial waste and hazardous materials
 Atmospheric pollution and climatic change
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Cultural and natural heritage
2.1.3. Water resource and sanitation policies and legislatives
Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy (EWRMP),1997 deals with the
general water resources management policy and different sub sectoral
issues; Water supply and sanitation , irrigation development, & hydropower.
The policy, under section - 2.2.2 discusses the issue of environment, water
shade management and water resources protection and conservation issues.
The policy discusses the sanitation policy under the water supply and sanitation
sub sector. The policy among other issues emphasizes the adoption and
promotion of affordable and culturally acceptable low cost sanitation
technology options, setting of frameworks, coordination of efforts and
encouraging involvement of stakeholders both government and non
government institutions, the integration of water supply and sanitation, need for
setting frame works affirming the inseparable nature of water supply and
sanitation activities and need for decentralized approaches for sanitation
projects implementation and management are some of the guiding principles
indicated in the policy.
2.1.4. The Health Policy of Ethiopia
The health policy under its articles; Article 3.4 reads developing safe disposal of
human, house hold, agricultural, and industrial wastes, and encouragement of
recycling. Article 5.3
reads prevention of environmental pollution with
hazardous chemical wastes
Public health proclamation No 200/2000 was promulgated by the Federal
Republic of Ethiopia on 9th march 2000. The proclamation is meant to promote
the participation of the society in the health sector and enforce the objectives
of the health policy of Ethiopia. The proclamation under its part –II discuses
public health issues including; Food quality control, water quality control, waste
handling and disposal, Availability of toilet facilities, control of bathing places
and pools etc. The article which deals with waste handling and disposal further
elaborates that;
Any person shall collect waste in a specially designated place and in a manner
which does not affect the health of the society.
No person shall dispose solid, liquid or another waste in a manner which
contaminates the environment or affects the health of the society.
Any solid, liquid and other wastes generated from hospitals should be handled
with special care and their disposal procedures should meet the standards set
by the public health authorities.
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2.1.5. National Hygiene and Sanitation Strategy for Ethiopia
The strategy is set as a road map which leads to 100% adoption of improved
sanitation and hygiene in Ethiopia. The 100% adoption of improved sanitation
and hygiene is defined from Ethiopia’s perspective as the process where people
demand, develop and sustain a hygienic and healthy environment for
themselves by erecting barriers to prevent the transmission of diseases, primarily
from faecal contamination. The strategy paper further elaborates that improved
sanitation and hygiene is about erecting physical and behavioral barriers to stop
contamination, and emphasizes that the primary barriers have the biggest
preventive impacts and concentrate on the safe management of faeces to
prevent contact with fields, fluids, fingers, feet, flies and food.
2.1.5.1. National Hygiene and On-site Sanitation Protocol
The protocol is designed to follow the national strategy for universal access
(100% hygienic and sanitized households) of hygiene and sanitation. It is
primarily concerned with the safe ‘On – site’ containment and management of
human excreta in the domestic, institutional and public context.
The objective of the protocol is described as to improve implementation of the
National Strategy for Hygiene and ‘on – site’ Sanitation improvement at Local
Authority level. The protocol gives a clear set of guidelines for all stakeholders
promoting Improved Hygiene and Sanitation (HIS), leading to better coordination and clearer lines for responsibility at the national, regional, zonal and
woreda(district) levels.
 Strengthen the integration of all programmes with an HIS components
within woreda development plans and the health extension services
program.
 Provide the basis for a comprehensive budgeting and investment frame
work
 Improve sector co-ordination with all HIS stakeholders working from one
set of guidelines
 Define minimum standards and a frame work for information
management and monitoring to ensure adequate sub sector
performance evaluation.
The protocol will be applied in all aspects of Hygiene and sanitation promotion.
It will ensure that all development partners and NGOs adhere to the protocol
when promoting improved hygiene and ‘on-site’ sanitation in each locality.
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The protocol is a simple eight step guide to the improved Hygiene and on -site
sanitation program cycle. These steps are to be followed by all those engaged in
promoting Hygiene and on –site sanitation improvements in Ethiopia. The eight
steps are briefly outlined as Step; 1) Participatory situation analyses, 2)
Advocacy, 3) Inter-sectoral broad based planning(reflecting mandates), 4)
Human resource development, supervision, reporting, 5) Financing Improved
Hygiene and Sanitation, 6)HIS promotion, empowerment and enforcement, 7)
Access to hardware for latrines and 8) Monitoring and evaluation linked
Information management system
2.1.6. International Conventions, safeguard policies & Guidelines
There are several international conventions and guidelines regarding
environmental protection, water and sanitation issues. Some of those include;
2.1.7. African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
The charter was adopted in June 27, 1981 and affirmed that equality of all
human beings to be respected and practically recognized.
The Human Rights Council also made an important legal statement:
“Emphasizing that international human rights law instruments, including the
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the
Convention on the Right of the Child, entail obligations in relation to access to
safe drinking water and sanitation." This statement clearly indicates that all
governments are bound by human rights obligations to ensure access to safe
drinking water and sanitation for all.
The charter reiterates that Recognition of the right to water and sanitation is a
useful resource for governments and civil society. It is therefore, absolutely
necessary to support words with actions, and to mobilize the expertise and
independence of United Nations human rights bodies in support of
implementation.
2.1.8. World Bank Safe guard Policies
There are 10 safeguard policy frameworks set for projects financed by the World
Bank fund, and are required to be met as regards to environmental and social
safeguards. These include; OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment, OP/BP 4.04
Natural Habitats, OP/BP 4.36 Forests, OP 4.09 Pest Management, OP/BP 4.11,
Physical Cultural Resources, OP/BP 4.10 Indigenous Peoples, OP/BP 4.12
Involuntary Resettlement, OP/BP 4.37 Safety of Dams, OP 7.50 Projects in
International Waters, OP 7.60 Projects in Disputed Areas
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2.2. Legal Frameworks
2.2.1. Federal level proclamations



Environmental impact assessment Proclamation No. 299/2002 is
promulgated in December 2002
Environmental Protection Organs Establishment proclamation No. 295/
2002 was provided in October 2002.
Environmental pollution control proclamations NO. 300/2002 sets rules on
control of pollution, management of hazardous waste, chemical and
radioactive substances, management of municipal wastes, outlines
sectors that require environmental standard, environmental inspectors,
incentives, rights to appeal, Offences and penalty.
2.2.2. Land tenure and rural land administration
The Constitution of the FDRE states that the right to ownership of rural and urban
land, as well as all natural resources, is exclusively vested in the state and in the
people of Ethiopia. Article 40 of the constitution indicates that land is a common
property of the nations, nationalities and the people of Ethiopia and shall not be
subjected to sale or to other means of transfer.
The right of private property is guaranteed by the constitution; under Article-40
the right of property, it is stated that every Ethiopian citizen has the right to the
ownership of private property. However, the government may expropriate
private property for public purposes subject to payment in advance of
compensation commensurate to the value of the property
Rural land use and Administration Proclamation NO.456/2005 describes; the right
to hold and use rural land, acquisition and use of rural land, transfer and
duration of rural land use right, obligation of rural land users. Restrictions on rural
land use (land use planning and proper use of sloppy, galley and wetlands.
Proclamation No. 455/ 2005 specifically promulgated and provided provisions
for compensations. Proclamation NO455/2005 discusses on expropriation of land
holding, determination of compensation, base and amount of compensation,
displacement compensations valuation of property.
Council of Ministers Regulation No.135/2007, Regulation on payment of
Compensation for property situated on land holding expropriated for public
purposes. This regulation discusses the assessment of compensation for
properties, provision of replacement land and payment of displacement
compensation.
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2.3. Institutional Set up
At federal level the Ministry of Water Resources(MOWR), Ministry of
Health,(MOH), Federal Environmental Protection Authority ( EPA) hold the overall
responsibilities of water recourses management and environmental sanitation
issues; and for policy preparation and guidance. It is also expected that federal
level ministries and bureaus to provide technical support to regional water
bureaus and health institutions. At regional level there are respective bureaus
with delegated responsibilities and authorities to plan and implement projects.
For urban centers like Bishoftu city administration, development of social service
facilities is the responsibility of the city administration and municipalities.
Accordingly, the sanitation service in Bishoftu city administration is shared
among different departments and agencies;
 Bishoftu Water Supply & Sewerage Authority
 Bishoftu Sanitation, Beautification & Parks Development Work process
 Bishoftu Health Bureau
 Regulatory and law enforcement department
The sanitation, beautification and parks development agency undertakes both
service delivery and development works in the waste management, greening,
solid waste collection & disposal, liquid waste collection & disposal, tree
plantation.
Health bureau is responsible for health regulations, while malpractices and
illegal deeds as regards to environmental sanitation are controlled by the
regulatory and law enforcement department.
3. Baseline environmental conditions
3.1. Location and Climatic conditions
The Sanitary land fill Project is found in Bishoftu City, Easter shawa Zone, of
Oromya National regional state. The project areas are situated at the City of
Bishoftu, which is the nearest city of the capital city of the country, Addis-Ababa.
In addition, the project area is located between latitude of 08°44’ N and
longitudes of 38°59' E. The land area of the city is estimated at 11, 000 hectare. It
has moderate climatic condition with temperature ranges between 16oC to 24 o
C; and average rainfall of 860mm. The major rainy season lasts from July to
September. The total area of the sanitary landfill of Bishoftu city is 10 hectares
including damping bed, leachate pond, Guard house, runoff collecting pond
and others. However, the actual size of the damping bed that will
accommodate the solid waste is 6 hectares and the leachate pond is 0.2
hectare.
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3.2. Geology and soils
The Bushoftu area is mainly covered by volcanic rocks (about the 70% of the
studied area) and the sedimentary rocks consist of alluvial cover and lacustrine
sequences
3.3. Water Resources of the city
3.3.1. Surface Water resource
Major surface water source is the Wadeecha River and its tributaries coming
from the steep flanks of Mt. Sokoru and Mt. Yerer. Other major surface water
source is the crater lakes and seasonal ponds surrounding the city. These include;
Bushoftu Lake, Babo Gay Lake, Arsedi Lake and Hidha Lake. Seasonal ponds like
Cheleleka, Chafe Anan and small surface water storages are also considered as
water source potential of the area.
Most of these surface sources fall within the city catchments and receive runoff
from the surrounding hills and from the urban centers as well. Hence, they are
prone for pollution impacts generating from the urban areas. Lakes Bushoftu,
Arsedi, Babo Gaya and Chaleleka pond are found in the settled urban areas
while Hodha Lake is at about 7km from the center city.
These lakes have social, economic and cultural significance both at national
level and for the surrounding community in particular. They serve as recreational
and tourist attraction sites, as fishing ground. Moreove, Lake Arsedi has cultural
significance and is a place where Iretcha celebration takes place. Lots of visitors
and worshipers come to Bushoftu during the Iretcha celebration for prayer and
as visitors.
3.3.2. Ground Water
According to a geological survey report of the Bushoftu draft master plan study,
rock units of the area are classified as aquifers of moderate to high water
permeability and productivity in general. In particular, the highly weathered and
fractured basalts and those quaternary volcanic sediments are usually
described as best aquifer materials; and hence, they are defined as materials of
high permeability and productivity. Therefore, it could be concluded that there
is high groundwater potential around Bishoftuu town.
Areas with good ground water potential have been identified at; slightly
inclined flat surface located on the north and northwest of the town known as
Dambi and Qurqura, and along the flat surface of Chalalaka area; Shumbura
Meda and Garbi where the existing wells are located.
These potential water sources have to be protected from possible pollution
effects; and hence landfills should not be located in their premises and
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recharge zones. Site selection for the landfill project has to take this factor into
account
3.3.3. Water Supply Sources
Bushoftu city gets its water supply mainly from ground water sources. The major
existing boreholes are located in Shumbura Meda and in the Dambi plain, while
there are also numbers of privately owned boreholes dispersed at different
locations in the city. Table below shows the location, depth and yield of the
existing Bishoftu water supply sources.
Table 0-1: Water Supply Sources of Bishoftu
Location
Depth Driled Altitude Yield
Year
(l/s)
Local Name Easting Nothing
G.C
Shumbura
500506
974375
76.5
1988
1922
5
Meda
Shumbra
500893
973736 72.65
1988
1908
5
Meda
Shumbura
501008
974271 70.67
1988
1910
15
Meda
Shumbura
500426
943847
76.6
1988
1890
15
Meda
Shumbura
501416
973736 76.15
1988
1908
15
Meda
Shumbura
500788
973332
74.1
1988
1906
5
Meda
Dambi
492821
969251 116.3
2005
1905
5.3
Source:
Bishooftuu structural plan preparation project, Oromia urban
planning
institute, April, 2009
Water quality assessment was made and reported in August 2009 by water
quality control laboratory of the Oromia Water Resources Bureau, for water
supplied in Bushoftu town. According to this report the quality of water sample
collected from a newly developed borehole at Kurkura No.1 site was found to
be unfit (contaminated) for potability from bacteriological quality points of view,
while the physico-chemical characteristic was within the accepted limit. Due this
fact water supplied in the city is disinfected by chlorination. Chlorination is also
helpful to prevent accidental pollution risks caused in the pipe system; and
hence residual chlorine has been a major yard stick to check the safety of the
water supplied as well. After chlorination all samples collected from different
locations in the system were found to be safe and fit for domestic consumption.
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The possible cause of pollution for the raw water source of the boreholes can be
the unsanitary situations in the city which is related to poor waste management.
3.4. Liquid Waste Management
The liquid waste in the town generates both from domestic, industries and
institutional establishments. Dry pit latrines are the dominant type of toilet, while
flush toilets are also available mainly in institutions and hotels.
There are 6 public toilets of which only 3 are functional. Though the municipality
has provided six public toilets, it is not yet adequate. The existing public toilets do
not meet the existing demand. Some of the existing public toilets are not giving
adequate service as they are out of service for long time. As a result open
defecation is also observed. The liquid waste generated in the town is disludged
and transported to disposal site by vacuum truck.
3.5. Public Health Situation
The health problem and disease causes among the city population are mainly
communicable diseases water and/or air born diseases. Major factor
contributing to these diseases is the poor waste management and pollution
impacts of both the air and water resources of the area.
Health facilities in the city include 2-Hospitals, 1- health center, 12 – Private clinics,
5-facory owned clinics, 16-farmacies.
Sr.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Table 0-2: most prevalent diseases in Bishoftu City
Disease type
Number Percentage
of cases
of all cases
Intestinal Disease
5221
10.5
Lower respiratory tract
4856
9.7
infection
Disease of UTI
4801
9.6
Arthritis and
402.3
8.1
spondilities
Upper Respiratory tract
3990
8
infection
Disease of GIT
3605
7.2
skin diseases
3415
6.8
Homicide, injuries
3067
6.1
purposely inflicted by
others
Disease of gum and
2876
5.7
teeth
Gastrities and
2410
4.8
doudonitis
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Others
11500
23.1
Total cases
49,764
100
Source: Bishoftu structural plan preparation project, Oromia urban
planning
institute, April, 2009
3.6. Existing Solid Waste Management Practices
3.6.1. Solid Waste Generation
The current city population is estimated at about 150,000 people in 2009. The
housing units in the city are over 33,000. According to information obtained from
the Bushoftu health bureau, the per-capita solid waste generation rate is
estimated at 0.186kg/c/d. The total daily solid waste generated from domestic
source is, therefore, estimated at 27,900kg/day.
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Table-1.3: Residential solid waste generation rate, Feb. 2005
Type /composition of
Rate of
Percentage by
solid waste
generation/cap weight
/d
Ashes
0.043
23.12
Leaves & wooden
0.009
4.84
branches(Chat)
Chewed and left over of
0.008
4.30
sugar cane
Food staff & peelings
0.039
20.97
Dust,(soil material)
0.044
23.66
Textiles
0.008
4.3
Paper
0.005
2.69
Plastics
0.004
2.15
Metal & glass material
0.016
8.6
Grasses and leaves
0.010
5.37
Total
0.186
100
Source: Bushoftu
Health bureau
The measurement made on samples collected from representative house holds
in the city demonstrate the solid waste compositions as described in table - 4.1
above. According to this data ashes and dust constitute 46.78%, food staff and
peelings 20.97%, leaves and grasses 10.21 %, metal and glasses 8.6%, while the
remaining components account for the balance.
In terms of bio-degradability and combustibility, the solid waste composition is
classified as 55.37% combustible, and 44.63 as none – Combustible waste; while
66.13 is bio-degradable & 33.87% is none-biodegradable.
On the other hand, the recently produced master plan study report of August
2009 makes the following estimates and projections.
There are also number of industries and establishments that contribute to the
solid waste production of the city including; Floor mills, leather factory
(tanneries), plastic factory, soap factory, dairy farms, abattoir. On the other hand
big institutions like the Ethiopian Air Force base, Defense Engineering College,
veterinary science college, Ethiopian management Institute, hospital and other
health institutions, big hotels and recreational sites etc contribute significant
volume of solid waste to be collected from the city. The quantity and
composition of solid waste from industrial sources vary according to their raw
material and byproducts obtained from the processing. The wastes from
industries and hospitals can contain hazardous material and require site specific
and factory specific investigation and decision, for the waste management and
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treatment requirements. Some of the industries generate wastes that can be
directly accepted at landfills along with domestic refuses; while some that are
suspected of containing hazardous wastes may require special treatment
separately. The Bushoftu Hospital and some of the industries have such
arrangements and facilities for sorting and disposing hazardous substances. A
typical example is the incinerator plant used in Bushofu hospital compound
where substances considered as hazardous are collected and incinerated
separately. Even in such institutions having separate facilities for hazardous waste
handling, it is seen that plastic materials including gloves are burnt open air
contributing to air pollution effects. This may be due to awareness and
knowledge gap in identifying and characterizing waste types and can be
rectified with medium range training and orientation.
The master plan study identifies the abattoir in the city as generating significant
solid waste and liquid waste that threatens the environment and public health
safety. These institutions are disposing the waste haphazardly in the open air
environment. There are more than five slaughterhouses in the town, which have
different levels of slaughtering capacity. These include a municipal
slaughterhouse and four private commercial abattoirs
Some of the assessed abattoirs have characteristic waste disposal arrangements
as described in table below.
Generally all abattoirs produce large amount of solid wastes, use large quantity
of water and discharge effluent with high content of blood, fat, waste and
cleaning detergents. Emission of odour from liquid and solid wastes is significant
problem particularly where abattoirs are in the vicinity of residential areas. The
overview of the existing abattoirs is discussed briefly as in table below.
The waste disposal of all the abattoirs is done haphazardly and is causing
significant adverse impacts on the public health and social well fare. All of the
abattoirs are located in densely settled areas and/or expansion sites.
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Table 0-4: Abattoir waste management in Bushofu city
Name of
intitution
Municipal
Abatoir
capacity
30 cattle per day
and 1 sheep / goat
per week are
slaughtered
Waste
Disposal site
generation
Solid & & Liquid Solid wastes like
waste
offalis either disposed
in pitsor on open field,
burned, soled to
individual users,
Complaints
o Aesthetic
problem
Odour problem
sources and soil
Pollution of water
sources and soil
Create ground for
vectors and
ELFORAAbattoir 10 cattle, 300 sheep Solid & & Liquid Incineration, burying, Odour problem
and 400 goats are
waste
and selling to
sources and soil
slaughtered per da
individuals.
Pollution of water
occasionally open field sources and soil
disposal
Create ground for
vectors and
Hashim Abattoir 400 sheep/goats are Solid & & Liquid Open dump
Odour problem
slaughtered daily
waste
sources and soil
Pollution of water
sources and soil
Create ground for
vectors and
Alema
1500 chicken and
Solid & & Liquid Septic tanks and pits Odour problem
Farm(Poultry
5pigs are
waste
for solid waste.
sources and soil
and Pig
slaughtered
Pollution of water
Slaughters)
sources and soil
Create ground for
vectors and
cause health
problem
Source:
Oromia
Summerized From Bishoftu structural plan preparation project,
urban planning institute, April, 2009
3.6.2.Solid Waste Collection and Storage
The responsibility of solid waste collection and disposal is entrusted to the city
sanitation, beautification and parks agency. The agency is responsible for the
overall solid waste management in the city, while there are also private
entrepreneurs involved in the collection service provision. There are 4- micro-
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enterprises already engaged in the solid waste collection service provision. The
sanitation, beautification and parks agency estimates that about 20% of the
collection is done by the private entrepreneurs at present.
The collection operation seems to be on a better condition as compared to
previous years since the municipality has acquired additional track and Skip
transporter. However, open field disposal is still significant.
Open dumping has reduced on major streets and at densely populated areas.
This is due to the availability of additional communal solid waste collection
containers on the one hand, while the house to house collection is facilitated by
private waste collectors (youth associations) on the other hand. There are 4micro-enterprises in the 9-kebeles of Bishoftu city.
The micro-entrepreneurs collect the solid waste against payments made by
each house hold. The private operators charge 10 -15 Birr/ month for collection
and transportation of house hold refuse; and 40 – 50 birr/month for institutions.
They collect the waste from the houses and transport it to the communal
containers located in the premises of community settlement areas at each
kebele. At house hold level some of the dwellers use different dust bins and
plastic bugs, while the rest still store or dispose at road sides, street corners and at
back yards. There are 50 newly purchased communal type containers of which
30 have already been placed at transfer stations for temporary storage of waste
collected from each household. These containers have storage capacity of 7
m3 each.
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Fig-4.1: Solid waste containers/skips for
communal use
Fig-4.2: newly purchased skip transporter
Data collected in 2005 indicates that over 50% of the filled containers stay more
than 6-days before lifted and transported to disposal site. However, one
additional skip transporter has been acquired since then, and the rate of
emptying the containers is expected to have been improved. Master plan study
Report (Bishoftu structural Plan, Environmental Study Report of Bishoftu Town,
august 2009) also emphasizes that open field disposal is still significant.
Currently the city has 1- skip transporter, 3-dump trucks and one trailer type
tractor for transportation of the solid waste to a disposal site. It is estimated that
about 170m3 solid waste is daily transported using those trucks and machines.
Relatively the collection operation has shown improvements as compared to
other urban centers of Ethiopia, and to the previous situation in the Bushoftu
itself. The sanitation, beautification and park development agency has plans to
further improve the waste collection by re-enforcing the current trend of
involving private operators and by providing additional facilities. Awareness
creation programs are arranged for institutions and service providers like hotel
owners on proper waste management and sanitation promotion activities. It is
planned to raise the collection rate to 250m3/day during the coming fiscal year.
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3.6.3. Solid Waste Disposal
In spite of the significant improvement being observed as regards to the solid
waste collection operation; the disposal method and disposal facilities remain
unchanged and is still posing risks to both the natural and socio-economic
environment.
The waste collected is disposed on open field at a place called Golba in Kebele05, some 1.5km away from the center town. The disposal site is surrounded by
mountain ridges at distant location, but there are settlement areas, a church
and agricultural fields (crops, animal grazing, children play ground) just adjacent
to the disposed waste. The major problems associated with the disposal site are:
the site being crop field and grazing ground where children and farmers
frequently stay, has no fence, no soil cover, it is surrounded by housing areas and
religious sites, is planned future expansion area, nuisance and health hazard for
people living nearby, it is very close airport (takeoff and landing route), it falls in a
seasonal flood plain land etc.
Fig-4.3: Existing Golba disposal site is surrounded by; crop field, houses, church, and
animal grazing ground.
3.7. Public health situation
According Health center sources 80% of medical cases treated in the health center
are related to communicable diseases. Major Public health problems recorded in
the hospitals of the city include; diarrhea, amoebic dysentery and bacillary
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dysentery, Giardia, Ascariasis, etc. which are directly related to personal
hygiene and poor sanitation. It is also recorded that about 200 people were
affected by epidemics due to water contamination in Quraqure area in
November 2001 EC.
The most common diseases of the city population are those of water born and
water related communicable diseases. These diseases are related to personal
hygiene and unsanitary conditions of the living environment, the major being
the liquid waste mismanagement and lack of sanitation facilities.
3.8. Impacts of Current Solid Waste Disposal
Impacts due to the current solid waste management practices are those related
to:
 Public health impacts
 Bird strike risks
 Water source pollution
 Air pollution
 Soil pollution and
 Aesthetics
3.8.1. Public health Impacts
The surrounding community complains of the odor, health and safety risks to
animals, children and aesthetically debilitating situation created at such a close
proximity to the center town. The plastics spreading all over the grazing ground is
posing risks to the animal grazing. The odor poses significant health risks to the
surrounding dwellers and to the worshipers of the church. During the site visit it
could be observed that scavengers were busily sorting reusable material.
The odor emanating from the waste is affecting the health of the surrounding
community; leachate from the waste deposited forms stagnant water ponds at
downstream and is creating favorable ground for mosquito breeding. Moreover,
the leachate gradually percolates into the ground water sources and can have
potential for polluting the sources. Aesthetically the damping area is filthy and
odorous, to the extent that passerby people cannot bear breathing in the area.
Lots of scavengers including wildlife gather in the open damp areas, creating
risks to the surrounding dwellers and property
3.9. Impact on Water Resource
The leachate from the heaps of solid waste has created water ponding at
downstream side (fig- above). The leachate is highly polluted with the various
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pollutants extracted from the waste and can contain hazardous materials and
pathogens. The leachate gradually infiltrates to the ground water sources and
also spills into surface water sources at downstream side
3.10. Bird Strike Hazard
Solid waste disposal sites can attract bird population in the area and be cause
for bird strikes, collision and risk to air plane if located within takeoff and landing
routes. The current solid waste disposal site is located at about 1.5 kms distance
from the Debrezeit Air Force base where numbers of airplanes for training and/
or for mission flight are deployed. The disposal site falls within the minimum
distances considered to be protection zones from landfill or waste treatment
plant operations; 13-kms radius for international Civil Aviation Organization, (
I.C.A.O), 6-kms for The Netherlands and 8-kms for Canada.
The existing solid waste disposal site is only 1.5km away from the runoff route of
the air planes. There are number of birds coming to the site to feed on the
rubbish disposed. Several bird strikes have been experienced by the air force in
the premises, and the administration has been complaining of the site being
used as disposal for waste.
Waste disposal sites facilitate the survival of worms, insects, fish, frogs, crabs, etc.
which in turn attracts the various species of birds. On the other hand trees in the
surroundings serve as potential feeding, breeding and nesting grounds.
4. The Proposed Solid Waste Landfill Project
A properly designed landfill is required to receive and treat the solid waste
generated in the Bushoftu city; so as to avert the current environmental pollution
and public health risks associated to the existing problem of solid waste disposal.
The project work will involve construction of a standard landfill for solid waste
treatment and disposal; construction of access road to the landfill site and
access roads within the plant compound. In the process of implementation of
this project, both positive environmental impacts and negative impacts are
anticipated.
4.1. Brief Description of Landfill Project
Solid waste treatment in landfill involves both physico-chemical and biological
processes. The solid waste has to be sorted out into hazardous and none
hazardous material before receiving for treatment.
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The solid waste dumped is compacted in layers, followed by soil cover for every
cycle. The covered waste pile is then left to decompose and stabilize. The land
filled waste undergoes five distinct phases of decomposition as either aerobic or
anaerobic decomposition. In the process of decomposition several gaseous
products are generated as Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrogen and hydrogen
that escape into the atmosphere. Also some carboxylic acids like acetic acid,
Butric acid are generated and get out along with the leachate generated.
4.2. Environmental requirement of Landfill projects
There are five principal environmental management techniques which have to
be considered during implementation of a landfill project in order to achieve the
best environmental outcome:
 Site selection - an appropriate location will have natural barriers and buffer
distances to help reduce environmental risk
 Design and construction - including all aspects of the design and construction
of the landfill and associated infrastructure
 monitoring - including all performance and quality monitoring and reporting
of air, water, noise and waste
 Site operations management - including all operational measures required to
manage a landfill in an environmentally acceptable manner
 Remediation and post-closure management - including the measures
needed to minimize the impact of closed landfills and ensure the beneficial
use of landfill sites after closure.
It is important to realize that environment protection is achieved through a
combination of good planning and an integrated and thorough approach to
design, operation and management. There is no substitute for selecting an
environmentally sound site and adopting ongoing management measures to
protect the environmental integrity of the site. Appropriate site selection for
landfill operation is, therefore, very essential for safe and sound environmental
protection endeavors.
5. Analyses of Alternatives
5.1. Alternative sludge treatment sites
The location of a landfill is a primary determinant of the extent to which a landfill
poses an environmental risk.
Judicious location of a landfill is the single most effective environmental
management tool. The aim is to avoid the need for impact mitigation and
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ongoing management by selecting a site where natural barriers protect
environmental quality and where there will not be adverse impact on existing
and future development.
 Golba site(existing site)(1.5km from flight route)
 Qajima-1 (Godguada plain) (2.8km from flight route)
 Qajima-2 (hillside) (2.9km )from flight route
The analyses for the alternative potential landfill sites are based on comparative
evaluation of expected significant impacts as illustrated in table- below. The
check list is rated as Positive (+) impacts or negative (-) impacts expected of the
project, depending on site specific conditions. The assigned ratings of impacts
are as follows;
0 = No impact, 1= low impact, 2= Moderate impact, 3= High impact, 4 =
Unknown impact
Table 0-5: Comparative analyses of potential landfill sites
Assessment criteria
Golba
site
Qajima
site-1
Qajima site-2
Accessibility & travel distance
-2
-3
Proximity to houses, cultural & historical sites
-3
-2
Proximity to air port
-3
-2
2
3
Existing & planned Land use
-3
-2
Ground water source & recharge areas
-1
-1
Surface water discharges
-2
-1
Flood plains, wetlands and flood routes
-2
-2
Vegetations/forest cover
-2
-1
Direction of prevailing wind towards sensitive
areas
Aesthetics and noise pollution
-3
-2
-3
-2
Proximity to existing or planned quarry where
blasting is undertaken
Proximity to overhead electric line or buried cable
etc
Proximity to Utility service lines,
-1
-1
-1
-2
Natural barrier
Total
2
1
-22
-17
The land use is
not compatible
with the intended
project use, and is
also close to the
industrial zone of
the town, thus,
rejected by the
study team
Note: The grading of each assessment criteria is based on personal observations
and judgments.
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Site-1: Golba site
This site is found in Kebele - 05, it is surrounded by Libne Dingle Mt. to the South
West, Hora mountain to North –Eastern side (Fig- above). There are number of
settlements and condominium buildings under construction in the premises and
along the hill sides. It is a seasonal flood plain, fertile crop field and livestock
grazing ground. It is surrounded by forest covered hills. There is also a church on
the nearby mountain where Orthodox Christian worshipers frequently visit for
prayers.
Moreover, this site falls within the corridor of the air plane flight route (takeoff and
landing run way). It is only about 1.5km away from the run way and only 1km
from the city center.
The recent master plan study also does not consider this site as waste disposal
site and recommends shifting of the solid as well as the liquid disposal to other
sites.
Site-1: Qajima -1 :(Godguada) site
It is found in a peasant association next to Kebele 03 in the south – eastern
direction. It is a depressed plain land surrounded by hills and mountains in all
directions. The site is bounded by hills and mountain ranges like; Godguada
Mountain to north –west and Gara Beru hill in the south and eastern sides. Just
on the other side of the Gara Beru ridge is the Ethiopian Air Force Base at about
2.8km distance. However, the Air force administration has confirmed that the site
is outside of the airplane runway corridor.
The plain land is an intensively cultivated crop field and partly used as livestock
grazing ground. There is no significant forest or tree cover; only acacia trees are
found dispersed here and there in the crop fields. The runoff water from the
surrounding hills does not have drainage outlet and seasonally stays ponding in
the flood plain.
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Fig-6.2: Farmers’ houses at the age of the crop
fields
Fig-6.3: Consultation with a would be PAP
6. Potential Environmental Impacts of Proposed Landfill Project
The implementation of the landfill project can have both positive and negative
impacts on the environment; both natural and socio-economic environment.
The environmental issues of primary concern in relation to land filling and landfill
operations are:
 Water pollution - i.e. discharges of pollutants to ground and surface
waters.
 Air pollution - i.e. emissions of pollutants to the atmosphere
 Land management and conservation
 Hazards and loss of amenity
 Bird strike Risks
 Public health risks
These impacts and concerns are observed mainly during the operation and site
closure of landfills. However, impacts during construction of the land fill and
access road can also be caused to other environmental components and
properties in the Right – Of – Way of the project
6.1. Beneficial /Positive impacts of the project
The beneficial impacts associated with project implementation are largely
related to improvements in health conditions for the city residents and to the
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quality and safety of environmental resources (water sources, soil and air) by
improving the waste collection and treatment.
The positive environmental impacts attained from the liquid waste project
include:
 Improved public health; minimizing health risks by improving sewage
collection and treatment;
 Alleviation of odor and visual nuisances in the served areas;
 Prevention of surface water and groundwater contamination by
stopping the discharge of untreated sewage into nearby streams/open
grounds;
 Creation of new employment opportunities during the construction and
operation phase of the sewerage system.
 Creation of opportunity for resource conservation and reuse.
The current liquid waste management practice has significantly degraded the
water resources within the city catchments and outside. Surface water courses
are heavily polluted with the waste discharges and have prohibited the water to
be used even during the rainy seasons when surface flow is in excess. Beside the
aquatic life expected to inhabit those river systems are damaged and are none
existent.
6.2. Positive impacts of the landfill project
The solid waste collection and storage within the city and at house hold level is
gradually improving in Bushoftu town. However, the disposal of the solid waste is
posing significant adverse impacts on the environment and as well on the public
health. The solid waste collected is haphazardly dumped at open field just about
1-km from the center town and is posing problems as described under section-4
above. The implementation of the landfill project will alleviate all those problems
and create conducive living environment in the city.
The city has high tourism potential and is gifted with numbers of tourist attraction
sites. Recent development of resorts and lake side recreational sites is attracting
more tourists in the area and more is expected in the future. The need for
standard sanitary infrastructure is, therefore, a prerequisite for the tourism trade
to grow. The implementation of the landfill can have significant contribution in
this respect.
However, land filling of waste can also pose adverse impacts to the
environmental resources and to socio-economic welfare of the community, if
not properly planned, designed, constructed and operated to meet the
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intended objectives. Major adverse impacts of solid waste landfill are discussed
under the following section.
6.3. Adverse impacts of the landfill project and proposed mitigation measures
The adverse impacts of implementing the landfill project can be caused both
during construction and operation phases. Construction phase impacts are
related to site clearance, excavation, material site development and spoil soils
disposal. Major impacts will be felt at the landfill site, along the access road to
the site and at material production sites. Operation phase impacts on the other
hand, are mainly observed in the premises of the landfill site and along the waste
haulage road route. These adverse impacts are manifested in the form of loss of
vegetation cover, soil erosion, loss of properties and crops, water source
pollution, air pollution, risks to public health and safety, Bird strike risks of air plane,
landscape & aesthetics problem. Hence, landfill design, monitoring,
management and remediation must comply with the respective migration
management plan to minimize the anticipated adverse impacts and o comply
with the desired environmental goals:
6.3.1. Impacts on water sources
During construction excavated soil may get into water sources and cause water
quality deterioration and siltation problem. Spoil soils generate from ground
excavation for landfill, paving and grading for access roads and at material
production sites.
During operation phase of the landfill; ground and surface waters can be
contaminated by untreated leachate from landfill sites. Leachate percolates
through landfills as a result of infiltration and/or decomposition of the wastes. It
may cause serious water pollution if it is not properly managed.
The hydro geological characteristics of a site will have a critical bearing on the
need for and nature of measures to control leachate. If a landfill is located in an
area with permeable substrata, any leachate generated will rapidly pollute the
groundwater (and even surface water) unless an adequate barrier system is
installed.
The potential damage by leachate can also be more critical if the landfill is
located in a drinking water catchment, in a floodway subject to washout, or in a
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high rainfall area. Surface water run-off from a landfill site can cause
unacceptable sediment loads in receiving waters, while uncontrolled surface
water run-on can lead to excessive generation of leachate. Hence site selection
or locating a landfill plays important role for properly functioning plant.
Proposed Mitigation measures
Avoid entry of spoil soil in to water body by timely carting and stockpiling at
designated disposal site. Site selection should avoid catchments where water
sources are located as far as possible.
Leachate must be controlled within the landfill site, ensuring that neither
groundwater nor surface water is polluted. The design has to consider leachate
treatment facilities within the land fill design project and at the same location.
The treatment of the leachate should enable to prevent pollutants’ migration
into the water sources; either by percolation into ground water source or by
runoff into surface water body. A leachate treatment pond can stabilize the
pollutants by natural processes, while infiltration is avoided by use of proper
sealant material for the pond bottom. In addition, adequate side drainage
facility should be provided to avoid run on and runoff water from the landfill
areas.
Detecting water pollution
Effective mechanisms must be developed for early detection of groundwater
and surface water pollution. Any detected groundwater or surface water
pollution needs to be speedily remediated.
6.3.2. Air Pollution Impacts
Landfills primarily produce methane and carbon dioxide which, if not contained,
can contribute to the ‘greenhouse effect’. Unmanaged gas emissions also
represent a lost energy/fuel source. Landfill gas can also contain a variety of
corrosive, toxic or odorous components. Methane represents an explosion risk
which may occur on-site or off-site. So precautionary measures are essential
while dealing with landfill site operation; landfill design, monitoring, management
and remediation must comply with the following Environmental Goals:

Landfill gas must be controlled in such a way that:
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it does not reach explosive concentrations
Greenhouse gas emissions are minimized
Landfill gas is sustainably utilized
Odorous emissions meet relevant environmental legislation
Airborne impurities, pathogens and toxins do not pose health risk to the
community.
6.3.3. Impact on Vegetation cover and Wildlife Resources
The plot of land selected for the landfill has no significant vegetation cover, and
has already been cleared for crop production. Only few acacia trees are found
dispersed in the crop fields
Proposed enhancement measures
The few trees removed due to the project should be compensated for the
owners in monitory terms, but also replacement trees have to be planted at sites
to be reserved as buffer zone around the landfill. Trees can reduce impacts due
to odor and smell in the premises of the landfill.
6.3.4. Impact on Land resource and Soil Erosion
Plots of land selected as a landfill will be removed from the stock of land
available in the area during the life of the landfill. This plot of land would have
otherwise been put for other productive uses as crop production, animal grazing,
afforestation etc.
The excavation operations both for the landfill, the access roads and other
facilities erection can expose the land surface to erosion effects.
Proposed mitigation measures
 All land is valuable, and the impact of its use as landfill needs to be
sustainable. Proper care of a landfill as a valuable asset should result in
efficient remediation, enabling land to be used for other purposes
following closure. Land management and conservation goals include
diverting waste materials that can be re-used or recycled from landfills to
minimize the loss of capacity, and managing the site to ensure that
unsuitable wastes are not received and that the nature of wastes that are
received is known.

Landfill design, construction, management, monitoring, and remediation
must comply with the following;
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
During construction phase; the land area disturbed should be limited
to the area of land that is essentially required for the facilities’ (the landfill
and access road) construction. Land area exposed to erosion
effects should be rehabilitated by grassing and vegetation cover. Proper
drainage should be provided to minimize soil erosion by runoff
water.

All design, construction and operation activities must be carried out in
accordance with a quality system acceptable to the environmental
conservation goals and objectives.

The land fill must receive only those wastes that cause no harm to the
environment, and due diligence should be exercised in screening
hazardous material from incoming wastes.

The nature and quantity of all wastes received must be known and
recorded.

Landfill space must be used optimally, and valued as a scarce
resource.

Maximize recycling of material to minimize land size required
Operational and post-closure procedures must ensure that the former landfill site
can be used by the community for other beneficial purposes as soon as
practicable after land filling is completed
6.3.5. Public Health and Safety Impacts
The workers engaged on the landfill operation may be exposed to
contamination and water born communicable diseases related to the waste.
Respiratory tract infection can be posed due to odour problem at the site.
Significant odour problems could be caused by the operation of the landfill. The
major odour is due to the rotten organics, garbage and dead animals brought
to the site and are mainly felt during dumping of the waste. The unsanitary
conditions at a poorly managed landfill site can pose filth and odour problem in
the compound.
Odour can also be due to the release of decomposition products of organic
wastes. Gaseous products like methane and carbon Dioxide are produced due
to the anaerobic decomposition of the waste (organic material). These gases
are toxic substance for human health.
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Though there is no major settlement around the proposed landfill site, odour
generated from the site could be a major annoyance to few number of people
and housing units located some kilometers away from the site. The severity of the
odour nuisances could hinder the future development potential of the
neighboring land use. Odour will be realized by the nearby residents when
prevailing winds are towards their residences. The odour from the works will not
travel too far downwind but will definitely affect the surrounding properties.
Contaminated food ingestion may cause for the laborers engaged on the work,
if adequate hand washing is not practiced on regular bases.
Skin disease may be a problem among workers exposed to the waste with bare
hand and body.
To minimize such health hazards, proper safety and precautionary procedures
need to be followed. Measures include; training and awareness creation
programs for workers on safe waste handling and hazards protection measures,
provision of protective cloths and devices like gloves, goggles, protective cloths,
provision of adequate water and soaps for bathing, and adequate bathrooms
to enable them day to day bathing after work, their periodical health checkups,
vaccinations etc. The workers should have free health services and medical
checkups.
Condition maintenance in the landfill is essential for proper and effective
degradation of the pollutants. Monitoring and control of the landfill operation
and process adjustments is required to maintain good operating conditions.
6.3.6. Hazardous and Loss of Amenity
Hazardous wastes pose the most significant management challenge given their
higher potential to cause harm as a result of their:
 flammability
 corrosively
 potential to cause infection
 Reactivity (violently reactive, oxidizing or explosive)
 Toxicity.
Landfills can also cause a localized loss of amenity due to litter, dust, odour,
noise, and vermin problems. Proximity to existing and proposed developments
and the strength and direction of prevailing winds will be key issues in this regard.
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The potential hazards and amenity impacts from landfills include fire, birds, dust,
odour, pests, vermin and litter. Each of these potential impacts may occur onsite or offsite.
Proposed mitigation measures
Landfill design, constructions, monitoring, management and remediation must
comply with the following Environmental Goals:
The waste type received should be checked before acceptance at the landfill.
Hazardous waste should be treated separately and should not be allowed for
direct disposal at municipal waste landfill
Unauthorized entry to the landfill site and to the waste tipping face needs to be
prevented.
Vehicles leaving a landfill site must not distribute litter and site materials in
surrounding streets. Odours, dust, vermin, weeds and litter must be effectively
controlled on-site.
Noise emissions from the landfill operation must be kept to the minimum and
must comply with noise control requirements of the localities.
The landfill site must have adequate fire-fighting plans, equipment and staff to
effectively manage fire outbreaks at any part of the landfill site.
The level and nature of staffing the landfill site must be adequate for
environmentally responsible and safe management of the landfill.
6.3.7. Impacts Due to Bird Strike Hazard
Solid waste, Sludge and liquid waste treatment and disposal sites can attract
bird population in the area and be cause for bird strikes, collision and risk to air
plane if located within takeoff and landing routes. Birds are attracted to feed on
the food available or generated due to the solid waste deposited. The solid
waste furnishes food material and litter for those organisms; pests, vermin and
other bigger wildlife, that in turn attract bird population to grow in the area.
During operation, birds, rats, dogs, mosquitoes, flies and other insects may also
be attracted to (or breed on) removed and disposed fresh waste if left open
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(uncovered). Insects will flourish if weeds and grasses have been allowed to
grow on the inside slopes of ponds. These serve as food for bigger mammals &
birds and encourage their habitation and growth in the premises. Bigger
mammals like hyenas can be attracted to feed on lower and smaller organisms
as well.
The proposed landfill site falls within the minimum distances considered to be
protection zones from waste treatment and landfill operations; 13-kms radius for
international Civil Aviation organization, ( I.C.A.O), 6-kms for The Netherlands and
8-kms for Canada. However, it lies outside of the critical airport approach as well
as takeoff climb out area.
Proposed Mitigation measures
The measures required to limit the number and population of the birds in the
premises of proposed landfill site needs knowledge of situations favouring the
habitation by the hazardous bird groups and species.
Reasons why the landfill site attracts many more birds than the adjacent areas
are because ;A) It creates a convenient foraging site for the birds; the food and
nuisance garbage create favorable condition for insects and worms, ,frogs
mullascs etc. which in turn attract other preys including birds. Grass and trees in
the compound serve as potential feeding, breeding and nesting grounds. B) It
serves as a stopover site for migratory birds. C) Complete close up and
protection of the site from any other disturbance from the outside. This
encourages the birds to come into the site from more disturbed adjacent
localities and safely spend some time in such calm and favorable environment.
Principal contributing factors for the bird presence and population growth in an
area includes;
 Flowers for pollination
 Earthworms, molluscs, ground and flying insects, ants, butterflies, bees, flies,
termites grasshoppers and crickets, larvae, caterpillars;
 Food staff & peelings
 Carrion(dead animals, here including discarded wastes of slaughter
houses);
 Grain ( teff, wheat, maize, etc);
 Grass and herb seeds
 Roosting and perching features(e.g. trees, telegraph wires, buildings,
fence posts)
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Trees(as perches and feeding features);
Nesting sites.
Beehives
Wetland site
Frogs and toads and other aquatic organisms
Therefore, strict monitoring of the landfill operation and site management
measures are required for the safety of the aviation activities in the premises.
Mitigation measures to be adopted for the project implementation should
endeavor to avoid and /or minimize the presence of these favorable conditions
for the birds not to be attracted to the site and for limiting their population
growth. The primary objective of the mitigation measures for limiting bird
attraction to the site should focus on reversing this situation, making the site
unfavorable for birds to inhabit it and breaking their food chain.
This entails upkeep of the sanitary conditions in the compound, creating noise
and movement disturbances, removal of grass and trees in the compound and
its premises etc.
The following are proposed measures to minimize bird population in the
compound;

The damped solid waste should not be left open for long and has to be
covered by soil material on a daily bases.

Clear the grass and any tree covers in the premises and avoid plantation
in the future. Grass heights should be kept as low as possible (below 2030cms), avoid grass growth at dike side walls.

The dispersal of hazardous bird and wildlife species has long been an
important component of any comprehensive wildlife control program.
Common dispersal techniques include pyrotechnics (brilliant display),
propane gas cannons, lasers and acoustic systems.

Arrange regular and frequent patrolling crew along the dikes surrounding
the landfill and in the compound in general by clamping hands or using
other sound producing devices to disturb the birds, not to settle and prey
in the area.
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
Install clearly visible sign posts and reflectors that are repellent to birds from
nearby areas

In cases where the above mentioned measures fail to be effective; plastic
roofing would be used to cover the landfill. This can minimize bird species
that depend on waste and possible organisms in the compound.
Most of the above mentioned measures are cost intensive and increase the
running cost of the project. Thus, strict daily cover application is imperative to
minimize the risk to aviation activity in the area.
6.3.8. Impacts Due to Accidental Fire
Fire accident can be caused either due to flammable materials brought along
with the solid waste or due to gasses (like methane) emitted from the landfill itself
as a decomposition product of the waste.
Fire accident should be prevented by taking the proper measures and
preparatory works in advance; these measures should include controlling type of
waste received at the land fill, preventing gas emissions from the land fill;
assuring quality of design, construction and Operation of the landfill, organizing
adequate fire-fighting capacity and providing adequate staffing and training for
the workers.
The design and construction of landfill should provide properly designed gas
release or collector pipe to minimize fire risk due to gas emission from the
decomposition of the waste.
All fuels or flammable solvents for operational use should be stored in an
appropriately ventilated and secure store. This store should be located on
unfilled land, and all flammable liquids should not be stored full tank, but with
provisions of open volume so that any release of raw or burning fuel would not
cause a fire in the filled waste,
6.3.9. Impacts Due to Traffic load
The traffic load will increase in the rural area where the landfill operates.
Numbers of trucks makes several trips to the plant every day. In addition, those
trucks share the same road route used by heavy trucks and machineries
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operating in the area. The dust pollution and noise disturbance can also pose
some adverse impacts to the workers and to, passerby road users.
Strict traffic regulations should be put in place and traffic signals posted at
critical locations along the route and within the plant compound. Bumpers and
speed breakers need to be constructed at the approach of, and within the
plant compound.
7. Environmental Management and Monitoring plan
The challenge in landfill management is to address environmental concerns by
achieving the environmental goals set out in sections above. The goals are
geared towards:
 preventing water pollution
 Minimizing public health impacts
 Minimizing damages to flora and fauna resources
 preventing air pollution
 promoting responsible land management and conservation
 Minimizing property losses
 Preventing hazards and loss of amenity.
The environmental management for the landfill will be a performance-based site
assessment and management to ensure landfill operators select the most
appropriate and innovative means of meeting the specified environmental
goals. Accordingly, the landfill Environmental Management will have to comply
with the following environmental goals;
 Preventing or mitigating pollution of water by leachate.
 Assuring quality of design, construction and operation
 Assuring quality of incoming waste
 Recording of wastes received
 Minimizing landfill space used
 Controlling gas emission
 Maximization of recycling
 Preventing unauthorized entry
 Preventing degradation of local amenity
 Preventing noise pollution
 Arranging adequate fire-fighting capacity
 organizing adequate staffing and training
 Remediating landfill after closure
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8. Conclusion and recommendation
The solid waste management in the town is poor. Waste disposal at open fields
and at lake shores have caused environmental pollution, public health problems
and aesthetic impacts in the town.
Attempts are being made by the
municipality to improve the collection of Solid waste from domestic sources.
There are some improvements regarding
the collection; communal storage
tanks/skips coverage is increasing, houses to house collection is better performed
by private/ micro enterprises. The participation of micro enterprises in collection
service provision is assisting the municipality regarding house to house collection.
The solid waste disposal, however, is posing significant adverse impacts to the
public health and safety as well as to the environmental resources. Both
household and industrial wastes are seen disposed at lakeshores, in open ditches
and open fields. The existing dumping site at Golba in Kebele 05 area is also
creating treats to public health and to aviation safety. The site is very close to the
flight route of the Debrezeit Air Force camp and falls within the takeoff/ landing
routes of the airplanes. The area is also being populated and new developments
including condominium houses are under contraction in the premises. The site is,
therefore, not suitable as waste disposal place.
The currently selected site avoids most of the problems currently observed on the
existing disposal sites.
The landfills design, construction and operation have to be done to the
satisfaction of the standard norms for environmental conservation, public health
and safety.
The operation and maintenances of the landfill should be strictly monitored and
appropriate measures be taken. Bird population has to be controlled by
employing the necessary mitigation measures.
So it is recommended that capacitating all the actors in the project
implementation is essential for the effectiveness and sustainability of the facility
provided. Well established environmental management plan and operational
guidelines have to be developed for the workers to follow.
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1. Socio-Economic Impact Assessment
1.1. Abbreviated resettlement plan
1.1.1. Brief description of the project
The projects to design the design of solid waste management in the form of
sanitary landfill. To date, MS Consultancy is providing the services of
experienced and capable engineering consultants for the preparation of the
project designs, specifications and bills of quantities, preparation of the bidding
documents, bid evaluation as well as the supervision and management of the
construction of the liquid waste treatment plant.
This is in response to the ULDGP the third phase of joint collaboration between
the World Bank and Ethiopian Government to support urban development, and
create a new fiscal instrument in the form of a specific purpose grant (SPG) to
urban local Government.
Cognizant of these facts, the socio economic feasibility study of this project
examined the construction of the sanitary landfill would result in the resettlement
of 89 people from the site. The site is located at Golba area of Bishotu town
Hence, as the RPF process require this is an abbreviated resettlement plan as the
affected population is lesser than 100.
In general, an overview of the identification/review RPF process proposed under
this RPF to address specifically land impacts and displacement/resettlement
needs at subproject level. These are
1. Environmental baseline assessment needs at subproject level
2. Land impact identified (.i.e. 10 -100 individuals affected)
3. Census of affected people and assets
4. Development of an abbreviated resettlement plan (ARP)
5. Review and approval of the ARP
2. Sub project land needs
2.1. Land needs
The construction of sanitary landfill requires about 10ha of land under current
implementation. In addition as the facility does not allow settlement of people
less than 500 meters, in addition sufficient buffer distance have to be provided.
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Bishoftu Solid Waste Management Project
Environmental & Socio-Economic Impact Assessments
& Safeguards
3. Census survey of displaced persons
3.1. Methodology
The study followed with Abbreviated Resettlement plan (WB) Methodology.
These are some procedures followed with establish the Methodology
1. Contact opinion groups /elderly/ from site
2. Identified the households to be affected
3. Conduct observation of records of Kebeles household sheet
4. Verify composition of households
5. Undertake estimate of plots
6. Undertake estimate of house construction
7. Undertake estimate of livelihood
8. Undertake estimate of trees/fences
9. Analyze quantitative/qualitative data
10. Submit findings to stakeholders
3.2. Results
Over all, the census revealed 36 households are affected. These give
compensation of house reconstruction, compensation of farming/grazing land,
compensation of livelihood, and some degree of assets.
The assessment was conducted for 15 days. The consultants have made use of
triangulation of methods to collect baseline data on heads and composition of
household.
Further, the FGD of informants (elderly from site) benefited to gain participatory
planning and implementation of the resettlement process. These farmers are
also in consensus to involve in some jobs as the construction process demands.
3.4. Affected assets with partially affected households
The inventory of households that can be affected by the project is annexed in
this report. The actual facility construction site is on farm land owned by these
household.
3.5. Socio economic features of affected peoples’ livelihoods
All of these farmers dwell on farming on the plot. Only some of households have
more sources of income that is working in the vicinity industrial zone and
construction activity. Moreover, some families are female headed households.
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Bishoftu Solid Waste Management Project
Environmental & Socio-Economic Impact Assessments
& Safeguards
In addition most of the households contain extended families.
The annual crop is Teff (900Br/ quintal)) and perennials are wheat (600Br quintal)
and beans (250). An average household produce five quintals of teff, three
quintals of wheat, and a quintal of bean every year.
The average household gets about 1000Birr from sale of Teff.
4. Description of compensation and other resettlement
assistance
The compensation type, quantity, the eligible population, time and financial
framework of this ARP reveals to include the following items for 36 household
living in Gare Baru within three months of time compensation for land acquisition
and resettlement of people in the coming two to three years.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Compensation of land acquisition
Resettlement land development
Disturbance allowance
Compensation of house reconstruction
Compensation of livelihood restoration measures
These people are considered in 36households.
5. Consultation with displaced people
Prior to conduct finalization of assessment of procedures of estimate and
determine affected household and assets, the consultation meeting with the
affected people unraveled key features of challenges attached to livelihood of
the present socio economic activities at Gare Baru. These are needs, priorities,
and capabilities of the local people with respect to the abbreviated
resettlement plan.
5.1. Needs assessment
The households’ needs assessment uncovered lack of adequate conditions of
improved farming practices. But currently the rain is good and they are
expecting a very good yield. The people need the government to do
everything possible to compensate their farmland, as far the land is required for
development activity by the municipality they expressed their willingness to
sacrifice their farmland.
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Bishoftu Solid Waste Management Project
Environmental & Socio-Economic Impact Assessments
& Safeguards
5.2 .Priorities
Findings from assessment of perceived accessibilities to basic services and
related problems marked water supply accessible.
5.3. The capabilities
In order to settle on the capabilities of these farmers with respect to resettlement
the World Bank standard Abbreviated Resettlement Plan is administered.
6. Procedures for grievance redress
These procedures required identifying legal arrangements for regulating tenure
and transferring titles to resettles at local level. To this end, the ARP has
undertaken the gathering of these legally binding documents from the City
administration.
7. Monitoring and evaluation
The financial and activities reporting system plays the significant role for the
smooth implementation of the abbreviated resettlement plan.
Thus, the City administration, the Kedida Kebele administration, the Gare Baru
community police office, and representatives of household heads, affected
households will seat together and evaluate the implementation progress every
15 days. It is expected the implementation phase lasts one month including
integration to host communities.
The project component that gives rise to compensation of land and
resettlement is the construction of sanitary landfill at GareBaru
The Sanitary landfill construction affects about 36 household, prioritization of
construction activity is as shown on the implementation plan,
The involvement of local people from the initial planning stage will reduce the
anticipated impact on social assets of the relocated households and land to be
compensated. These households have pledged to give some services for this
construction through providing labor and site security services.
Further, these efforts bring about sense of ownership among the local people;
minimize an abrupt social disintegration, and efficient and effective
implementation of the project with less socio economic, political and legal
impediments.
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Bishoftu Solid Waste Management Project
Environmental & Socio-Economic Impact Assessments
& Safeguards
8. Institutional responsibilities and arrangement for
implementation
The investigation identified the City administration, the Gare Baru kebele, and
administrations are the major institutions to implement the abbreviated
resettlement plan.
The City administration
 Verify the estimate and procedures with the consultants
 Submit the proposal to funding agency
 Address the Gare Baru rural kebele on Abbreviated resettlement plan
The Gare Baru Rural Kebele
 Contact the selected affected households
 Engage in with these households and determine the affected household
and livelihoods
 Set out the financial and time frame work of implementation
The Local Administration
 Conduct the implementation with the household heads of affected
households
 Submit timely progress report to stakeholders
Time Table (Tentative)
Activities/period
1st week
2nd week
3rd week
4th week
5th week
1.Set
up
committee/address
the Kebeles
2.Exceute
compensation
3.Claim registration
4.Uprooting
of
holdings
and
commencement of
works
8.1. Budget
As the land ownership is scattered, there is no need to provide the entire
affected households name, but only estimates of farm land for budgeting is
presented here, accordingly there is a need to compensate at least 13ha of for
early planning. Thus the amount of compensation money to be allocated is
2,340,000.00 Birr. But there is a genuine need to relocate the surrounding
residents in the coming years. And accordingly the total budget might reach
about 7 million Birr.
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Bishoftu Solid Waste Management Project
Environmental & Socio-Economic Impact Assessments
& Safeguards
The detail break dawn and assumptions in calculating the compensation is
shown in the following tables.
8.2. Methodology
As per the data obtained from Bishoftu Municipality, the compensation
package for land compensation is to calculate the productivity of land for 10
years, five years for Teff production and five years for wheat production. In
addition we have also considered other hidden costs in the compensation
package as shown in the table below. Further, we have considered the 38
households to be relocated in the long run, and cost of house construction for
average condominium is considered in the estimation of the compensation
costs.
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Bishoftu Solid Waste Management Project
Environmental & Socio-Economic Impact Assessments
& Safeguards
Table A: Total Cost & Template itemization of an Abbreviated resettlement Plan
budget
No.
Item (break down and
Ethiopian Birr
USD
%
detail as appropriate)
A.
COMPENSATION
2,340,000
A1
Compensation
for
land
acquisition
A2
Compensation
for Not
destruction and damage to expected
crops
A3
Compensation for structures
No structures
A4
Disturbance allowance
Not
considered
Total compensation
B
B1
2,340,000.00
Resettlement: Phase:2
Housing construction
Long Term Resettlement
3,800,000
Total Resettlement
3,800,000.00
C
C1
Additional mitigations
Livelihood
restoration
measures
C2
C3
Vulnerable groups
Coordination of additional
mitigations
C4
Grievance management
Total Additional mitigations
50,000.00
D
D1
Implementation costs
Surveying and asset preidentification
D2
D3
Valuation
Coordination
supervision
D4
D5
D6
Legal advice
Monitoring
Evaluation
and
works
10,000.00
16,800.00
20,000.00
10,000.00
10,000.00
Total implementation
E
30,000.00
96,800.00
CONTINGENCIES%
GRAND TOTAL
100,000.00
6,737,800.00
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Estimated
Bishoftu Solid Waste Management Project
Environmental & Socio-Economic Impact Assessments
& Safeguards
Table B: Estimation of Total Land Compensation Cost
Area m2
Compensation Item
Total Land Area Intended for
Project
Price of Teff for 5 year
Annual
Yield(Qntl)
240000
480
5 Year
Production
2400
5 Year Price
1,920,000.00
Price of Wheat for 5 year
Annual
Yield
960
5 Year
Production
5 Year Price
Total
Amount for
10 Yr
4800
2,400,000.00
4,320,000.00
Assumptions
*: Annual Teff yield is 0.002quintals/m2
: Annual Wheat yield is 0.004quintals/m2
: Price of Teff is 800 Birr/quintal
: Price of Wheat is 500 Birr/quintal
But the municipality expressed their frustration that they might not have the money to pay for all the area and
requested to reduce the area to the current project requirements. Accordingly the consultant rerouted and
delineated about 13ha of land, and this will reduce the compensation by about half and is estimated at
2,340,000.00 Birr.
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Bishoftu Solid Waste Management Project
Environmental & Socio-Economic Impact Assessments
& Safeguards
9. Conclusions and Recommendations
The Project executing parties: the City Administration, The Financer, the
Consultant, and other stakeholders should collectively work to minimize the
social impacts. And implement all the recommendations of the study team and
standard practices.
The public awareness creation and community participation is a key to
successful solid waste management system. Thus; community participation
should be considered as a core component by all stakeholders both during
valuation and compensation and post construction and monitoring stages.
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