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Table S4. Mitochondrial nucleotide diversity π in elasmobranchs. Regional scale corresponds to indices calculated for populations
including samples from a geographic area that extend from a river system up to an ocean basin. Worldwide scale corresponds to indices
calculated for populations including samples from at least two ocean basins.
Order
Family
Common Name
Species
Marker
CR
Regional
scale
0.00150.0054
0.00110.0020
0.0018
Squaliformes
Squalidae
Spiny Dogfish
Squalus acanthias
ND2
Squaliformes
Centrophoridae
Somniosidae
Squaliformes
Somniosidae
Centrophorus
squamosus
Centroscymnus
coelolepis
Somniosus antarcticus
ND2
Squaliformes
Squaliformes
Somniosidae
Leafscale Gulper
Shark
Portuguese
Dogfish
Southern Sleeper
Shark
Greenland Shark
Squaliformes
Somniosidae
Rajiformes
Rajiformes
Pristidae
Pristidae
Rajiformes
Rajiformes
Pristidae
Rhinobatidae
Rajiformes
Rhinobatidae
Rajiformes
Rajiformes
Rajiformes
Rajiformes
Rajidae
Rajidae
Rajidae
Rajidae
Pacific Sleeper
Shark
Dwarf Sawfish
Largetooth
Sawfish
Green Sawfish
Shovelnose
Guitarfish
Banded
Guitarfish
Thorny Skate
Common Skate
Longnose Skate
Thornback Skate
Rajiformes
Rajiformes
Rajidae
Dasyatidae
Biscuit Skate
Red Stingray
Global
scale
0.0086
Source
0.0018
Veríssimo et al. 2012
CytB
0.0023
Murray et al. 2008
Somniosus
microcephalus
Somniosus pacificus
CytB
0.0022
Murray et al. 2008
CytB
Murray et al. 2008
Pristis clavata
Pristis pristis
CR
CR
0.00310.0043
0.0040
0.0044
Pristis zijsron
Rhinobatos productus
CR
CR
Phillips et al. 2011
Sandoval-Castillo et al. 2004
Zapteryx exasperata
CR/ND2
0.0036
0.01060.0131
0.0011
Amblyraja radiata
Dipturus batis
Dipturus oxyrinchus
Raja clavata
CytB
CR
CR
CR
Chevolot et al. 2007
Griffiths et al. 2010
Griffiths et al. 2011
Pasolini et al. 2011
Raja straeleni
Dasyatis akajei
CR
CR
0.009
0.01774
0.00223
0.00140.0039
0.0025
0.00210.0084
Veríssimo et al. 2010
Veríssimo et al. 2011
Phillips et al. 2011
Phillips et al. 2011
Castillo-Páez et al. 2014
Pasolini et al. 2011
Li et al. (in press)
Rajiformes
Dasyatidae
Shorttail Stingray
Dasyatis brevicaudata
CR
Rajiformes
Potamotrygonidae
Discus Ray
Paratrygon aiereba
ND6
Rajiformes
Myliobatidae
Spotted Eagle Ray
CytB
Rajiformes
Myliobatidae
Spotted Eagle Ray
ND4
0.0085
Schluessel et al. 2010
Rajiformes
Rhinopteridae
ND2
0.00255
Orectolobiformes
Ginglymostomatidae
Pacific Cownose
Ray
Nurse Shark
CR
0.0008
Stegostomatidae
Rhincodontidae
Zebra Shark
Whale Shark
0.00010.0005
0-0.0038
0.0040.007
0.005
00.00213
0-0.003
0.001130.00360
00.00334
00.00149
0.00130.0014
0.00855
Sandoval-Castillo & RochaOlivares 2011
Karl et al. 2012
Orectolobiformes
Orectolobiformes
Aetobatus ocellatus
(as A. narinari)
Aetobatus ocellatus
(as A. narinari)
Rhinoptera
steindachneri
Ginglymostoma
cirratum
Stegostoma fasciatum
Rhincodon typus
0.00030.0019
0.00530.0349
0.0126
0.0014
0.011
Dudgeon et al. 2009
Castro et al. 2007
0.004
Ramírez-Macías et al. 2007
Ahonen et al. 2009
ND4
CR
Lamniformes
Odontaspididae
Grey Nurse Shark
Carcharias taurus
CR
CR
Lamniformes
Alopiidae
Alopias pelagicus
CR
CR
Lamniformes
Alopiidae
Alopias superciliosus
CR
Lamniformes
Alopiidae
Alopias vulpinus
CR
Lamniformes
Cetorhinidae
Pelagic Thresher
Shark
Bigeye Thresher
Shark
Common
Thresher Shark
Basking Shark
Cetorhinus maximus
CR
Lamniformes
Lamnidae
White Shark
Carcharodon carcharias
CR
Carcharhiniformes
Scyliorhinidae
Dark Shyshark
Haploblepharus pictus
COXI
Carcharhiniformes
Triakidae
School Shark
Galeorhinus galeus
CR
Carcharhiniformes
Triakidae
Narrownose
Mustelus schmitti
CytB
0.0030.053
0.0010.002
0.0015
0.0009
Le Port & Lavery 2012
Frederico et al. 2012
Schluessel et al. 2010
Stow et al. 2006
Trejo 2005
0.00166
Trejo 2005
0.00094
Trejo 2005
0.0013
Hoelzel et al. 2006
Blower et al. 2012
McLachlan 2011
0.007
Chabot & Allen 2009
Pereyra et al. 2010
Carcharhiniformes
Carcharhiniformes
Triakidae
Carcharhinidae
Smoothhound
Leopard Shark
Pigeye Shark
Carcharhiniformes
Carcharhinidae
Bronze Whaler
Carcharhiniformes
Carcharhinidae
Carcharhiniformes
Carcharhiniformes
Carcharhiniformes
CR
ND4
Spinner Shark
Triakis semifasciata
Carcharhinus
amboinensis
Carcharhinus
brachyurus
Carcharhinus brevipinna
Carcharhiniformes
Carcharhinidae
Sandbar Shark
Carcharhinus plumbeus
CR
Carcharhiniformes
Carcharhinidae
Dusky Shark
Carcharhinus obscurus
CR
Carcharhiniformes
Carcharhinidae
Glyphis garricki
Carcharhiniformes
Carcharhinidae
Northern River
Shark
Speartooth Shark
Carcharhiniformes
Carcharhinidae
Negaprion acutidens
Carcharhiniformes
Carcharhinidae
Sharptooth
Lemon Shark
Lemon Shark
COXI
CR
COXI
CR
CR
Negaprion brevirostris
CR
Carcharhiniformes
Carcharhinidae
Milk Shark
Rhizoprionodon acutus
ND4
Carcharhiniformes
Carcharhinidae
Rhizoprionodon lalandii
CR
Carcharhiniformes
Carcharhinidae
Brazilian
Sharpnose Shark
Caribbean
0.0067
0.00320.0089
0.000370.00203
0.00100.0016
0.0009
0.0028
0.000070.00151
0.000350.00282
0.00214
0.000460.00712
0.001610.00468
0.000890.00466
0
0
0
0
00.00185
00.00099
0.002090.00390
0.00484
Carcharhinidae
Carcharhinidae
Silky Shark
Bull Shark
Carcharhinus falciformis
Carcharhinus leucas
CR
CR
ND4/CR
Carcharhinidae
Blacktip Shark
Carcharhinus limbatus
CR
Rhizoprionodon porosus
CR
0.00278
CR
ND4
CR
ND4
Glyphis glyphis
Lewallen et al. 2007
Tillett et al. 2012a
0.016
Benavides et al. 2011a
0.0013
Geraghty et al. 2013
Galván-Tirado et al. 2013
Karl et al. 2011
Tillett et al. 2012b
0.00214
Keeney et al. 2005
0.00226
Keeney & Heist 2006
Ovenden et al. 2011
0.00475
Portnoy et al. 2010
0.005
Benavides et al. 2011b
0.00056
Wynen et al. 2009
Wynen et al. 2009
Wynen et al. 2009
Wynen et al. 2009
Schultz et al. 2008
0.00585
Schultz et al. 2008
Ovenden et al. 2011
Mendonça et al. 2009
Mendonça et al. 2011
Carcharhiniformes
Carcharhinidae
Carcharhiniformes
Sphyrnidae
Sharpnose Shark
Whitetip Reef
Shark
Scalloped
Hammerhead
Triaenodon obesus
CR
0-0.004
0.00213
Whitney et al. 2012
Sphyrna lewini
CR
0-0.0110
0.0130
Duncan et al. 2006
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(Carcharias taurus). Molecular Ecology 18, 4409-4421.
Benavides MT, Feldheim KA, Duffy CA, et al. (2011a) Phylogeography of the copper shark (Carcharhinus brachyurus) in the southern
hemisphere: implications for the conservation of a coastal apex predator. Marine and Freshwater Research 62, 861-869.
Benavides MT, Horn RL, Feldheim KA, et al. (2011b) Global phylogeography of the dusky shark Carcharhinus obscurus: implications for
fisheries management and monitoring the shark fin trade. Endangered Species Research 14, 13-22.
Blower DC, Pandolfi JM, Bruce BD, Gomez-Cabrera MdC, Ovenden JR (2012) Population genetics of Australian white sharks reveals finescale spatial structure, transoceanic dispersal events and low effective population sizes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 455, 229244.
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Shallow Mitochondrial Phylogeny in the Banded Guitarfish, Zapteryx exasperata (Jordan y Gilbert, 1880), from the Northern
Mexican Pacific. Journal of Heredity 105, 91-100.
Castro A, Stewart B, Wilson S, et al. (2007) Population genetic structure of Earth's largest fish, the whale shark (Rhincodon typus).
Molecular Ecology 16, 5183-5192.
Chabot C, Allen L (2009) Global population structure of the tope (Galeorhinus galeus) inferred by mitochondrial control region sequence
data. Molecular Ecology 18, 545-552.
Chevolot M, Wolfs PH, Pálsson J, Rijnsdorp AD, Stam WT, Olsen JL (2007) Population structure and historical demography of the thorny
skate (Amblyraja radiata, Rajidae) in the North Atlantic. Marine Biology 151, 1275-1286.
Dudgeon C, Broderick D, Ovenden J (2009) IUCN classification zones concord with, but underestimate, the population genetic structure
of the zebra shark Stegostoma fasciatum in the Indo‐West Pacific. Molecular Ecology 18, 248-261.
Duncan K, Martin A, Bowen B, De Couet H (2006) Global phylogeography of the scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini).
Molecular Ecology 15, 2239-2251.
Frederico RG, Farias IP, Araújo MLGd, Charvet-Almeida P, Alves-Gomes JA (2012) Phylogeography and conservation genetics of the
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Ichthyology 10, 71-80.
Galván-Tirado C, Díaz-Jaimes P, García-de León FJ, Galván-Magaña F, Uribe-Alcocer M (2013) Historical demography and genetic
differentiation inferred from the mitochondrial DNA of the silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis) in the Pacific Ocean. Fisheries
Research 147, 36-46.
Geraghty PT, Williamson JE, Macbeth WG, et al. (2013) Population expansion and genetic structure in Carcharhinus brevipinna in the
southern Indo-Pacific. Plos One 8, e75169.
Griffiths AM, Sims DW, Cotterell SP, et al. (2010) Molecular markers reveal spatially segregated cryptic species in a critically endangered
fish, the common skate (Dipturus batis). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, 1497-1503.
Griffiths AM, Sims DW, Johnson A, et al. (2011) Levels of connectivity between longnose skate (Dipturus oxyrinchus) in the
Mediterranean Sea and the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean. Conservation Genetics 12, 577-582.
Hoelzel AR, Shivji MS, Magnussen J, Francis MP (2006) Low worldwide genetic diversity in the basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus).
Biology Letters 2, 639-642.
Karl S, Castro A, Lopez J, Charvet P, Burgess G (2011) Phylogeography and conservation of the bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas) inferred
from mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA. Conservation Genetics 12, 371-382.
Karl SA, Castro AL, Garla RC (2012) Population genetics of the nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) in the western Atlantic. Marine
Biology 159, 489-498.
Keeney D, Heist E (2006) Worldwide phylogeography of the blacktip shark (Carcharhinus limbatus) inferred from mitochondrial DNA
reveals isolation of western Atlantic populations coupled with recent Pacific dispersal. Molecular Ecology 15, 3669-3679.
Keeney D, Heupel M, Hueter R, Heist E (2005) Microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA analyses of the genetic structure of blacktip shark
(Carcharhinus limbatus) nurseries in the northwestern Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea. Molecular Ecology 14, 19111923.
Le Port A, Lavery S (2012) Population structure and phylogeography of the short-tailed stingray, Dasyatis brevicaudata (Hutton 1875),
in the Southern Hemisphere. Journal of Heredity 103, 174-185.
Lewallen EA, Anderson TW, Bohonak AJ (2007) Genetic structure of leopard shark (Triakis semifasciata) populations in California
waters. Marine Biology 152, 599-609.
Li N, Chen X, Sun D, Song N, Lin Q, Gao T (In press) Phylogeography and population structure of the red stingray, Dasyatis akajei inferred
by mitochondrial control region. Mitochondrial DNA 0, 1-9.
McLachlan (2011) Comparative phylogeography of the catshark, Haploblepharus pictus and its nematode parasite, Proleptus
obtusus, University of Stellenbosch.
Mendonça FF, Oliveira C, Gadig OB, Foresti F (2011) Phylogeography and genetic population structure of Caribbean sharpnose shark
Rhizoprionodon porosus. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 21, 799-814.
Mendonça FF, Oliveira C, Gadig OBF, Foresti F (2009) Populations analysis of the Brazilian Sharpnose Shark Rhizoprionodon lalandii
(Chondrichthyes: Carcharhinidae) on the São Paulo coast, Southern Brazil: inferences from mt DNA sequences. Neotropical
Ichthyology 7, 213-216.
Murray BW, Wang JY, Yang S-C, Stevens JD, Fisk A, Svavarsson J (2008) Mitochondrial cytochrome b variation in sleeper sharks
(Squaliformes: Somniosidae). Marine Biology 153, 1015-1022.
Ovenden JR, Morgan JA, Street R, et al. (2011) Negligible evidence for regional genetic population structure for two shark species
Rhizoprionodon acutus (Rüppell, 1837) and Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith, 1834) with contrasting biology. Marine Biology 158,
1497-1509.
Pasolini P, Ragazzini C, Zaccaro Z, et al. (2011) Quaternary geographical sibling speciation and population structuring in the Eastern
Atlantic skates (suborder Rajoidea) Raja clavata and R. straeleni. Marine Biology 158, 2173-2186.
Pereyra S, García G, Miller P, Oviedo S, Domingo A (2010) Low genetic diversity and population structure of the narrownose shark
(Mustelus schmitti). Fisheries Research 106, 468-473.
Phillips NM, Chaplin JA, Morgan DL, Peverell SC (2011) Population genetic structure and genetic diversity of three critically endangered
Pristis sawfishes in Australian waters. Marine Biology 158, 903-915.
Portnoy DS, McDowell JR, Heist EJ, Musick JA, Graves JE (2010) World phylogeography and male‐mediated gene flow in the sandbar
shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus. Molecular Ecology 19, 1994-2010.
Ramírez-Macías D, Vázquez-Juárez R, Galván-Magaña F, Munguía-Vega A (2007) Variations of the mitochondrial control region sequence
in whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) from the Gulf of California, Mexico. Fisheries Research 84, 87-95.
Sandoval-Castillo J, Rocha-Olivares A (2011) Deep mitochondrial divergence in Baja California populations of an aquilopelagic
elasmobranch: the golden cownose ray. Journal of Heredity 102, 269-274.
Sandoval-Castillo J, Rocha-Olivares A, Villavicencio-Garayzar C, Balart E (2004) Cryptic isolation of Gulf of California shovelnose
guitarfish evidenced by mitochondrial DNA. Marine Biology 145, 983-988.
Schluessel V, Broderick D, Collin S, Ovenden J (2010) Evidence for extensive population structure in the white‐spotted eagle ray within
the Indo‐Pacific inferred from mitochondrial gene sequences. Journal of zoology 281, 46-55.
Schultz J, Feldheim K, Gruber S, Ashley M, McGovern T, Bowen B (2008) Global phylogeography and seascape genetics of the lemon
sharks (genus Negaprion). Molecular Ecology 17, 5336-5348.
Stow A, Zenger K, Briscoe D, et al. (2006) Isolation and genetic diversity of endangered grey nurse shark (Carcharias taurus)
populations. Biology Letters 2, 308-311.
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contemporary gene flow in the pig-eye shark, Carcharhinus amboinensis across northern Australia. Conservation Genetics 13, 99115.
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Journal of Fish Biology 80, 2140-2158.
Trejo T (2005) Global phylogeography of the thresher sharks (Alopias spp.) inferred from mitochondrial DNA control region sequences,
California State University Monterey Bay.
Veríssimo A, McDowell J, Graves J (2010) Global population structure of the spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias, a temperate shark with an
antitropical distribution. Molecular Ecology 19, 1651-1662.
Veríssimo A, McDowell J, Graves J (2012) Genetic population structure and connectivity in a commercially exploited and wide-ranging
deepwater shark, the leafscale gulper (Centrophorus squamosus). Marine and Freshwater Research 63, 505-512.
Veríssimo A, McDowell JR, Graves JE (2011) Population structure of a deep-water squaloid shark, the Portuguese dogfish
(Centroscymnus coelolepis). ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil 68, 555-563.
Whitney NM, Robbins WD, Schultz JK, Bowen BW, Holland KN (2012) Oceanic dispersal in a sedentary reef shark (Triaenodon obesus):
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