FONETIKA – POJMY
PHONEME

a contrastive unit in the sound system of a particular language

a minimal unit that serves to distinguish between meanings of words

a family of similar sounds which the language treats as “being the same”
SEGMENTAL PHONEME

phoneme consisting of sound segments , hence, vowel, consonant and semi-vowel sounds of
a language

the analysis of speech into individual segments

a word broken down into individual sounds
LATERAL

speech sound/type of consonant formed by placing an obstacle in the centre of
the air-channel, but leaving free passage for the air on one or both sides of the
obstacle
SONORITY/VOICING

sound changes, whereby a consonant changes its type of voicing from voiceless to voiced or
vice versa
REDUCTION

perceived as “weakening”, divided into quantitative and qualitative. It occurs in unstressed
syllables, most often involves a centralization of the vowel; It’s a reduction in amount of
movement of the tongue in pronouncing the vowel, as with the characteristic change of
many unstressed vowels at the end of English words to something approaching SCHWA.

It occurs rarely that sonant or even syllable can be so reduced, that it disappears (knife, etc.)
APLIKOVANÁ FONETIKA

puts phonetic pieces of information into practice, e.g. in teaching languages, logopaedics
SYLLABLE

an unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds. Word or part of

the word pronounced with a single uninterrupted sounding of the voice. Word is typically
made up of a SYLLABLE NUCLEUS (most often a vowel) with optional initial and final margins
(typically consonant). Sound that can create the nucleus is called SONOROUS ELEMENT – it can
differ from language to language (vrrr-interjection can be easily turned into verb-vrčet, kšc...,
these are perceived as syllables, sometimes called “PSEUDOSYLLABLES”. Counting syllables in
one’s mother tongue is sometimes considered easy, even small children have a sense of
counting syllables. Words are MONOSYLLABIC (dog), DISYLLABIC, TRISYLLABIC, POLYSYLLABIC)
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FONOLOGICKY RELEVANTNÍ SLOVNÍ PŘÍZVUK

Position or rather location of word stress changes meaning of a word even if the word has
the same sound sequence

to present (verb) x a present (noun)
PLOZIVES

speech sounds/type of consonant (e.g. p,b,t,d,k,g) produced by complete closure of the oral
passage and subsequent release accompanied by a burst of air. ORAL STOPS with a PULMONIC
EGRESSIVE AIRSTREAM MECHANISM
PHONOLOGY

the systematic use of sound to encode meaning in any spoken human language. Study of
speech sounds of a particular language (only those speech sounds which carry meaning).

SEGMENTAL – vowels and consonants ---> phonemes

SUPERSEGMENTAL – features which extend over syllables, phrases, e.g. intonation, stress..

Basic unit is PHONEME
OBECNÁ FONOLOGIE

It studies more languages and deduces general rules and principles. It is fairly abstract and it
examines creation of system of phonemes as well.
BILABIÁLA-OKLUZIVA

BILABIAL – term used for pronunciation using both lips, Occlusive – a consonant produced by
stopping the flow of air at some point and suddenly releasing it.
TAKT

the sense of movement in speech, marked by the stress, timing and quantity of syllables.
ARTIKULAČNÍ BÁZE

ARTICULATOR SETTING - complex of movements necessary for creation of sound. In English –
CONCAVE POSITION of tongue, In Czech – CONVEX POSITION of tongue (set to pronounce ď,ť,ň)
SUPRASEGMENTAL PHONEME

PHONEMES or features of speech, as pitch, stress and juncture, that may extend over and
modify series of segmental phonemes.
ASIMILACE

a general term for the process by which a speech sound becomes similar or identical to a
neighbouring sound / the influence of a sound on a neighbouring sound so that the two
become similar or same. Latin prefix IN (non) appears in English as –IL (illegal), -IM
(immoral)...

hiS Son (S pronounced only once) X hiS daughter (fully pronounced)
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DENTAL

CONSONANT that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth (in some languages t,d
are dental, !!!but English distinguishes between DENTALS and ALVEOLARS!)
FRICATIVES

consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made up by placing two
articulators close together (e.g. lowel lip against the upper teeth –in case of F)
JUNCTURE

“hraniční signal”
a) a pause in speech or a feature of pronunciation that introduces, accompanies or
replaces a pause.
b) The set of phonological features signalling a division between words, such as those
that distinguish /a name/ from /an aim/, /I scream/ from /ice-cream/
AFRICATE

CONSONANTS that begins as stops but they are released as FRICATIVES

Combination of FRICATIVES and PLOSIVES
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