AP Biology – Ms. Whipple 2014
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Date: _______________
Study Guide
Campbell Biology Unit 3: Genetics
Chapter 13: Meiosis & Sexual Life Cycles
Section 13.1
 What is a Gene? What is the Locus for a Gene?
 Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction
 Haploid vs. Diploid Cells
 Sex Chromosomes & Autosomes; what are Homologous Chromosomes? From whom did you reach each?
Section 13.2 & 13.3
 What is the Human sexual life cycle? How and where do we produce gametes? What happens during fertilization and initial formation of a zygote?
 What happens during Meiosis I & Meiosis II? How are they different from each other?
 What is crossing over? When does it occur?
Chapter 14: Mendel & The Gene Idea
Section 14.1-14.4
 What is the Law of Segregation? Alleles? How did Mendel discover this?
 Dominant vs. Recessive Alleles
 Genotype vs. Phenotype; How do you write Genotypic Ratio & Phenotypic Ratio during
Genetics problems?
 Homozygous vs Heterozygous; what is meant by the term True-breeding?
 What is the Law of Independent Assortment?
 What is the Multiplication rule? Addition Rule? How would you use them in Genetics
Problems?
 Incomplete Dominance vs. Co-dominance? Give me an example of each
 How does blood type show Multiple Alleles?
 What is Pleiotropy? Give me an example
 What is Epistasis? Give me an example
 What is a Pedigree? How & why is it used to study Humans?
 What factors would make someone a carrier of a disease?
 What are Multifactorial Characters? Why are they so difficult to study?
 What Genetic testing options are available for couples looking to have children? Know at least one
Chapter 15: Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
Section 15.1-15.3 & 15.5
 What is the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance? What evidence supports it?
 How were Wild Type and Mutant Fruit flies used to show chromosomal inheritance through sex-linked genes?
 What is a Sex-Linked Gene? How are they passed to both male & female offspring?
 What is X-Inactivation in females?

AP Biology – Ms. Whipple 2014
 Review: How does Crossing Over and Independent Assortment guide the recombination of non-linked Genes?
 What are Linked Genes? How is their inheritance different from non-linked genes?
 How was a Genetic Linkage Map created from recombination rates of Linked Genes?
What are the map units? What are the limits to this?
 What is Non-Disjunction? What are the results of this happening during gametogenesis?
 How can a Chromosome be altered: Deletion; Duplication; Inversion; and Translocation.
What can result from any of these mutations occurring?
 What causes Down syndrome?
Chapter 16: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Section 16.1-16.2
 How did scientists discover that DNA was the molecule of Inheritance? What did
Griffith and Hershey & Chase discover in their experiments?
 How was the molecular structure of DNA discovered? How did Watson, Crick and
Franklin contribute to this discovery?
 What is the molecular structure of DNA? Double Helix; Anti-Parallel, Base Pair
Matching. What are the Nucleotide base pairs and how do they bond?
 What is the Semi-Conservative Model of DNA Replication? How did Meselson & Stahl provide evidence for this model?
 What are Origins of Replication and the process of DNA Replication? Know the functions of each of the following enzymes: Helicase; Primase; DNA Polymerase; DNA
Ligase; Nuclease; Telomerase
Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein
Section 17.1-17.6
 What is Gene Expression?
 Describe the processes of Transcription in the Nucleus & Translation at the Ribosomes.
 Development of one gene – one polypeptide theory.
 What is the Template Strand? How is it read?
 What is a Codon? Know how to translate an mRNA sequence using a decoder. How are amino acids bonded together to make polypeptide chains and then proteins?
 What is a Reading Frame ? Why is this so important when it comes to sending messages?
 Mutation: What is a mutation? Types of Mutations: Point Mutation; Nucleotide Pair
Substitution - Silent Mutation; Missense Mutation; Nonsense Mutation. Frameshift mutations: Insertions & Deletions.
Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression
Section 18.2
 Regulation of Eukaryotic Gene Expression: Epigenetics (Histone Acetylation & DNA methylation); DNA Control Elements & Enhancers; Alternate RNA splicing
Section 18.4
 Differentiation of cells and Morphogenesis (giving rise to body shape)
 Cytoplasmic Determinants in unfertilized egg regulating expression and cell type.
 Induction of embryonic cells.
 How to know Differentiation has occurred: Tissue Specific Proteins!
 Pattern Formation and Positional Information for body shape.

AP Biology – Ms. Whipple 2014
Chapter 19: Viruses
Section 19.1-19.2
 Discovery of Viruses – Tobacco Mosaic Virus
 Structure of Viruses – Capsid; Genetic Material, maybe a Viral envelope
 How does a Virus attack??
 What is the Host Range of a Virus?
 What is a Phage? (also called Bacteriophage)
 Lytic Vs. Lysogenic Cycles
 RetroViruses: What are they? How does HIV attack a person’s immune system?
 Vaccines: How do they work?
Chapter 20: Biotechnology
Section 20.1-20.2
 What is Genetic Engineering? How is it helpful for society?
 What is recombinant DNA? How is it made? (Know each step and enzyme!!)
 DNA Technology: Methods to know (especially know when and why you would use each!!) o Cloning a eukaryotic gene into a bacterial plasmid. How does this create the
Genomic Library?
o What is a BAC? How is it used?
o cDNA: What is it? How is it used?
o Nucleic Acid Hybridization using a nucleic acid probe.
o Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) o Gel Electrophoresis o Southern Blotting o Northern Blotting o DNA Microarray Assays o Genome Wide Studies and SNPs: how are they used as genetic markers?
Chi Square Analysis
Know how to use equation if given experimental data:
Comparing DNA Sequences
Review DNA Sequencing Lab and be prepared to analyze DNA fragments to create a cladogram.