NAME: ____________________
Your Biology 30
Reproduction
Handbook
Biology 30
Reproduction Handbook
Page 1
Male Reproductive
Anatomy
Biology 30
Reproduction Handbook
Page 2
Biology 30
Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System
• External genitalia
–
___________ and _______________
• Internal Reproductive Organs
–
Pair of gonads
• Produce ______________ (sperm cells)
• Produce ______________
–
Accessory glands
• Secret products essential to sperm movement
–
Set of ducts
• Carry sperm and glandular secretions.
• Penis
–
–
Composed of 3 cylinders of spongy tissue.
During sexual arousal, tissue fills with ____________ from the
arteries
• The increasing pressure seals off the veins that drain the penis
– Result = penis engorges with blood = erection
–
The tip (Glans) is covered by a fold of skin called the foreskin,
which may be removed by ________________
• A tradition with _______________ roots.
• No verifiable health or hygienic advantage.
• Scrotum
–
–
Sac which contains testes
Regulates temperature of testes by contraction of ___________
_____________.
• Cold = contracts
– Brings testes close to body to warm up.
• Warm = relaxes
• Goal = keep testes 3o below normal body temperature.
Biology 30
Reproduction Handbook
Page 3
• Testes
–
Stored in scrotum
• Before birth, testes develop in the _______________ and then migrate down a canal
into scrotum around ___________________.
–
Sperm producing organ
• Made in tightly coiled tubes called _______________________ inside testes
• Sperm produced is not fully mature when it leaves testis (not motile yet)
–
Source of male hormone testosterone
–
Deposits sperm into _______________
• Made by interstitial cells scattered between the seminiferous tubules
• Epididymis
– Coiled tubes
– About ___________ long!!
– Posterior to the testis
– _________ sperm
– Site of further ____________
• Gains motility
–
–
Contracts during ejaculation, expelling sperm into ____________
Sperm can be store here for months
• If not ejaculated, will eventually be phagocytized
• Vas Deferens
–
Muscular tubes that carry sperm from epididymis to
______________ duct (and eventually the urethra)
• Peristalsis
–
Urethra drains both the ___________ system and the
reproductive system
• Not the case in females
• Ejaculatory Duct
–
–
Connects seminal vesicle to urethra
Passes through prostate gland
• Seminal Vesicle
–
–
Lies below and behind bladder
Secretes thick, clear fluid into ejaculatory duct
• ___% volume of semen (the fluid that is ejaculated)
• _____________ – to neutralize acidic pH of vagina
• _____________ – used for energy by sperm
Biology 30
Reproduction Handbook
Page 4
• Prostaglandins – chemical messengers which, once in female,
stimulate uterine peristalsis to help _____________________________
• Proteins – cause semen to _______________ after it is deposited in
the female, making it easier for the uterine contractions to move the
semen
• Prostate Gland
–
–
Doughnut shaped gland which surrounds urethra
Secretes thin milky fluid into urethra
• ___% of seminal volume
• _____________ the semen – prevents sperm from clumping together
• ___________ – continues to neutralize acid from residual urine in
urethra and natural acidity of vagina
Cowper’s Gland (Bulbourethral Gland)
–
–
Pair of small glands along urethra, below the prostate
Secrete viscous fluid _______ emission of sperm & semen
• Thought to lubricate penis and vagina
–
Released ________________________
• Fluid does contain some __________
• One factor in the high failure rate of the “__________________” of birth
control.
• Vasectomy
–
–
–
–
Incision through scrotum
Cut and tie off vas deferens
Sperm is still produced but can’t get out
_________________
Biology 30
Reproduction Handbook
Page 5
•
Passageway from testes to outside
–
Multiple seminiferous tubules
•
–
–
–
–
–
•
site of spermatogenesis
Single tubed epididymis
Vas deferens
Seminal vesicle
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra
For Your Information
– Volume of ejaculation = ________ ml
– pH = _______________
– _______________ million sperm per ml.
– Only a few sperm reach the egg
– Average sperm count has decreased from _____ million/ml to
_____ million/ml in past 40 years.
– Infertility = <_____ million/ml
•
Factors leading to infertility are environmental toxins, estrogens in
meat, radiation, pesticides, marijuana, alcohol
Key for Diagram of Male Reproductive
Anatomy
A. Side View
B. Front View
1. Pubis Bone
2. Seminal Vesicle
3. Rectum
4. Prostate Gland
5. Cowper’s Gland
6. Anus
7. Vas Deferens (sperm duct)
8. Epididymis
9. Testis
10. Urethra
11. Penis
12. Scrotum
13. Head of penis (glans)
14. Foreskin
15. Bladder
Biology 30
Reproduction Handbook
Page 6
Hormonal Control of Reproduction
Male Reproductive System Control
Testosterone
Primary Function
Stimulate _____________________
Secondary Function
Maturation of __________ and penis
Sex drive
________________
Body hair
Deeper voice
Increased muscle strength
Body oil secretion -- _______________________
 Hypothalamus releases
 Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (_____________)
 Stimulates pituitary to release ___________ &
________________
 Pituitary releases
 Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (________)
 Stimulates ______________________ by _____________________
tubules
 Luteinizing hormone (LH)
 Stimulates ___________________ production by
________________ cells
 Indirectly stimulates ________________________ because
testosterone is required for sperm production.
 LH, FSH, and GnRH concentrations in the blood are
controlled by _________________ ______________
systems.
Biology 30
Reproduction Handbook
Page 7
Regulation of Male Sex Hormones Negative Feedback Diagram
1.
2.
Hypothalamus
a. secretes ___________ "Gonadotropic Releasing Hormone"
Anterior Pituitary
a. Releases two gonadotropic hormones ______ & _____________
b. FSH follicle stimulating hormone
i. As FSH rises, so does ______________________ in the seminiferous tubules
c. LH Luteininzing hormone
i. As LH rises, increased production of __________________ in the interstitial cells
ii. Blood testosterone ______, LH production by Anterior Pituitary _______
iii. Blood testosterone ______, LH production by Anterior Pituitary ________ to restore
testosterone level
d. As they produce sperm, seminiferous tubules produce _______________
e. As inhibin rises. ________ production in ___________________________ falls
Female Reproductive
Anatomy
Biology 30
Reproduction Handbook
Page 8
Biology 30
Reproduction Handbook
Page 9
Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System
 Consists of:
 External genitalia
– Two sets of _________ that surround the _________ and vaginal
opening
 Internal
Reproductive Organs
– A pair of gonads (________)
– A system of ducts and chambers do
 Conduct the __________
 House the _________ and fetus

Ovaries
–
–
–
–
Lie in abdomen, _______ most of the digestive system
Enclosed in a tough protective capsule
Produces eggs (__________)
Produces female sex hormones
• ______________
• __________________

Follicles
– Consists of one egg cell surrounded by layers of follicle cells.

Nourish and protect the developing egg cell
– All of the _________ follicles a woman will ever have are present
_____________.


Only a few hundred will be released during a woman’s reproductive years
One (very rarely 2 or more) follicle matures and releases its _____ during
each menstrual cycle
– Follicle cells release the primary female sex hormone… estrogen.


_____________ sex characteristics, wider hips, more body fat,
Necessary for ____________ development

This grows into a solid mass called a __________________
 Secretes ______________________ (necessary for pregnancy)
 Maintains endometrial lining
If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum _____________________ and a new follicle
matures the next month.
Period bleeding occurs due to low levels of female hormones (progesterone)
– At ovulation, the _______ “explodes” out of the follicle leaving
behind the _____________


Biology 30
Reproduction Handbook
Page 10

Oviduct
–
–
–
Fallopian tube
Conducts eggs to the uterus
___________________ occurs here

–
–

If embryo grows here = ________________ pregnancy
The ovary and oviduct don’t actually touch.
The egg is released into the abdominal cavity and is “sucked” into the oviduct.
 Oviduct has fingers called “____________” and hairs called “_______” that
vibrate and __________ the egg into the tube by swishing body fluids towards
itself
 These cilia also help move the egg towards the uterus
Uterus (_______)
–
–
–
–
Houses and ________________ the developing fetus
_______________ enter at the top
_________________ (opening) at the bottom
The lining is called the ________________________




Richly supplied with _____________________
Varies in thickness depending on the stage of the menstrual cycle
Controlled by hormones
2 Layers



___________ layer = stable, does not change thickness
_________________ layer = changes thickness with menstruation
Vagina
–
–
–
–
–
–
Birth canal
Average = _______ cm in length
pH = ______
Upper end closes at __________
Receives penis during sexual intercourse
Elastic to facilitate sexual intercourse and birth
Biology 30
Reproduction Handbook
Key to Female Reproductive
Anatomy
A.
B.
1.
1a.
2.
3.
4.
5.
5a.
6.
6a.
7.
8.
9.
9a.
10.
Side View
Front View
Oviduct
Funnel of Oviduct
Bladder
Pubis Bone
Urethra
Clitoris
Prepuce
Vagina
Vaginal Opening
Anus
Rectum
Uterus
Cervix
Ovary
Page 11
Gamete Formation
Gamete Formation -- Spermatogenesis
 The walls of the seminiferous tubules consist of diploid
_____________________, stem cells that are the precursors of sperm.
 These divide by mitosis to produce more ___________________
 The Meiosis of each _____________________- produces 4 haploid
___________________.
 These then differentiate into __________, losing most of their
________________ and gaining ________________ in the process.
 In epididymis
 Sperm nourished by __________________
 Whole process takes _______________
Gamete Formation -- Oogenesis
• Takes place in ____________
• Primary Oogonium develop into oocytes _________ birth
• Oocytes complete maturation one at a time & once a month during
reproductive years
• Primary oocyte grows larger and begins ____________
• Forms a ____________________ and the first ________________
• After _________________, second oocyte completes meiosis and
become 1 egg and second polar body.
Biology 30
Reproduction Handbook
Page 12
Biology 30
Reproduction Handbook
Page 13
Biology 30
Reproduction Handbook
Page 14
Biology 30
Reproduction Handbook
Page 15
Hormonal Control of Female Reproduction
Involves:
 Hypothalamus - produces releasing _______________
Anterior Pituitary – secrete gonadotropic hormones.
________ - follicle stimulating hormone.
_________ - luteinizing hormone.
Ovaries - secrete the female sex hormones.
______________ –thickening of uterine lining
________________ – matures/maintains uterine lining
 __________ is released from Anterior Pituitary
Start the ripening of ovum within follicle
 ____________ is produced by ____________
Development of ____________________ for possible
pregnancy
Feedback to hypothalamus to inhibit ____ and _________
LH
 LH surge on day ___
Stimulates _________________
Conversion of follicle into _____________________
_________________ production
________________ development of endometrium
Feedback to inhibit release of _____________
Hormonal Control of Reproduction
If no fertilization
_______________ of corpus luteum
__________ in hormone level
Biology 30
Reproduction Notes
Page 16
Biology 30
Reproduction Notes
Page 17
Four Phases of Menstruation
1. _____________ Phase (Menstrual Phase)
 Start of bleeding marks Day 1 of phase
 Shedding of the ___________________ (uterine lining)
 Average = ___________ days
 Sometimes up to ___ days
 Occurs due to ______ hormone levels
2. ________________ Phase
 Occurs during day _____
 Period of __________ and ___________________ of
endometrium.
 _______ from the pituitary promotes _____________
development in the ovary.
 As follicle develops it produces ________________,
 _______________ of the uterine lining
 ________ production increase
 ________ production decrease
3. ___________ Phase
 LH causes ovulation to occur on day ___.
 ________________________ is released from
the follicle/ovary.
4. ___________ Phase
 Final preparation of endometrium to receive the _________
ovum
 ______ stimulates development of the
_____________________.

causes __________________ levels to increase.
 Estrogen and progesterone inhibit ___________, thereby
decreasing _______ and _______ levels.
 This low level of hormones initiates the __________ phase.
Biology 30
Reproduction Notes
Page 18
Menopause
The end of a woman’s reproductive years
Between ages of __________
Ovaries no longer respond to ________ & _______ from _______
Ovaries do not produce _______________ or _____________________
Marked by circulatory irregularities (_______________), dizziness,
______________, sleepiness, ___________________
____________ _____________ therapy may help.
Week 15-16 Formative (send all of these to me)
Pg 518 (a-h)
- draw a flowchart describing the hormones and glands involved in
sperm production. Include at least one example of negative feedback.
Pg 527 (a-k)
- describe the events and hormones associated with the 4 phases of the
menstrual cycle, including negative feedback of ovarian hormones on
pituitary hormones.
3 Steps of Fertilization
 ___________________
 Acidic environment of the female reproductive tract causes
small ________ to open in the acrosome (“enzyme-loaded”
head) of the sperm
 _______________ reaction
 _________________ released from acrosome digest the outer
membrane surrounding the egg cell
 _____________________
 A single sperm cell __________ with the plasma membrane of
ovum
 ___________ passes into the cytoplasm
 ________________________ reaction in egg

Biology 30
Makes membrane impermeable to other __________________
Reproduction Notes
Page 19
Fertilization must occur within a very short window of
opportunity.
 Egg is only fertile for __________ hours
 Sperm can survive up to _____ days in the body
 Sex (copulation) must occur no more than _____ days
before or _____ day after ovulation in order for
fertilization to happen.
Pregnancy
If pregnancy is established, menstruation _________ occur.
Fertilized egg is called a _________.
Once cell division brings the total cell count to around __, it is
called a _________.
Takes ______ days for blastocyst to travel through oviduct to
uterus.
Blastocyst must implant into _________
Occurs ______ days after reaching the uterus
During implantation, the blastocyst produces a hormone called
________
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Prevents degeneration of _______________________
Stimulates corpus luteum to _______________ progesterone secretion
_____________ uterine lining
______________ contractions
Pregnancy test detects ______ in the urine of women.
“Turns the stick blue”
Tissue grows out from the embryo and mingles with endometrium
to form placenta
A ____________ organ
Size of _______________
Weighs less than _______.
Contains _______________________________ blood vessels
_______ mixing of maternal and fetal blood!!
Diffusion of ___________, nutrients, & _______________
Biology 30
Reproduction Notes
Page 20
Continues production of _____________, ____________, _____________
Maintains endometrium
Corpus luteum not needed – _____________
Progesterone & estrogen have a negative feedback effect on the
_________________________
No secretion of __________
No secretion of ____________
No new __________________________
Embryo remains firmly attached to placenta by
__________________.
Umbilical cord Contains:
2 fetal ______________
Fetus to placenta
One fetal _____________
Placenta to fetus
Childbirth



Also called parturition
_____________ weeks from conception
 Average = _____ weeks
Three stages of childbirth
 _________________
 __________________
 _____________________
1. Labour
 Involuntary
 Rhythmic contractions of the _________________
 Causes ___________ to open

Diameter = __________ cm
2. Delivery
 Involuntary ___________________ contractions
 Conscious ___________________________ contractions
Biology 30
Reproduction Notes
Page 21
 Mother forces baby out through ________ and
________________
3. Afterbirth




Immediately _________________ delivery
Blood vessels in placenta _________________
Placenta ________________________ from uterine wall
_________________________ by muscle contractions
Why and when??
Nobody totally knows.
Baby plays some role in the timing.
Progesterone ____________________
Allows uterus to ___________________
________________________ from posterior pituitary
Stimulates stronger uterine contractions
_________________
produced by __________________
Causes ligaments of pelvis to ___________________
_________________ passageway for baby
Lactation
During pregnancy, high levels of ___________ and
________________ prepare the breasts for milk production
Each breast has about _______ milk glands
Connect to the nipple by __________
Breast enlarges during pregnancy in preparation for ____________
Expulsion of the ___________________ causes the mother's
pituitary to secrete ___________________,
Initiates ________________
Prolactin ________________ the release of LH
menstrual cycle is suppressed in ______________ mothers
The high estrogen and progesterone levels during pregnancy
are thought to inhibit release of _______________
The first fluid formed by the mammary glands is
____________,
Biology 30
Reproduction Notes
Page 22
Thick
Immunity
contains _________ and milk proteins,
lacks fat
after a few _________, ________ is produced
___________ is released from hypothalamus when infant suckles
Causes milk to be released from _______________ glands
Biology 30
Fetal Development
A blastocyst
 embeds in the uterine wall
 Consists of cells of the future ____________
 Surrounded by a sphere of cells
 Embryonic membrane (extra-embryonic membrane)
 Support the developing embryo
Amnion
 ____________ embryonic membrane
 Next to baby
 _______________ that cushions the baby
Chorion
_______________ membrane
Part of the placenta
Secretes _______
Umbilical cord
Connection between mother and baby
 Belly-button to _____________
Carries baby’s blood to and from placenta
 Placenta (review)
 A disc-shaped organ
Biology 30
Reproduction Notes
Page 23
 Size of __________________
 Contains maternal & fetal blood vessels
 _____________ of maternal and fetal blood!!
 Diffusion of gasses, nutrients, & wastes
 Continues production of HCG, estrogen, progesterone
 A blastocyst undergoes ___________________





Series of cell movements and shape changes
Produces an embryo with ______ cellular layers
________________
 Outer layer of cells
 Will become _______ and ____________ system
________________
 _____________ layer of cells
 ____________, muscles, gonads, kidneys,
____________ system
______________________
 ____________ layer of cells
 Liver, pancreas, _________, lining of
_______________ tract
Human Gestation
1st Trimester
The 40 Week Journey
 From fertilization to end of 3rd month (0 – ___ weeks)
 Zygote begins cell division as it moves down oviduct
 Becomes _______________ and implants in uterus
 Development of body ___________
 Heart starts beating by week ____
 Week ___, testosterone begins to be secreted if a __chromosome is present
 This testosterone causes development of _________.
Biology 30
Reproduction Notes
Page 24
 By week__ all major structures of the adult are present
(in basic form)
 Embryo is now called a ____________
 Embryo is most sensitive during first trimester
 Due to rapid development
 Sensitive to radiation and drugs
2nd Trimester
Fetus grows rapidly
To about ____ cm
Quite active
______ begins to develop
Cartilage of ___________ is replaced by bone
 3rd Trimester
Rapid growth of fetus
To about __________ cm
_______ kg
Fetal activity ______________
Less room to move
Fully ____________
Ready for birth
Reproductive Technologies
Birth Control
 Sterilization
Most effective
In males ______________ is cut off and sealed
Only effects sperm content of semen so minimal side
effects
In females _____________ or cutting of the oviducts
Biology 30
Reproduction Notes
Page 25
 Disadvantages of sterilization - hard to reverse
 "The pill"
 A combination of ____________ and
__________________ given for 21 days of the 28 day
cycle
 Effectively shuts down _______ and ______ production
so follicles do not develop.
 Many of the early problems have been sorted out but
side effects possible
Barrier Methods
Diaphragms, cervical caps, vaginal sponges, condoms
 Condom
 fits over the penis and _________ semen from
entering the female;
 Diaphragm
which fits over the _______ and prevents semen
from entering the uterus
both of these methods are more reliable when used in
conjunction with a spermacidal foam or jelly
IUD
 Inter-Utarian Device
 placed in the uterus by a physician,
 prevent implantation of the __________ in the
endometrium.
 Best for women who have had one pregnancy,
middle to older and are at low risk for STI’s
 "Natural family planning"
 Requires knowledge of the day of __________
Biology 30
Reproduction Notes
Page 26
 If known, can avoid the ___ days either side of
ovulation to account for unusually long -lived sperm
or eggs.
 Women need exceptionally _________ cycles to be
effective
 "Basal" body temperature measurements
(Temperature ______ at ovulation), vaginal pH
measurements (more alkaline), mucus thickness can
help determine time ovulation.
 "Morning after pill“
Most are essentially a controlled overdose of normal
birth control pills
RU-486 now distributed by Planned Parenthood.
______________________________ causing uterine
lining to slough off taking embryo with it.
Many people have ethical problems with these pills
since they remove fertilized eggs.
 i.e. after "conception" has occurred.
“abortion pill”
Reproductive Technologies
 Ultrasound
the use of high-frequency _____________ to visualize
the fetus
 Amniocentesis
a long needle is used to remove a sample of
______________ from the amniotic sac surrounding the
fetus,
fetal cells in the fluid are cultured for 2 to 4 weeks and
then analyzed for ______________ defects and other
___________ disorders
Biology 30
Reproduction Notes
Page 27
 Chorionic Villi Sampling (CVS)
a
small sample of tissue is removed from the
__________,
(the fetal part of the placenta)
 Can be performed __________ in the pregnancy than
amniocentesis
 results can be obtained within ______________
 _________ risk of spontaneous abortion from CVI than
from amniocentesis
 ethical considerations: essentially all detectable fetal
disorders remain _________________ in the uterus, and
many cannot be corrected even after birth
 In Vitro Fertilization
Eggs can be surgically removed from a woman whose
oviducts are blocked
These are fertilized in a petri dish in a laboratory
The resulting embryos can than be inserted into the
woman's ________ (or into a surrogate mother's uterus)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Virus
Bacteria
HPV (human papilloma virus) – Can cause
genital warts, some strains can lead to genital
cancers
Chlamydia
Herpes
Gonorrhea
HIV (Human immunodefficiency virus) – Can
develop into AIDS
Syphilis
Biology 30
Reproduction Notes
Page 28
Week 17-18 Formative (send these to me)
- pg 536 (2,3)
- draw and label a diagram of the uterus and fetus including all
supporting structures.
- describe how the female hormones work to maintain the
pregnancy at the end of the menstrual cycle when a fertilized egg is
present.
- describe the feedback pathways for lactation and parturition.
Biology 30
Reproduction Notes
Page 29