Prolog
Programming
(Practical component for CSNB234)
Contents:
This manual provides code examples and exercises on the following:
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How to use the IDE to edit and build the KB
How to use the “Listener” to consult & re-consult the Prolog program
How to write clauses: facts and rules
How to process lists through tail recursion
How to control backtracking
How to develop simple Knowledge-based systems
PREPARED BY:
Alicia Tang
Systems and Networking Department
Universiti Tenaga Nasional
MALAYSIA
Emails: aliciat@uniten.edu.my
Lab No:
Topic:
Language:
Engine:
1
Basic Facts and Rules
Prolog
AMZI! IDE 6.2.2
INSTRUCTIONS:
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Answer ALL the questions in the end of this question paper.
Submit the solutions (in hardcopies) to me (Room: BW-3-C27) before 6:00pm. Check
the exact date for the respective sections.
This lab exercise carries 2% of the CSNB234 course.
NOTE
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Download all the .txt or pro collection of files.
Study and test each program logics. Enhance them if necessary.
Do not copy answers from your friends.
1. Retrieve the following program (from LAB-1 link) and consult using Prolog
Listener (via its IDE). This question is to test student ability to run/consult a
simple knowledge base.
/* Facts */
parent(mary,tom).
parent(john,tom).
parent(mary,alice).
parent(john,alice).
sex(mary, female).
sex(john, male).
sex(tom, male).
sex(alice, female).
/* Rules */
mother(X):sex(X,female),
parent(X,_).
father(X):sex(X, male),
parent(X,_).
sibling(X,Y):parent(M,X),
sex(M,female),
parent(F,X),
sex(F,male),
parent(M,Y),
parent(F,Y).
sibling1(X,Y):parent(M,X),
sex(M,female),
parent(F,X),
sex(F,male),
parent(M,Y),
parent(F,Y),
X \= Y.
go:nl, nl,
write('Hello there .....'), nl,
write('Testing on Prolog2.'), nl,
write('End Job'), nl.
2. This question is to test the student ability to structure query (i.e. to ask the
“right” questions).
parent( pam, bob).
parent( tom, bob).
parent( tom, liz).
parent( bob, ann).
parent( bob, pat).
parent( pat, jim).
% Pam is a parent of Bob
female( pam).
male( tom).
male( bob).
female( liz).
female( ann).
female( pat).
male( jim).
% Pam is female
% Tom is male
offspring( Y, X) :parent( X, Y).
% Y is an offspring of X if
% X is a parent of Y
mother( X, Y) :parent( X, Y),
female( X).
% X is the mother of Y if
% X is a parent of Y and
% X is female
grandparent( X, Z) :parent( X, Y),
parent( Y, Z).
% X is a grandparent of Z if
% X is a parent of Y and
% Y is a parent of Z
sister( X, Y) :parent( Z, X),
parent( Z, Y),
female( X),
% X is a sister of Y if
% X and Y have the same parent and
% X is female and
different( X, Y).
% X and Y are different
predecessor( X, Z) :parent( X, Z).
% Rule prl: X is a predecessor of Z
predecessor( X, Z) :parent( X, Y),
predecessor( Y, Z).
% Rule pr2: X is a predecessor of Z
3. Suppose you are given the following facts:
/****************************************/
/*
Family tree example
*/
/****************************************/
parent(pam, bob).
parent(tom, bob).
parent(tom, liz).
parent(bob, ann).
parent(bob, pat).
parent(tina, ann).
parent(tina, pat).
parent(pat, jim).
parent(mary, jim).
parent(ann, george).
parent(michael, george).
parent(ann, sophie).
parent(ian, sophie).
/* ------ */
parent(lou, kenny).
parent(albert, kenny).
parent(lou, pete).
parent(lou, pauline).
parent(albert, pauline).
parent(pat, simon).
parent(pete, simon).
parent(kenny, simon).
parent(kenny, elizabeth).
parent(cathy, ian).
parent(pete, ian).
parent(pauline, michelle).
parent(arthur, michelle).
parent(michelle, vicky).
parent(den, vicky).
parent(cathy, donna).
parent(kenny, elizabeth).
/* ------ */
sex(pam, female).
sex(tom, male).
sex(bob, male).
sex(tina, female).
sex(liz, female).
sex(ann, female).
sex(pat, male).
sex(mary, female).
sex(michael, male).
sex(george, male).
sex(ian, male).
sex(jim, male).
sex(sophie, female).
sex(lou, female).
sex(pat, female).
sex(elizabeth, female).
sex(cathy, female).
sex(donna, female).
sex(pauline, female).
sex(michelle, female).
sex(vicky, female).
sex(angie, female).
sex(sharon, female).
sex(kenny, male).
sex(simon, male).
sex(pete, male).
sex(ian, male).
sex(arthur, male).
sex(den, male).
sex(lofty, male).
sex(albert, male).
/* ------ */
married(cathy, pete).
married(pauline, arthur).
married(michelle, lofty).
married(lou, albert).
Lab Exercise #1
Instructions:
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Use Program no. 3 (above) to answer the following basic questions.
Since program no. 3 contains no rules (at all), you are required to define a few rules that
make use of the existing facts
parent(Parent, Child).
sex(Person, Sex).
% where Sex is one of “male” or “female”
married(Wife, Husband).
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Examples of rules needed may be: mother(), father(), etc. [Think of it!]
You may need to use compound predicates when making queries (if there is no suitable rule
to use).
Basic questions:
Construct queries at Prolog Listener to observe answers for each of the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Find all the married couples
Find out all married females in the KB
Find pat’s father
Find arthur’s mother
Find all of bob’s parents
Find out if simon is a parent of jim
Find out if donna is a parent of tina
Find all of cathy’s parents
Find michelle’s gender type