CONTOH proposal Skripsi Bahasa Inggris Reading Comprehension
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter deals with background, problem statement, objective of the research,
significance of the research and scope of the research.
A. Background
Being successful in teaching English is the dominant factor that the English teacher
should pay attention to, especially in teaching reading. Through reading, one can enhance his
experience, develop new concept, solve his problem, and broaden his horizon of thinking,
which are needed to ensure continuing personal growth and adopt the change in the world yet
the importance of reading has not been realized by most of our society a large number of our
population is classified as poor readers and the majority of the people are content to read
materials of poor quality.
In reading comprehension, the message to be imposed in the written form is the most
important element that the students must recognize, because the primary purpose of reading is
to know the thoughts expressed in the printed material. Therefore, reading wit comprehension
is only a way for the students to arrive at what they want to know from the reading material.
However, the problem is how to make them comprehend.
For students from elementary to university level, reading is something that has to be done.
They have to read their compulsory books or other materials related to their lesson. For
students who are studying languages, reading is one of the skills, which has to be learned and
is considered as the most important one because it can influence other language skill
(listening, speaking, and writing). According to Kustaryo (1988;2) it is certainly not easy to
present the English reading for Indonesian students whose language system is different.
Reading is a complex process which involves not only the read the text but also their
experience to comprehend it. Because of its complexity, many teachers of English at junior
and senior high school find difficulties in all teaching reading and prefer teaching structure to
reading. Based on all reason above, the writer thinks that humour stories can motivate
students to read, because humor stories are interested in conducting research entitle “
Improving the student’s Reading comprehension by using humour stories” of the second
garde of year students of SMA Negeri 5 Makassar.
In the teaching reading, English. Teacher should introduce the humor stories as an alternative
way to give variation to the students in teaching and learning process.
Based on the junior high school curriculum, reading is one of the four skills in studying
English. Reading consists of narrative, descriptive, procedure, news item, recount, and
anecdote. The aim of the students learn reading, they have to know basic competence and
achievement indicators in reading. Basic competence of reading: Understand transactional
discourse, interpersonal discourse, and oral monologue especially in the forms of descriptive,
narrative, anecdote, analytical exposition, and hortatory exposition using oral language
variation. And achievement indicators; Students can read continuous story, students can
identify rhetorical moves of a text in the narrative, descriptive, and anecdote form, students
can identify main ideas, Supporting ideas, and detailed information of the text, and students
can identify and use the tense
B. Problem Statement
According to the statement above, the research question is formulated as follows:
Does the use of humour stories improve the reading comprehension of the second year
students of SMA Negeri 5 Makassar?
C. Objective of the Research
The objective of the research is to find out whether the use of humour stories in teaching
reading can improve student’s reading comprehension to the second grade students of SMA
Negeri 5 Makassar.
D. Significance of the Research
The result of the research is expected to be useful reference for the English language
teaching particularly for teaching reading students’ for the English teacher for other and for
the writer himself.
E. Scope of the Research
This research is restricted to the use of humour stories as reading materials from text
book in English class. By discipline, this research is under applied linguistics. By content,
this study is limited to discussion to the use 30 essay tests question method to improve the
students’ reading comprehension and by activity this research administered pretest to find out
the prior knowledge of the students for example; reading material test that consist of humor
stories. The topic are wrong thought, special gift, watch the door and going to the zoo, and
posttest that would be done after a number of treatment to discover, the reading ability
subjects in applying this case, the writer used humor stories, especially to the second year
students of SMA Negeri 5 Makassar.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter deals with some previous research findings. Some pertinent ideas,
theoretical framework and hypothesis.
A. Previous Research Findings
Many researches have report to expose the identification of student’s achievement in
learning English to make the teaching and learning process more effective some of the
researchers’ findings are ated concisely below:
Halimah (2002) in her research she concluded that the students have positive attitude
toward the use of written humor in learning speaking because the written humor can motivate
and activate students in learning speaking beside that students’ don’t feel stress in learning by
using written humor.
Asriyani Alwi st (2003) in her research she concluded that the use of humorous stories
material in the teaching of English reading could motivate the student’s SLTP Negeri 36
Sudiang Makassar to read English material
Fatmawati ( 2004 ) in her research she concluded that the reading text used at junior high
school were improved from the first to the second and the third year. In senior high school
were unorganized because the score of the third year is lower than the first and the second
year score.
Mutmainnah ( 2001 ) in her research she concluded that the application of cooperative
learning in improving the student’s reading comprehension is more effective than
conventional one before treatment applied while the students achievement in two post test
shows that the application of cooperative learning is able to improve the students’ score.
From the previous findings above, the writer using humor stories techniques as a
media in teaching because humor stories are one way to improve students’ activity in reading
class. This research has difference with previous finding above. The writer used humor
stories into steps: (1) Introduce about the humor stories and identify main ideas, (2) Read the
questions, (3) Supporting ideas, (4) getting the general and specific information, (5) find out
the answer in reading materials. In this case, the teachers are expected to give and use many
kinds o technique in reading class and also the interesting materials.
B. Definition of Reading
1. What is Reading?
There are reading definition are given by some people, which related the similar
meaning.
Charles in Tohir (2001:5) states that reading is a transmitting of information process
where the author tells all the readers about his ideas or message. Such as, the author is regard
as the informants (sender) and the reader on the another hand is receiver. During the reading
process it means that the reader can be done during reading activity is only grasping and
decoding information, meanwhile he can not as question or comment to the author directly.
Tinker and Cullogh (1975:9) state reading is identification and recognition of print or
written symbol, which serve as stimuli for the recall of meaning built up through past
experience. From those definitions, it can be concluded reading is meaning getting process
the reader always tries to catch what the writer says and means actually. Also from those
definitions of reading some people formulate definitions of reading comprehension.
According to William (1984:486) reading can be point as four step process. The four
steps are interrelated to other, they are:
1. Word perception, the ability to recognize a point
2. Comprehension, the ability to infer ideas from words
3. Reaction, a step in which the reader interacts intellectually and emotionally.
4. Integration, absorbing the ideas in context of one’s personal background.
Finally, Harris et all (1980:5) define reading as a process of meaning elaboration or
thinking in relation to written symbols. The recognition and comprehension Written symbols
are influenced by reader’s perception skill, experience, language background, mind sets and
reasoning abilities as they anticipate meaning on the bases of what has read.
2. Reading Concept
There are different reading definition given by linguistics which indicate the similar
sense of meaning some defied that reading is a comfortable activities for relax time, come
others state that reading is valuable learning activity where knowledge and science are
required to be acquired by the students academically.
According to Rubin (1982) reading is the bringing of meaning to and the getting of
meaning from the printed pages while Simanjutak (1988) states that reading is the process of
putting to reader in contact and communication with ideas. Widdowson in Rubin (1982)
states that reading is not a reaction to text but an interaction between writer and reader
medicated through the text. It is clear that reading is a fundamental requirement that can
influence the student’s achievement in studying English through reading, we can broaden our
horizon of thinking
Anthony (1995:77) states that teaching English as a foreign language to the second
language learners requires the learners to be able to use this language to in daily, interaction
either in the classroom learning process that are well known as in formal communication, but
we can deny that we have not yet achieved the goal of teaching English as a foreign language.
In teaching reading English teacher should introduce other materials as an alternative
to give variation to the student in teaching and learning process. These materials can be a
form of media that can create a comfortable atmosphere to interest and stimulate the student
in the classroom learning process.
Learning English could be fun for the students who learn another language. In this
case, teachers of English should have a good preparation in teaching. It is very essential for
the teachers to create a good classroom atmosphere and to avoid the students from getting
bored. According to William in Rahman, teaching must be learned in such a way that
learning becomes interesting.
A wide selection material will be interesting if the material is humorous. Sudjoko in
Hamka (2001;3) says that humor can entertain, humor also can help some one to comprehend
any complex matters. Because the importance of humor in learning and teaching, the writer
offers the use of a kind of humor. Which is funny (Written humor) in teaching reading .
Reading is an active in which the reader must make an active contribution by drawing upon
and using concurrently various abilities he has acquired. In addition, reading is concerned
mainly with learning to recognize the printed symbols that represent language and to respond
intellectually and emotionally when being asked about the content of the she/he has read.
3. Definition of Reading Comprehension
What does reading comprehension mean?
To answer the question, the writer intentionally presents opinions of some authors or writers
as follows.
Before dealing with the definition of reading comprehension it is necessary to define
the word reading and comprehension. Hornby (1974:711) explains that reading is the act of
one who reads ; knowledge, ESP, of books : the ways in which something is interpreted,
while comprehension is the act of understanding, the ability of the mind to
understand Procter in Rahman (1998:6) Evison in Tahir (2001:8) explain that comprehension
is the mind’s power of understanding, or the ability to understand.
Thinker (1975;5) states that reading comprehension is not just reading with a loud voice but
also to establish and understand the meaning of words, sentence, and paragraph sense the
relationship among the ideas. As it is, if a student just reads loudly, but can not understand
the content of the passages, it means he/she fails in comprehending the passage.
Ophelia (1989;205) assumes that reading comprehension is understanding evaluating and
utilizing of information between author and reader. It sounds like the author and the reader
can communicate one other. It means that a reader in this case, tries to understand what he is
saying.
Smith and Dale (1980:7) state that reading comprehension means understanding,
evaluating, utilizing of information and gaining through an interaction between reader and
author. Reading comprehension is such a kind of dialogue between reader and author in
which the written language becomes the medium that cause the dialogue happen when the
two persons communicate through the medium of print reading comprehension refers to
reading with comprehension. Thus reading comprehension is reading by comprehension the
meaning of a passage or what is or has been read. One who reads something by
understanding it can be said that he does a reading comprehension.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
a)
b)
c)
2.
a)
b)
c)
Comprehension is a special kind of thinking process. The reader comprehends by
actively constructing meaning internally from interacting with the material that is read
(Anderson and Pearson in Alexander, (1993;160). Successful comprehension involves the
reader who can discovery the meaning. It may be finding a particular piece of information,
solving a problem through reading, working to understand an idea or following a set of
directions. From the point of view given above, it can be concluded that reading is an active
thinking process where the reader tries to gain information given by the author and
understands what actually the purpose of author.
Levels of Reading Comprehension
The following are levels of reading comprehension according to Smith (1969) and
Carnine (1990):
a) Level of reading comprehension according to Smith (1969) and Wayne (1979) are.
Literal comprehension; that is the skill of getting primary direct literal meaning of a word,
idea, or sentence in context.
Interpretation; that is to identify ideal and meaning that are not explicitly stated in the written
text.
Critical reading; that is to evaluate what is read, and examines critically the thought of the
writer.
Creative reading; that is to apply ideas from the text to new situations and to recombine
author’s ideas with other ideas to from new concepts or to expand old ones.
b) Level of reading comprehension Carnine in Carnine (1990) are:
Comprehension skill for the primary level consists of:
Literal comprehension; that is to receive information stated in a passage
Sequencing comprehension; that is to under several from a passage according to when they
happened.
Summarization; that is to receive information stated in a passage.
Comprehension skill for the intermediate level consist of:
Inferential comprehension; that is to reveal relationship between two objects or averts (stated
on not stated).
Critical reading; that is to identify the author’s conclusion to determine what evidence is
presented, and to identify family argument.
Comprehension skill for the advanced level that is the appreciation of the author’ work.
5. The Reasons for Reading
According to Harmer (1987). there are four reasons for reading, they are:
1. Reading in language learning
Reading is an exercise dominated by the eyes and the brain. The eyes receive message
and the brain then has to work out the significance of these message. The reading to confirm
expectation technique is highly motivation and successful since it interest students, creates
expected, and gives them a purpose for reading.
2. Reading for language learning
In real life people generally read something because they want to and they have a
purpose, which is more fundamental than involved in some language learning tasks seem
only to be asking about details at language. People read to language because they have a
desire to do so and a purpose to achieve.
3. Reading for information
In most cases, reading for information is relevant to current study of the reader they read
to find out information, to reduce their uncertainties.
4. Reading for pleasure
Reading for pleasure is done without other people’s order but according to an individual
reader’s wish, and taste.
6. Kinds of Reading
Three kinds of reading, they are:
a) Reading Aloud
In reading aloud, the students will get experience in producing the sound, which should be
practice as many as possible. Reading aloud is divided in two kinds. They are unison is done
with whole group. It is done to check pronunciation, intonation, the students ability to read
and helps teacher to find out who among his students has difficulty in reading.
b) Silent Reading
Silent reading is reinforcesing the readers to find out the meaning of the words. This
kind of reading leads the readers to the better comprehension. This reading is skill to criticize
what is written, to discuss written meaning and to draw inference and conciliation as well as
to tell new ideas on thesis of what is read.
c) Reading Fast
Reading fast used to improve speed and comprehension in reading. This skill must
sun side with the main purpose of reading that is comprehension it depends on the kinds of
reading material. This speed rate if reading a story or narrative on will be different room
reading scientific mat.6. The aerials.
7. The Strategy of Reading
There are three strategies we tend to approach when we read, they are;
a. Skimming
Skimming is to read text superficially a rapidly in order obtain the gist or main idea it is a
skill that requires concentration. Adequate knowledge among of practice is necessary in order
to skim fulfill their purposes.
b. Scanning
Scanning is to read a text quickly in order to locate a specific item of information it is
used to design the process of locating quickly a particular word, phrase, sentence, and fact of
figure with a selection.
c. Intensive reading
Intensive reading is a for recall or total accuracy it is an activity in class way in using
reading. It deals with the detail content and linguistic study.
8. Selection of materials
Teacher of English language are expected to be more creative and more innovative
selecting and then presenting materials relatively and using a wide variety of resources that
can enhance and motivate students to learn English. Through anecdotes, the student will be
entertained in reading the materials. The reading materials should be interesting; the teacher
should notice that in selecting the materials he/she should be sure that they are in time of
student’s interest in order towing their attention. This is important for the smooth less of the
way to the students to good concentration and attitude toward reading lesson. If the materials
are not interesting, the students will passively not pay much attention to the lesson. This way
means that the teacher will be difficult to attain the objective of his teaching.
According to Huck in Burns (1984), intermediate students are interested in reading
fiction, biographies adventure and stories of the past. They like suspense, action and humor.
Teacher can asses student personal reading interest them. In selection reading materials, there
are at least three areas that should be concern:
(a) The level of linguistic difficulty
Cooper in Gwin (1990) and Chunk states that unpracticed readings in a foreign
language tend to use a word-by-word approach while more practice readers are able to Chunk
information. Based on the statement above, we can decide that the select material should be
at the language level of the student.
A material that is too difficult, where every word has to be explain, or which uses
extremely complex grammatical construction is only likely to produce frustration similarly a
material that is too easy does not extend the students knowledge. The material should be
regard, sequence and varied so their linguistic content and difficulty the ability of the
students.
(b) Cultural content
Reading materials reflect the culture perception of the writer. Therefore, many
reading materials, especially non-scientific material, or culturally biased, and so can cause
comprehension problems for the students. For example, Indonesian students might have
difficulty with the story about an American child who gases into his teacher’s eyes in search
of compassion. The opposite of true in Indonesian culture where the children show respect by
not looking into their superior’s eyes.
If the teacher believes that the culture content would interfere with student
comprehension, such material can be avoid an opportunity for students to gain new awareness
of different culturally define behaviors, in such a case, the teacher can explain the differences
in culture behavior to the student before their read (Gwin, 1990).
(c) The interest factor
The third area that should be concerned in selecting various reading materials is the
interest. It is had by the students because the evidence that students’ motivation in reading is
greater when material interest them.
How can teacher provide various reading materials that are interesting for the students? Most
students of English tale interest in book or short story in which characters are involved in
learning a second language. However, teacher can also discover the kind topic that interest
their reading preferences.
One factor that also should be concerned is the level of the materials’ vocabulary
because even though they are interested in the subject matter of material we have chosen,
they will soon lose interest if they find the vocabulary too difficult. This is why teacher
should decide during their lesson preparation that the meaning of the new word can be
derived from the material it self when the learner reading it (Rubin, 1982 ).
Relate with how to select language learning materials. Richard and Rogers in
Mantasiah ( 2000:14) give specification :
1. Material will allow learners to progress at their own rates of learning
2. Material will allow for different styles of learning
3. Material will provide opportunities independent study
4. Material will provide opportunities for evaluating and progress in learning.
9. Technique of Improving Reading Skill
To achieve the purpose of reading one should read effectively. General in Rahman
(1998:8) states that effective reading means being able to read accurately, efficiently and to
understand as much of the passage as you read in order to achieve your purpose.
To achieve one purpose of reading, he can apply some reading technique as follows:
a) Survey Reading
Brown (1987:930) says surveying is specialized technique for getting a mountain top
new of an article chapter content and it helps to give a general point of view.
b) Skimming
Skimming is a kind of reading that make our eyes move quickly in order to get the
main idea from the reading material. Skimming enable people to select content that want to
read and to discard that which is in consequential for their purpose.
c) Scanning
Scanning is reading the text quickly to answer a specific question. This technique
enables people to locate specific information without reading all the material around It.
Brown (1987;138 ) states that scanning serves two functions. It uncovers relevant information
and accelerates your reading speed.
d) Pre-reading
Pre-reading is a technique that a reader uses before he began to read the material to
improve his comprehension and recall. Whorter ( 1992 ; 25 ) states that pre-reading involves
only at those part of reading materials that will tell you what it is about or how it is organize.
Further he explains the port on to look at in reading a text book chapter are:
1. Read the title
2. Read the introduction or opening paragraph
3. Read the first sentence under each heading
4. Read each boldface heading.
5.
Notice any typographical aids.
6. Notice any graph or pictures.
7. Read the last paragraph or summary (Whorter, 1992:26)
Grabe in Rahman (1998:2) states that pre-reading activities very useful in the reading
class because they have been referee to as instruments teachers can use in the class to active
student’s background knowledge, it can be conduct that pre-reading is very effective because
it helps a reader to give basic information about the organization and the content of the
materials.
C. Humor
1. What is humor?
According to Webster New world Dictionary (1996), humor is the quality that makes
something seems funny or amusing: comicality, it also means mood, state of mind humor
must be funny but it has to be considered that funny element is not the humor but symptom of
it. Funny is used in the little to refer to humor and act, which can cause laughter.
2. Theories of Humor
Humor in modern usage means the comic or laughable. In general sense, all theories
of humor could be divided into two classes; those that find all humor and laughter innocent,
harmless and joyful. More precisely the theories of humor can be divided into three groups;
1. Theories of superiority or degradation
2. Theories of incongruity dissociation
3. Theories of relief of tension or release from inhibition
There are many theories of humor; clown and jokes but none of them can describe
completely what humor is actually.
a) Superiority and Degradation
Voltaire in Enclopedia Americana (1995) said laughter arises from a gayety of
disposition absolutely in compartable with contempt and indignation another dissenter Jean
Paul Richter, also in Enclopedia Americana wrote that the observe of a humorous situation
most subjectively identification himself with the object of laughter. Humor finds no
individual fools but only foolishness I foolish world and is therefore tenderly tolerant: this
theory was develop by Dunlop lea code and Rapp.
b. Incongruity and Dissociation
Theories of this group have been held as widely, if not so long as those of the first
group. Braise Pascal in Encyclopedia Americana (1995) emphasizes the frustration of
expectation nothing makes people laugh so much as a surprising disparity between what they
expect and what they see. A resent and highly encompassing theory of humor is Arthur
Koestler’s theory of dissociation. Henri Bergson almost anticipated the dissociation theory
when he said, a situation is invariable comic when it belongs simultaneously to two
altogether independent series of events and is capable of being interpreted in two entirely
different meanings at the same time. This theory was developing by Guthrie, Willman and
Baisilic.
c) Relief of tension humor
The function of humor in this theory is to release people from inhibition, unpleasant
and even suffer. This theory is also grouped into surprise theory, which was stated by
Spencer and Kline in Pradopo (1987) states that people’s tension sometimes out of control.
Which is caused by a high emotion and usually, handled by the sense of humor. We
can see in our daily life a person with anger or a hard stress already releases (Soebardi:1997).
This theory was developed by Spencer, Kline and Rapp.
Summation of the Theories of Humor
Of all the theories, those of superiority of degradation seem the most limited. They are
excellent in dealing with satisfaction, incentive, sarcasm and laughter at misfortune but are of
little help in dealing with whimsy nonsense, puns, incongruities and ardency.
Humor certainly is multifaceted, it can be aggressive it can deal with nonsense or
incongruous, it can be sympathetic and understanding, it can develop intellectual squint as it
attempt to see all sides of a question, it can be playful or intelligent. It can even be serious as
satire and the rises of black humor indicate, but it can no be false. Humor, even at its most
malicious, even at its most exaggerated, can not dessert truth toilet, the King’s answer is the
only pooper one and you lie Sirrah, we’ll have you whipped.
Function of Humor
Sudjoko in Hamka (2001) says that humor can function to do all intention and all
goals in every facet, humor can make someone to see problem in any different sides, humor
can entertain, humor can swift mind, humor can increase someone smartness, humor can
make someone tolerate something and humor also can help some one to comprehend any
complex matters. Actually our society have realize some functions of humor, as policy
function or refreshing tool to make people able to concentrate their attention for long time. In
the advance country, employees sometimes make humor as long as it helps to facilate their
work or function to reach their goal. Another important function of humor is recreation in this
case, the role of humor is to vanish the saturation in people routine activities such as working
or studying. Besides as an entertainment, humor also function as tool to convey critic, which
is usually indirect. Recently, this kind of humor grows greatly as our society become more
critical and they already able to see any betrayal in our surroundings.
Humor also functions to explain something in an attraction way, if they find any hard
matter, they will seek humor that is relevant to the matter. This method also used in
explaining sexual problems to the young generations.
Kinds of Humor
Setiawan in Hamka (2001) categorize humor according to its expression form he states
the kinds of humor as in the following:
1. Performing comedy. Such as jest, pantomime, etc, graphic humor such as caricature funny
picture etc
2. Literature humor such as funny story humor stories, anecdote etc. Koesler in Hamka (2001)
categorized humor into two classes, according to its performance and according to its goal.
Humor in the view of performance can be divided into three as in the following:
a) Spoken humor
b) Written humor
c) Body movement humor
The Features of Humor
There are some features of humor (anecdote) as follows:
1. It is short and simple story
2. It usually relates one incident
3. It begins close to the control idea
4. Includes important concrete detail
5. It often contains several quakes
6. It close quickly after the climax
7. Requires punctual for the punch line
(Manen Mc. Gil, 2000)
7. Why use Humor?
Humor story is a kind an anecdote it is short narrative of an interesting, or amusing, or
biographical incident it can motivate students to reading, because it is interesting, enjoyable
and funny for students
The advantage of using Humor;
1. Arise the students’ attention
2. Give entertainment or enjoyment
3. Interesting
In teaching reading, english teacher should introduce the humor stories as an alternative
way to give variation to the students in teaching and learning process. Humor stories can
make someone to see problem many different sides, humor can entertain, humor can swift
mind, humor can increase. Someone smartness, humor can also can help someone to
comprehend any complex matters. The students can understand the implicit meaning and
stages of theoretic development in written text in the form of narrative procedure, descriptive,
anecdote, report, recount and new items.
D. Theoretical Framework
Reading material as one element in English language teaching has the important role.
Because reading material as one factor that might influence the students reading
comprehension.
The theoretical framework is put in the diagram below
In the diagram above, the three main components are input, process, and output
1. Input refers to the humorous stories that will be given to the students’
2. Process refers to the implementation of humorous stories in teaching reading ability in
the classroom
3. Output refers to the students’ reading comprehension achievement.
E. Hypothesis
The hypothesis of the research presented as follows:
hypothesis)
There is a significant difference of the students’ reading comprehension before and after
:
presenting reading material by using humor stories.
hesis
:
There is no significant result students reading comprehension before and after giving
treatment..
CHAPTER III
METHOD OF THE RESEARCH
This chapter deals with variable and research design, population and sample, instrument of
the research, procedure of collecting data and technique of data analysis.
A. Variable and Research Design
1. Variable
This research consists of two variables. They are:
1.
Independent variable was the use of humor stories to improve reading comprehension.
Humor is the quality that makes something seem funny or amusing to comprehend any
complex matters.
2.
Dependent variable was the students reading comprehension means understanding,
evaluating, utilizing information and gaining through an interaction between reader and
author.
2. Research Design
The research employed a pre-experimental method with one class pretest and posttest
design. The diagram was given below:
01
X
02
Where :
01 = Pretest
X = Treatment
02 = Posttest
(Gay, 1981 : 225)
B. Population and Sample
1. Population
The population of this research was the second grade students of SMA Negeri 5
Makassar in the 2006/2007 academic year. The number of population 360 students consisted
of nine classes; each class consisted of 30 – 40 students.
2. Sample
The writer took only one class as the sample and respondent of this research. The
number of the sample is 30 students were chosen (II IPA1) because that class is excellent
class than the other classes. This sample was chosen by using cluster random sampling
technique.
C. Treatment
1.
a.
b.
2.
a.
The researcher carried out the class in four meetings. In each meeting the researcher
used to be discussed.
The first meeting was on Tuesday, 10th October 2006, the topic is about My Holidays
The researcher introduces about the humor stories.
The researcher gave explanation about reading comprehension by using humor stories to
stimulate the students.
The second meeting was on Wednesday, 11th October 2006, the topic is about Restaurant
The researcher asked the students what their difficulties about the humor stories.
b. The researcher gave 3 (three) humor stories as a sample and then students read
3. The third meeting was on Tuesday, 17th October 2006, the topic is about Policeman and
Bachelor
a. The researcher gave essay test and each student answer the questioned about the humor
stories.
b. The researcher asked the students again what their difficulties about the humor stories.
4. The fourth meeting was on Wednesday, 1st November 2006, the topic is about Frog
a. The researcher gave essay test again by using humor stories and the students repeat and
correction.
D. Instrument of The Research
The instrument of this research was a reading test. The reading test was administrated
in the pre-test and the post-test. The test consisted of 30 essay tests. The researcher choose
essay test because the students can comprehend the material while the post-test was intended
to know the students’ reading comprehension.
E. The Procedures of Collecting Data in this Research as follows:
1. Pretest
Before doing treatment, the researcher applied a pre-test which was carried out on
Wednesday morning, 4th October 2006. It lasted in 90 minutes, with 2 x 45 minutes. Students
were in the class joining the test. The researcher distributed to identify the students’ prior
knowledge in reading comprehension.
2. Posttest
After doing treatment was on Wednesday morning, 8th November 2006. The writer post-test
for the experimental class. It lasted for 2 x 45 minutes. The post-test was conducted to find
out the students’ achievement and their progress after giving the treatment about the use
humor stories in reading comprehension. The content of the pretest was the same as the post
test.
F. Technique of Data Analysis
To analysis the data, the writer employed the formula as follows;
1. Scoring the students’ correct answer of pretest and posttest
Score =
2. The score of the students pretest and posttest
a.
9.6 to 10 classified as excellent
b. 8.6 to 9.5 classified as very good
c.
7.6 to 8.5 classified as good
d. 6.6 to 7.5 classified fairly good
e.
5.6 to 6.5 classified fair
f.
3.6 to 5.5 classified as poor
g. 0 to 3.5 classified as very poor
(Kanwil depdikbud, 1985)
3. Computing the frequency of the rate percentage of the students’ score
Where:
n
: frequency
N
: The total number of students.
(Heaton, 1988: 73)
4. Calculating the mean score of the students’ answer by using formula:
Where X
: Mean Score
: Total row score
N
: The total number of students
(Arikunto, 1995 : 371)
5.
Finding out the significant difference between the pretest and posttest by calculating the
value of the test. The following formula is employed :
Where :
: Deviation
: Standard deviation
N
: Number of students
Where
SD
: Standard deviation
: Total row score
N
: The total number of students
(Gay, 1987:363)
Where :
: The difference between the score of pretest and posttest
D : The mean score from the different score of pretest and posttest
D2 : The square of D
N : Number of students