LEONARDO da VINCI Programme
Pilot Project no RO/02/B/F/PP – 141004
“TRAINING MODULE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL”
CURRICULUM OF COURSE:
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION MONITORING
POLLUTION, ANALYSIS, LEGISLATION,
QUALITY ASSURANCE AND MANAGEMENT
www.unibuc.ro/hosting/leonardo
Bucharest 2005
1
1. GENERAL PRESENTATION
Environmental pollution remains an important issue, for both the
population and the economic and political decision factors in all
countries throughout the world; even they are developed or developing
countries.
Huge efforts are made for the environmental pollution monitoring
and control, especially in industrial countries, and the achievements are
sometimes impressive. However, a lot remains to be done in fighting
pollution, as the experts working in this field are not only facing issues
that are already known, but also new issues that are triggered mainly by
the economic growth at a global level.
Both in Romania and in the European Union’s countries, the
education system is preparing experts in the field of environmental
pollution monitoring and control, at a graduate or master’s level.
However, due to the swift progress currently achieved in the abovementioned field throughout the world, the need was felt for organising
other forms of training as well, especially short duration studies at postgraduate level conducive to the improvement of the knowledge of
experts working in environmental pollution control.
Within this professional training programme, we deemed it
appropriate to approach the main issues related to environmental
pollution monitoring and control in an integrated manner, not by
presenting the analytical methods of pollution control exclusively. Thus,
this book is structured in five chapters as follows:
I. Organic and inorganic environmental pollutants in air and
waters. Sonic and electromagnetic pollution
II. Analytical techniques for environmental monitoring and
control
III. Automatic
analytical
methods
for
environmental
monitoring and control
2
IV. Standardisation and legislation in the field of
environmental monitoring and control
V. Laboratory quality assurance and management of
laboratory activity in the field of environmental monitoring
and control including sonic and electromagnetic pollution
In addition to the main course, the activity within a training
module is complemented by practical studies. A laboratory guide was
drafted to this purpose comprising experimental exercises related to
chapters: II, III and V. Special attention was also granted to the writing of
three computer programmes that simulate some analytical processes
and that we think adequately complement the training activity within the
module.
The course addresses to:
 Young graduated students from faculties of: chemistry,
biochemistry, biology, ecology, engineering, etc.
 Employed / un-employed persons interested to acquire a
qualification in the field of environmental monitoring and
control.
 Trainers from environmental monitoring and control field.
 Pollutant / potential pollutant enterprises.
 Local, regional and governmental authorities interested in
the project subject.
This book is a course that aims at updating the knowledge of
graduate people working or interested in environmental pollution control,
within a two-week postgraduate training modules.
The structure of the course is offering to this teaching material a
strong innovative character. But the quality and adequacy of the
innovation must be carefully checked in real situations, in carefully
organised pilot learning environments. So, special assessment
techniques were designed to evaluate this course.
The course was achieved within a pilot project funded by the
European Union’s professional training programme “Leonardo da Vinci”,
with the participation of 10 partners from five countries (Romania,
France, Italy, Spain and Sweden).
3
COORDINATOR:
University of Bucharest (ROMANIA)
www.unibuc.ro
Prof. Dr. Andrei Florin DĂNEŢ
danet@unibuc.ro,
andreidanet@yahoo.com
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mihaela Carmen CHEREGI
m_cheregi@yahoo.com
mlcheregi@xnet.ro
mihaela.badea@uniroma2.it
m_badea@yahoo.it
Senior Scientist Dr. Mihaela BADEA
PARTNERS:
CEAM (SPAIN)
University of Valencia (SPAIN)
University of Perpignan (FRANCE)
University “Tor Vergata”, Rome (ITALY)
ECOIND (ROMANIA)
ICECHIM (ROMANIA)
ITEC-BRAZI (ROMANIA)
ANOX (SWEDEN)
University of Lund (SWEDEN)
www.gva.es/ceam
www.uv.es
www.univ-perp.fr
www.uniroma2.it
www.incdecoind.ro
www.icechim.ro
www.itec.ro
www.anox.se
www.analykem.lu.se
4
2. DESCRIPTION
CHAPTER I
ORGANIC AND INORGANIC ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS IN
AIR AND WATERS. SONIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC POLLUTION
It is a general presentation and characterisation of the principal
organic and inorganic pollutants in air and waters and also, of sonic and
electromagnetic pollution.
I.1. AIR POLLUTANTS
Air pollution started when tribesmen learned to use fire, and filled
the air inside their living quarters with the products of incomplete
combustion. As cities and industry grew in size, the problem increased in
severity. Since the 30s the other air pollution problems as well as
solutions up to some extent emerged. In the following sections are
described the main air pollutants and problems identified today. Due to
their different nature, the pollutants are separated in organic and
inorganic compounds.
I.1.1. Organic Air Pollutants
- Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), Other Compounds.
I.1.2. Inorganic Air Pollutants.
- Fixed Gases, Variable Gases, Characteristics of Selected
Gases and Aerosol Particle Components, Aerosol Particles
in Smog and the Global Environment.
I.2. WATER POLLUTANTS
For years, the quality of drinking water has been an important
factor in determining the human welfare. Nowadays, the growth of the
5
industrial and agricultural modern techniques has as result the obtaining
of new synthetic chemicals. Many of these chemicals have contaminated
water supplies. It is clear that water pollution must be a concern of every
citizen. Understanding the sources, interactions, and effects of water
pollutants is essential for controlling and monitoring the contaminants in
an environmentally safe and economically acceptable manner. In this
chapter the most important water pollutants are presented and also their
effect on human health.
I.2.1. Types of Water Pollutants
Metals
- Metal Toxicity, Biotransformation of Metals.
Metalloids and Organometallic Compounds
- Metalloids, Organically Bound Metals and Metalloids.
Anionic inorganic species
- Chloride, Fluoride, Nitrate and Nitrite, Sulphate and
Sulphide, Cyanide, Phosphate.
Acidity, Alkalinity and Salinity
- Acidity, Alkalinity, Salinity.
Organic pollutants
- Introduction
- Sewage, Surfactants, Halogenated Carbons, Polycyclic
Aromatic
Hydrocarbons,
Dioxins,
Polychlorinated
Biphenyls, Brominated Flame Retardants, Phthalates.
Pesticides
- Chlorinated
hydrocarbons,
Organophosphates,
Carbamates, Pyrethrins and pyrethroids, Phenoxyacetic
acid herbicides, Radionuclides.
II.3. SONIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC POLLUTION
The Sound
We live in a world of sounds, undoubtedly essential in terms of
communication and/or transfer of knowledge. Nature furnishes us with
an abundant variety of sound sources, but it’s the man-made ones which
6
often raise problems for the environmental health and will be discussed
in this chapter.
- Introduction, Aural Environment.
Electromagnetic Pollution
Since the 1950-s, the humanity has surrounded itself with
artificial electric and magnetic fields as a result of the increasing use of
electricity as an indispensable part of every day life. The effect of the
electromagnetic pollution on the human welfare is described.
- The Electromagnetic Fields. Introduction, Electromagnetic
Environment.
CHAPTER II
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND CONTROL
Most of the analytical techniques find their applicability in
environmental control, from the simplest to the most complicated one.
This has increased the difficulty for the creation of this course that
attempts to present over a small length and in a concise and clear
manner the most important analytical techniques being applied in the
mentioned domain.
After an INTRODUCTION (II.1), in the following chapters a few
basic notions are presented regarding:
II.2. ELEMENTARY STATISTICS
In an analysis, the collection of the data is followed by the data
handling. Statistics is necessary to understand the significance of the
collected data and therefore to set up limitations on each step of
analysis. The aspects described are:
Accuracy and Precision
Errors and Ways of Expressing Accuracy
Measures of Precision
7
II.3. SAMPLE, SAMPLING AND PREPARATION
This stage is extremely important for the analytical determination,
especially when environmental samples are analyzed and, often, proper
attention is not paid to it. The fact is known that generally the sampling
and sample preparing for analysis generate the largest errors in
environmental analysis. In the following chapter a few basic notions
regarding the sampling and the preparing of the sample for analysis
were presented.
Sample and Sampling
- Sample and Sampling; Statistics of Sampling; Sample
Handling.
Sample Preparation
- Sample Extraction; Sample Cleanup; Digestion; Dilution;
Filtering.
II.4. ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES USED IN ENVIRONMENTAL
ANALYSIS
The presentation of the analytical techniques starts with the
“classical” methods like gravimetry and volumetry, these techniques
maintaining a certain importance in almost all the environmental control
laboratories and continues with the most important instrumental analysis
techniques. All of these issues are presented in a concise manner (in
our opinion) with applications for environmental control as follows:
Gravimetric Analysis
- Physical Gravimetry; Thermogravimetry; Precipitative
Gravimetry.
Volumetric Analysis
- Fundamentals of Titrimetry.
Spectrophotometric Analysis
- Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation; Molecular Absorption
of Electromagnetic Radiation; Quantitative Law of Radiation
Absorption; Quantitative Analysis in the UV-Vis;
Instrumentation for UV-Vis Spectrometry.
8
Atomic Absorption and Emission
- Introduction; Atomic Absorption Spectrometry; Atomic
Emission
Spectrometry;
Physical
and
Chemical
Interferences in AAS and AES.
Electrochemical Methods of Analysis
- Introduction; Conductometric Methods; Potentiometric
Methods; Voltammetric Methods; Modes of Current-Voltage
Measurements;
Chronoamperometry;
Stripping
Voltammetry.
Chromatography: ionic, GC and HPLC
- Introduction; Types of Chromatography; Clasification of
Chromatographic Processes; Chromatographic Theory. An
overview; Ion Chromatography; Ion Exchange; Gas
Chromatography;
High
Performance
Liquid
Chromatography (HPLC); Applications .
Mass-spectrometry
- Definition; Principles; The Mass Spectrum; Sample
Introduction; Ionization modes in mass spectrometry; Mass
Analyzers; Ion Detection Systems; Mass Spectrometry –
Working Modes
Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry
- Definition; Principles; Interfacing MS to GC; Data System
for GC / MS Instrumentation; Data Interpretation Modes in
GC / MS; Qualitative Information in GC / MS; Quantitative
Information in GC / MS; Applications.
Immunoassay
- Immunoassay
Principle;
ELISA
Technique ;
Immunochemical Sensors.
II.5. METHODS FOR MONITORING THE MOST IMPORTANT
POLLUTANTS
The chapter ends with the presentation of the monitoring
methods for some important environmental pollutants:
Phenols
9
Nitrogen (nitrite, nitrate, ammonia)
Cyanide
- Samples pre-treatment; Silver Nitrate Titrimetric Method;
Colorimetric Method; Ion-Selective Electrode Method;
Cyanide in Solid Samples; Cyanide in Aerosol and Gas
Samples.
Heavy metals
- Sampling and Treatment; Sample Digestion; Atomic
Absorption Spectrometry for Heavy Metals Determination;
Specific Methods for Determination the Most Important
Heavy Metals Pollutants.
Pesticides
- Monitoring of Pesticides; Separation Techniques;
Immunoassay; Biosensors and Immunosensors.
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs);
- Quantitation; Sample Extraction and Cleanup; Alternative
Analytical Methods.
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
CHAPTER III
AUTOMATIC ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
MONITORING AND CONTROL
III.1. INTRODUCTION
In the last decades can be observed the use on a larger and
larger scale of automation in various domains of science and technique,
and especially in the domain of environmental quality monitoring. This
was possible due to the great progresses in the top technology fields,
like micromechanics, microelectronics and especially computer
construction.
10
In the following chapters a short presentation of the automated
flow analysis methods will be made with applications in the
environmental quality domain, together with other automated analysis
methods with important applications in the mentioned domain.
III.2. FLOW TECHNIQUES OF ANALYSIS
Automatic flow methods of chemical analysis, unknown for more
then a half a century ago are now widespread in most analytical
laboratories. Since the original paper published by Skeggs in 1957 on
multisegmented continuous flow analysis, many improvements and even
simplifications have been made on this field with numerous applications
in the environmental monitoring and control. A short description of these
techniques and the commercial available continuous analysers is done
as follows:
Introduction in CFA, FIA and SIA
Continuous Flow Analysis; Segmented Flow Analysis; Flow
Injection
Analysis;
Sequential
Injection
Analysis;
Hyphenated Systems.
Automated Flow Analysers
Continuous and Discontinuous Systems; Commercial
Automated Flow Analyzers; The future – Microfluids.
Application of the Flow Techniques of Analysis in
Environmental Monitoring and Control
Introduction; Water Monitoring and Control; Monitoring and
Control in Rain Water; Water Quality, Wastewater;
Atmospheric Monitoring and Control; Soil Pollutants.
III.3. MODERN TECHNIQUES FOR AIR POLLUTANTS
LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)
- Introduction; LIDAR Design; Application of LIDAR in
Environmental Monitoring.
DOAS for Environmental Control
- Introduction; Principle of DOAS Operation; Spectral
Regions Usable for DOAS Measurements; How is Working
11
a DOAS Based Instrument?; DOAS Application in Pollution
Monitoring.
Other aspects discussed in this chapter are:
Automation in Immunoassay
III.4. AUTOMATIC SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
CHAPTER IV
STANDARDISATION AND LEGISLATION IN THE FIELD OF
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND CONTROL
In the first part of this chapter are presented a series of
environmental protection treaties, conventions and agreements
established or signed between nations which were put forth to protect
wildlife, wildlife habitat, oceans, atmosphere and hazardous substances.
V.1.
AN
INTRODUCTION
TO
INTERNATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS
An Overview of International Conventions and Agreements
The Relationship between International Trade and
Environmental Controls
The European Union Environmental Programmes
In the second part, a comparison of the legislation and the
criteria of water and air quality in 4 countries of the European
Community (France, Italy, Spain and Sweden), Romania and in the
United States of America is presented as follows:
12
IV.2. LEGISLATION IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL
MONITORING AND CONTROL
Comparison of the Characteristics of surface water for
production of drinking water in France, Italy, Romania,
Sweden and Spain
Chemical indicators to evaluate the quality of surface
water; Characteristics of Raw Water for Human Use in
France; Monitoring Program for Drinking Water in France;
Emission Limit of Urban Effluent of Waste Water Plant.
Air Pollution
IV.3. STANDARDIZATION FOR THE MOST IMPORTANT
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS
CHAPTER V
LABORATORY QUALITY ASSURANCE AND MANAGEMENT OF
LABORATORY ACTIVITY IN THE FIELD OF
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND CONTROL INCLUDING
SONIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC POLLUTION
In the INTRODUCTION (V.1) of this chapter is stipulated the
importance of quality assurance of the products and services, that
constitutes an important issue in modern society.
Services and commodities, which are not fit for their intended
purpose may give rise to economic losses and may impair human health
and/or the environment. This means that the concerned parties need to
assess the quality of the products or services prior to purchase or use.
The aspect discussed here are:
V.2. CONCEPT OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT, QUALITY
ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL
What is Quality?
13
Quality Management
Quality Assurance
Quality Control
V.3. LABORATORY QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Elements of Quality Management System
- Quality Policy; Quality Objectives; Quality Manual;
Procedures; Records.
V.4. QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN ENVIRONMENTAL
MONITORING AND CONTROL LABORATORIES INCLUDING
SONIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC POLLUTION
Management Requirements
- Organization; Quality System; Document Control; Review
of Request; Tenders and Contracts; Subcontracting of
Tests; Purchasing Services and Supplies; Services to the
Client; Complaints; Control of Nonconforming Testing
Work; Corrective Action; Preventive Action; Control of
Records; Internal Audit; Management Reviews.
Technical Requirements
Personnel
and
Training;
Accommodation
and
Environmental Conditions; Test Methods and Method
Validation;
Equipment;
Measurements
Traceability;
Sampling; Handling of Tests Items; Assuring the Quality of
Tests Results; Reporting the Results.
14
3. LEVEL
A. Prerequisite:

For young graduated students (aged 22 - 28) those are at the
beginning of their work period and who want to become specialists in the
field of environmental monitoring and control.

For people (with a University diploma) with qualifications not
needed on the labour market, or being at risk of exclusion from the
actual and further labour market, as well as, unemployed persons
interested to acquire qualifications in the field of the project.

For improving the knowledge of the trainers from the
environmental monitoring and control and of the local, regional and
governmental authorities and other organizations interested in this
domain.
B. Aims and objectives:
The main objectives of the proposed course are to improve the
environmental monitoring and control and to train a big number of
specialists in this domain by up-dating their knowledge in this field and
by working with modern equipments and analytical methods.
All the information collected from different companies / authorities
indicates that the employees have little knowledge about the
environmental monitoring and control. They often require much more
knowledge about the analytical methods or technical problems,
legislation, quality assurance and management of laboratory activity for
environmental protection. That is why they need time and
complementary training (usually organised by the company or
apprentice stage with a much experienced employee with the same job
15
functions as a coach) to become able of perform their daily duties.
Taking this into account, this course is also available in electronic form,
on CD, and several chapters are available on the webpage of the
project. In this way it is more facile for the interested persons to upgrade
their knowledge in the field of environmental protection.
The specific aims of the proposed course are: the development in a
transnational context, of an European dimension training course in the
field of environmental monitoring and control; re-conversion of the labour
forces in this field and the alignment at the European standards of the
vocational training methods – the graduates beside a better vocational
training will find easier a job, their training being recognized all over the
Europe ; a change in the old educational system and this means that all
the theoretical aspects are linked to practice.
The proposed course together with the other training materials
can prepare specialists more adequately fitted to environmental
protection jobs and can satisfy the challenges of the modern economy
and society.
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17
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18
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19
4. LENGTH
The teaching module lasts 10 working days. The total time
normally required to complete the course is 52 hours (26 hours / week)
as follows:
 4 hours for each taught chapter (I, II, III. IV, V)
 4 hours for each seminar (S) (related to chapters 1 and IV)
 8 hours for each laboratory (L) work (related to chapters II,
III, V).
The proposed time planning for the course and the other
complementary activities is:
Chapter I.
ORGANIC AND INORGANIC ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTANTS IN AIR AND WATERS. SONIC AND
ELECTROMAGNETIC POLLUTION
Nr.
Lecture title
crt.
1
I.1. Air pollutants
2
I.2. Water pollutants
3
I.3. Sonic and electromagnetic pollution
TOTAL CHAPTER I
Chapter II.
Nr.
crt.
1
Course
(h)
1.5
2
0.5
4
S/L
(h)
1.5 (S)
2 (S)
0.5 (S)
4
ANALYTICAL MEHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
MONITORING AND CONTROL
Lecture title
II.1. Introduction, II.2. Elementary
statistics, II.3. Sample, sampling and
preparation; II.4. Gravimetric and
volumetric methods.
Course
(h)
1
S/L
(h)
2 (L)
20
2
II.4. Analytical techniques used in
environmental analysis
3
II.5. Methods for monitoring the most
important pollutants
TOTAL CHAPTER II
Chapter III.
Nr.
crt.
1
III.1. Introduction; III.2. Introduction in
CFA, SFA, FIA and SIA
2
III.3. Modern techniques for air pollutants
3
III.4. Automatic spectrometry
TOTAL CHAPETR III
Nr.
crt.
1
4 (L)
1
2 (L)
4
8
AUTOMATIC ANALYTICAL MEHODS FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND CONTROL
Lecture title
Chapter IV.
2
Course
(h)
2
S/L
(h)
3(L)
1
1
4
2 (L)
3 (L)
8
STANDARDIZATON AND LEGISLATION IN THE FIELD
OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND CONTROL
Lecture title
Course
(h)
1
IV 1. An introduction to international
environmental controls
2
IV.2. Legislation in the field of 2
environmental monitoring and control
3
IV.3. Standardization for the most 1
important environmental pollutants
TOTAL CHAPTER IV
4
S/L
(h)
1 (S)
2 (S)
1 (S)
4
21
Chapter V.
Nr.
crt.
1
LABORATORY
QUALITY
ASSURANCE
MANAGEMENT OF LABORATORY ACTIVITY IN
FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
CONTROL
INCLUDING
SONIC
ELECTROMAGNETIC POLLUTION
Lecture title
V.1. Introduction; V.2. Concept of quality
management, quality assurance and
quality control
2
V.3. Laboratory quality management
system
3
V.4. Quality management system in
environmental monitoring and control
laboratories including sonic and
electromagnetic pollution
TOTAL CHAPTER V
TOTAL COURSE
AND
THE
AND
AND
Course
(h)
1
S/L
(h)
2 (L)
1
2 (L)
2
4 (L)
4
8
20
32
Observation: the rest of 14 hours/week are used by the each student to
prepare, under the guidance of a professor, his short individual work
choosing a subject of his interest area but related to the course content.
22
5. TEACHING AND LEARNING METHODS
a)
b)
c)
d)
The courses will be presented as lectures, ended with short periods
of time (5-10 min) devoted to supplementary explanations requested
by the students.
As it was already mentioned above there would be seminars or
laboratories work for each learning unit, function of its content:
Chapters I and IV with seminars and Chapters II, III and V with
laboratory exercise.
Tutorial sessions will be organised for groups or individual students
on request.
The students will prepare a short individual work in a printed form as
about 10 pages describing a subject related to their domain of
interest but related to the environmental monitoring and control.
They will be supervised by a professor or a researcher and also,
they can use the internet resources.
6. ASSESSMENT
At the end of the course, it will be formed a commission
composed from professors, researchers involved in the project and
independent experts (local, regional, governmental authorities) and it will
assist at the final evaluation of the students.
The evaluation will be done by:
a) Oral and / or written examinations in order to evaluate the
transfer of knowledge and skills acquired at the end the course.
b) Oral presentation of the individual work elaborated by each
student in order to evaluate their ability to make a link between a
subject of their interests and the environmental protection.
The students, who will attend the training course and will obtain
at least “Satisfactory” at the final examination, will receive an official
Certificate.