Pennsylvania 2007 Area Source Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Estimation
Methods
December 2009
Prepared by Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection
Bureau of Air Quality
Rachel Carson State Office Building
PO Box 8468
Harrisburg, PA 17105-8468
Contact: Sherry Bogart, 717-783-5974, sbogart@state.pa.us
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
AREA SOURCE DEFINITION .......................................................................................................................................5
METHODS FOR ESTIMATING AREA SOURCE ACTIVITY AND EMISSIONS ....................................................5
ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS (SCC 2460600000) ...................................................................................................12
AIRCRAFT COATING (SCC 2401075000) .................................................................................................................14
APPLIANCES (SCC 2401060000) ................................................................................................................................16
ARCHITECTURAL SURFACE COATINGS (SCC 2401001000) ..............................................................................18
ASPHALT PAVING (2 SCCs) ......................................................................................................................................20
AUTOMOTIVE AFTERMARKET PRODUCTS (SCC 2460400000) .........................................................................25
AUTOMOTIVE REFINISHING (SCC 2401005000) ...................................................................................................27
BAKERIES (SCC 2302050000) ....................................................................................................................................29
COATINGS AND RELATED PRODUCTS (SCC 2460500000) .................................................................................31
COMMERCIAL COOKING – (5 SCCs) .......................................................................................................................33
CONSTRUCTION DUST (3 SCCs: SCC 2311010000, SCC 2311020000, SCC 2311030000) ..................................41
DEGREASING (4 SCCs: SCC 2415360000, SCC 2415300000, SCC 2415230000, SCC 2415200000).....................53
DRY CLEANERS (SCC 2420000000) ..........................................................................................................................56
ELECTRONIC AND OTHER ELECTRIC COATINGS (SCC 2401065000) ..............................................................58
FACTORY FINISHED WOOD (SCC 2401015000) .....................................................................................................60
FIFRA-REGULATED PRODUCTS (SCC 2460800000) .............................................................................................61
FUEL COMBUSTION – COMMERCIAL/INSTITUTIONAL (7 SCCs: SCC 2103001000, SCC 2103002000, .......64
SCC 2103004000, SCC 2103005000, SCC 2103006000, SCC 2103007000, SCC 2103011000) ................................64
FUEL COMBUSTION – INDUSTRIAL (7 SCCs: 2102001000, ................................................................................79
SCC 2102002000, SCC 2102004000, SCC 2102005000,..............................................................................................79
SCC 2102006000, SCC 2102007000, SCC 2102011000) .............................................................................................79
GASOLINE MARKETING (5 SCCs) .........................................................................................................................102
GRAPHIC ARTS (SCC 2425000000) .........................................................................................................................107
HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS (SCC 2460200000)........................................................................................................108
INDUSTRIAL MAINTENANCE COATINGS (SCC 2401100000) ..........................................................................110
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MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT (SCC 2401055000) ............................................................................................111
MARINE COATING (SCC 2401080000) ...................................................................................................................113
METAL CANS (SCC 2401040000).............................................................................................................................116
METAL FURNITURE (SCC 2401025000) .................................................................................................................118
METAL SHEETS, STRIPS, COILS (SCC 2401045000) ............................................................................................119
MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING (SCC 2401090000).................................................................................121
MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS (NOT OTHERWISE COVERED) (SCC 2460900000) .......................................123
OPEN BURNING (3 CCs) ...........................................................................................................................................125
OTHER SPECIAL PURPOSE COATINGS (SCC 2401200000)................................................................................130
PAPER, FOIL AND FILM (SCC 2401030000) ..........................................................................................................132
PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS (SCC 2460100000) ................................................................................................134
PORTABLE FUEL CONTAINERS – GASOLINE DISTRIBUTION (10 SCCs) .....................................................136
PUBLIC OWNED TREATMENT WORKS (SCC: 2630020000) ..............................................................................139
RAILROAD SOLVENTS (SCC 2401085000) ............................................................................................................141
RESIDENTIAL COAL FOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTION (2 SCCs: SCC 2104001000, SCC 2104002000)...............143
RESIDENTIAL FUEL OIL/KEROSENE COMBUSTION (2 SCCs: SCC 2104004000, SCC 2104011000) ...........150
RESIDENTIAL LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) (SCC 2104007000) ..........................................................155
RESIDENTIAL NATURAL GAS (SCC 2104006000) ...............................................................................................158
TRAFFIC LINE PAINTING (SCC 2401008000)........................................................................................................162
WINERIES (SCC 2302070005) ...................................................................................................................................164
WOOD FURNITURE AND FIXTURES (SCC 2401020000) ....................................................................................166
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..........................................................................................................................................168
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5
AREA SOURCE DEFINITION
For emission inventory development purposes, the term “area sources” traditionally refers to stationary air pollutant emission sources
that are not inventoried at the facility-level. While point sources are inventoried individually, area sources are typically inventoried at
the county level (Introduction to Area Source Emission Inventory Development Volume III: Chapter 1)1. Sources such as gasoline
stations and dry cleaning establishments are often treated as both point and area sources. The main reason they are not exclusively
treated as point sources is that the effort required to gather data and estimate emissions for each individual facility is very great, while
emissions per facility are generally small. For these sources, a cut-off point, typically based on annual emissions, usually defines the
distinction between point and area. The Consolidated Emissions Reporting Rule (CERR) specifies reporting criteria air pollutant
(CAP) thresholds for point and area sources, which vary depending on the pollutant and the attainment status of a county (see
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/cerr/index.html).
Individual emissions sources are grouped with other like sources into source categories. These source categories are grouped in such a
way that they can be estimated collectively using one methodology. Most area source categories do not have an analogue in the point
source inventory. Commercial/consumer product use is such an example. The boundaries of the individual activities associated with
these sources are often hard to determine or are, at best, arbitrary. Even within a point source facility, some activities occur that are
more easily treated as area source emissions. Some emissions associated with surface coating operations such as equipment cleaning,
for example, can be more practically estimated using area source methods even though other surface coating operations may be
reported as part of the point source inventory.
METHODS FOR ESTIMATING AREA SOURCE ACTIVITY AND EMISSIONS
Area source emissions are generally estimated by multiplying an emission factor by some known indicator or collective activity for
each area source category at the county level. Several methodologies are available for estimating area source activity levels and
emissions. For this 2007 area source inventory, estimates were derived by (1) treating area sources as point sources, (2) obtaining
Eastern Research Group, Inc., “Emission Inventory Improvement Program, Document Series, Volume III, Area Sources, Chapter 1,
Introduction to Area Source Emission Inventory Development (Revised Final),” prepared for the Area Sources Committee, Emission
Inventory Improvement Program, January 2001.
1
6
county-level activity data, (3) apportioning national or statewide activity data to counties, (4) use of per capita emission factors, and
(5) use of per employee emission factors. Each approach has distinct advantages and disadvantages as discussed below.
Small sources that would normally be treated as area sources may be handled as point sources for several reasons. First, county level
activity data may not be readily determinable for certain source categories. Municipal landfills provide an example of this situation.
For some source categories, county activity estimates were available. For example, monthly wine production data for 2007 were
available by county from the Alcohol & Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau, Department of Treasury. If county activity data were not
available, Commonwealth totals were apportioned to counties using data for a surrogate of the emissions activity. For example, the
quantity of highway gasoline consumed in the Commonwealth was apportioned to the county level on the basis of vehicle miles
traveled per county. Residential, commercial, and industrial fuel combustion were other categories that were handled in this manner.
The major drawbacks of this approach are that additional data and resources are needed to apportion activity levels to the local level,
and accuracy is lost in the process. If Commonwealth level data were not available, then national data were used in a similar manner.
Sources in certain area source categories were not only numerous and diffuse, but were too difficult to inventory by any of the above
procedures. As an example, solvent evaporation from consumer and commercial products such as waxes, aerosol products and
window cleaners cannot be routinely determined by DEP. In addition, it would be resource-intensive to develop and implement a
survey that would yield such information. Per capita or per employee emission factors are used to estimate emissions for these source
categories. The use of per capita emission factors is based on the assumption that, for a given source category, emission activity can be
reasonably associated with population. This assumption is valid over broad areas for certain categories such as Architectural Surface
Coating and solvent evaporation from Consumer and Commercial Products.
For categories that rely on a per capita emission factor, county population estimates for 2007 were obtained from the U.S. Bureau of
the Census. When emissions are calculated from per employee emission factors, county-level employment data for 2006 were
obtained. Because county employment data for 2007 was not be available from the Bureau of the Census’ County Business Patterns
(CBP) until July 2009, data for the appropriate North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) codes were obtained by E.
H. Pechan & Associates from the 2006 CBP1. The Commonwealth-level employment data were obtained at the NAICS code level
from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.2
1
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, County Business Patterns 2006, Pennsylvania, available from
http://www.census.gov/epcd/cbp/view/cbpview.html,.
2
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Employment Statistics, available from http://www.bls.gov/sae/home.htm.
7
In some cases, the Census does not report the employment value for a particular NAICS code/county combination because of
confidentiality concerns. In these cases, the Census provides employment data as a range (e.g., between 20 and 99 employees). When
a precise number of employees was not available from CBP, an initial estimate was developed based on the mid-point of the reported
range (e.g., 60 employees was used for the 20 to 99 employment range). For a given NAICS code, the mid-point estimates were then
adjusted up or down to yield the Commonwealth-level employment for that NAICS code as reported in the CBP. The adjustments
were computed by first calculating the difference between the Commonwealth-level CBP employment and the total of the
employment values for counties for which actual employment values were reported in the CBP. The resulting value represents
employment for the counties for which the CBP reports an employment range value. This value was then divided by the sum of the
mid-point employment estimates for the counties for which employment was reported as a range. The resulting ratio was multiplied by
the mid-point estimates to yield the final county employment estimates. The calculation spreadsheets provide each of the steps used in
this estimation procedure. National, State and County level employment data downloaded from US Census Bureau, mapping of
employment flag letters reported by County Business Patterns to the range and midpoints of the range, and calculated final activity
data using the employment midpoint and adjustment factor was performed by E.H. Pechan & Associates.
Control Efficiency (CE)
Control efficiency is the emission reduction percentage associated with a control device, process change or reformulation. Control
efficiencies can vary widely by source within an area source category. Area source control efficiency values represent the weighted
average control for the category.
Rule Penetration (RP)
Because lower-emitting sources within a source category may not be covered by a regulation, it is important to reflect the extent to
which total source category emissions are affected. Rule penetration represents the percentage of total source category emissions that
are affected by a regulation.
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Rule Effectiveness (RE)
Rule effectiveness is a factor used to adjust the control efficiency to account for failures and uncertainties that affect the actual
performance of the control. For example, control equipment performance may be adversely affected by age of the equipment, lack of
maintenance, or improper use. With the exception of Federal regulations, a default RE value of 80 percent was applied when
information was not available to substantiate the true RE value1. An RE of 100 percent was applied to all Federal regulations that
require national compliance.
The RE factor is applied to the estimated control efficiency in the calculation of emissions from a source. The formula for the
application of CE, RP, and RE is displayed below:
Uncontrolled Emissions
Control Efficiency
Rule Penetration
Rule Effectiveness
=
=
=
=
50 pounds per day
90 percent
60 percent
80 percent
Controlled Emissions = Uncontrolled Emissions × (1 – CE/100 × RP/100 × RE/100)
Controlled Emissions = 50 × (1 – 0.9 × 0.6 × 0.8) = 50 × (1 – 0.432) = 28.4 pounds per day
An RE and/or RP value can substantially increase emission estimates when high control efficiencies are involved. For example, if RP
was not applied in the above example (equivalent to a 100 percent RP assumption), then estimated emissions are:
Controlled Emissions = 50 × (1 – 0.9 × 0.8) = 50 × (1 – 0.72) = 14 pounds per day.
Eastern Research Group, Inc., “Emission Inventory Improvement Program, Document Series, Volume III, Area Sources, Chapter 1,
Introduction to Area Source Emission Inventory Development (Revised Final),” prepared for the Area Sources Committee, Emission
Inventory Improvement Program, January 2001.
1
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Point Source Subtractions
Source categories can appear in both the area source and point source inventory. For example, emissions from large dry cleaning
establishments may be included in the point source inventory, while emissions from smaller dry cleaners (below some specified
cutoff) are included in the area source inventory. When a point source inventory and an area source inventory include emissions from
the same process, the area source emission estimates are adjusted to avoid double counting. Although many area source categories
(e.g., Architectural Surface Coating) do not have companion point source categories, there are many source categories in the area
source inventory for which emissions are reported in the Pennsylvania point source inventory (see Table 1). For these source
categories, point source emissions are subtracted from total emission estimates to yield area source emissions.
Ideally, this adjustment would occur in the area source emission calculation by subtracting point source emission activity
(throughput) from total emission activity as shown below.
Area Source Activity  Total Activity  Point Source Activity
However, the Pennsylvania point source inventory does not report throughput for most sources. Therefore, it was necessary to
calculate the point source subtractions using total and point source emission estimates as identified below.
Area Emissionsp  Total Emissionsp   Point Source Emissionsp 
where:
p = pollutant
Separate point source inventories were developed for Allegheny and Philadelphia counties and for all other counties. Except for
ammonia and lead, the Allegheny inventory reports annual emissions for all pollutants included in the area source inventory. These
pollutants are also missing from the Philadelphia County annual inventory. Unlike the Allegheny inventory, the Philadelphia County
inventory does not report PM emissions on a filterable and condensable basis, but rather on a primary basis. The inventory for the
remaining counties reports annual emissions for the same pollutants as the Philadelphia County inventory, with the exception of
primary PM2.5 (PM25-PRI), which is not reported for the remaining counties. Given the different ways in which PM emissions are
reported in the 2002 Pennsylvania point source inventory, it was necessary to develop PM emissions on a consistent basis to facilitate
the point source subtractions. Therefore, for Allegheny County, Pechan summed the condensable and the filterable PM emissions to
obtain PM10-PRI and PM25-PRI emission values for use in the point source subtractions.
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To facilitate the point source subtractions, the annual emission records for all point SCCs associated with an area source category were
summed to the county level. The county-level point source annual emissions were then subtracted from the area source category
annual emissions using an area source category-to-point source category crosswalk developed for this project. Note that in keeping
with EIIP guidance, when the resulting area source emission estimate was negative, the area source emission value was set to zero.
The following presents an example of point source NOx emission subtraction calculations for the Commercial/Institutional
Bituminous/Sub-bituminous Coal Combustion category (SCC 2103002000).
Area Source NOx Emissions for SCC 2103002000  Total NOx Emissions   Po int NOx Emissions 
Total NOx Emissions for SCC 2103002000 ( Allegheny Cnty)  1,054.3025 tons per year
Po int Source NOx Emissions ( Allegheny Cnty)  152.0751 tons (SCC 10300207 )  6.2277 tons (SCC 10300208 )
Area Source NOx Emissions for SCC 2103002000  1,054.3025 tons   158.3028 tons 
 895.9997 tons
The following individual sections describe the annual and seasonal emission estimation methodology for each area source category.
Each section contains a brief description of the source category, identifies whether the category’s emission estimates were subject to
point source emission subtractions, and presents sample emission calculations (point source subtractions are not included in these
sample calculations). All referenced sources are displayed in Appendix A.
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Table 1. Area Source Inventory Categories with Point Source Emission Subtractions
SCC
2102001000
2102002000
2103001000
2103002000
2103004000
2102004000
2103005000
2102005000
2103006000
2102006000
2103007000
2302070001
2401015000
2401020000
2401040000
SCC1DESC
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Industrial Processes
Solvent Utilization
Solvent Utilization
Solvent Utilization
SCC3DESC
Industrial
Industrial
Commercial/Institutional
Commercial/Institutional
Commercial/Institutional
Industrial
Commercial/Institutional
Industrial
Commercial/Institutional
Industrial
Industrial
Food and Kindred Products: SIC 20
Surface Coating
Surface Coating
Surface Coating
2401050000
2401055000
2401080000
2401085000
2401090000
2415200000
2415300000
2425000000
2501060053
2501060101
2501060102
2601010000
2601020000
2620030000
Solvent Utilization
Solvent Utilization
Solvent Utilization
Solvent Utilization
Solvent Utilization
Solvent Utilization
Solvent Utilization
Solvent Utilization
Storage and Transport
Storage and Transport
Storage and Transport
Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery
Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery
Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery
Surface Coating
Surface Coating
Surface Coating
Surface Coating
Surface Coating
Degreasing
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Petroleum and Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum and Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum and Petroleum Product Storage
On-site Incineration
On-site Incineration
Landfills
SCC6DESC
Anthracite Coal
Bituminous/Sub-bituminous Coal
Anthracite Coal
Bituminous/Sub-bituminous Coal
Distillate Oil
Distillate Oil
Residual Oil
Residual Oil
Natural Gas
Natural Gas
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Fermentation/Beverages
Factory Finished Wood: SIC 2426 thru 242
Wood Furniture: SIC 25
Metal Cans: SIC 341
Miscellaneous Finished Metals: SIC 34 - (341 +
3498)
Machinery and Equipment: SIC 35
Marine: SIC 373
Railroad: SIC 374
Miscellaneous Manufacturing
All Industries: Conveyerized Degreasing
All Industries: Cold Cleaning
All Processes
Gasoline Service Stations
Gasoline Service Stations
Gasoline Service Stations
Industrial
Commercial/Institutional
Municipal
SCC8DESC
Total: All Boiler Types
Total: All Boiler Types
Total: All Boiler Types
Total: All Boiler Types
Total: Boilers and IC Engines
Total: Boilers and IC Engines
Total: All Boiler Types
Total: All Boiler Types
Total: Boilers and IC Engines
Total: Boilers and IC Engines
Total: All Combustor Types
Breweries
Total: All Solvent Types
Total: All Solvent Types
Total: All Solvent Types
Total: All Solvent Types
Total: All Solvent Types
Total: All Solvent Types
Total: All Solvent Types
Total: All Solvent Types
Total: All Solvent Types
Total: All Solvent Types
Total: All Solvent Types
Stage 1: Balanced Submerged Filling
Stage 2: Displacement Loss/Uncontrolled
Stage 2: Displacement Loss/Controlled
Total
Total
Total
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ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS (SCC 2460600000)
Adhesives are formulated organic polymer compounds that adhere to, or form a bond between, one or more substrates.
They are commonly referred to as cements, glues and pastes. Adhesives can be classified as water-based, solventbased, hot melts, or radiation curable. Sealants and caulking compounds are organic polymers used to fill or seal gaps
between surfaces. The primary solvents used in formulating adhesives and sealants are aliphatic hydrocarbons and
keytones.
County-level emissions were calculated using a per capita emission factor which was obtained from the Emission
Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP)1 and U.S. Bureau of the Census 2007 population data2. The emission factor
represents pre-control emission rates. A CE of 8.3 percent3 and an RP of 48.6 percent4 were applied to reflect the
Federal Rule for consumer products. There are no point sources associated with this category.
Each county’s emissions are estimated per the sample calculations listed below.
Eastern Research Group, “Emission Inventory Improvement Program, Document Series, Volume III, Area Sources,
Chapter 5, Consumer and Commercial Solvent Use,” Table 5.4-1, prepared for the Area Sources Committee, Emission
Inventory Improvement Program, August 1996, available from
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/techreport/volume03/index.html, accessed March 2009
1
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Population Estimates Program,” T1. Population Estimates
[10] data Set: 2007 Population Estimates, available from http://www.census.gov/popest/counties/CO-EST200701.html, accessed March 2009.
2
3
4
ERTAC Recommendation, Midwest RPO Inventory Comparability Project, revised June 2, 2009, accessed June 2009.
E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., Control Measure Development Support Analysis of Ozone Transport Commission
Model Rules, prepared for the Ozone Transport Commission, March 2001.
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SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:
 CE RP RE 
Annual VOC Emissions  Emission Factor Population 1 



 100 100 100 
where:
Emission Factor = 0.57 lbs VOC/person/year1
Population = 1,219,210 (Allegheny County)2
Control Efficiency = 8.3%3
RP (Rule Penetration) = 48.6%4
RE (Rule Effectiveness) = 100%
 0.57 lbsVOC


person 
 8.3 48.6 100 
Annual VOC Emissions  


1,219,2101 

year
 100 100 100 




 1 ton 
  333.47 tons VOC per year
Annual VOC Emissions  666,916.82 pounds per year 
 2000 lbs 
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AIRCRAFT COATING (SCC 2401075000)
This source category includes aircraft building and repairing. The emissions were calculated using an employmentbased emission factor1 and employee data from NAICS code 3364XX. The number of employees in each county for
2006 was collected by E.H. Pechan and Associates, who calculated the midpoints from any given ranges2. Each
county’s emissions were estimated per the following sample calculations below. Point source emissions, where present,
were subtracted from these emission estimates.
SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:
Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)
where:
Emission Factor = 15 lbs VOC /employee/year
Employees = 4494 employees (Delaware County)
1
2
ERTAC Area Inventory Comparability Project, revised August 14, 2009, accessed October, 2009.
National, State and County level employment data downloaded from US Census Bureau, mapping of employment
flag letters reported by County Business Patterns to the range and midpoints of the range, and calculated final activity
data using the employment midpoint and adjustment factor.
15
 15 lbsVOC

Employee
Annual VOC Emissions  
year




 4494 Employees 


1 ton
Annual VOC Emissions  67,410 pounds VOC per year 
 33.705 tons VOC per year
2000 lbs
16
APPLIANCES (SCC 2401060000)
The VOC emissions from this source category result from the evaporation of the solvent used in the coating process in
the manufacture of electrical appliances such as refrigerators, freezers, laundry equipment, and electric house wares.
Emissions for each county were estimated per the sample calculations below using an employment-based emission
factor1 and the number of 2006 employees in the NAICS codes 3352XX. . The number of Appliance employees was
collected from U.S. Census Bureau’s County Business Patterns2 by E. H. Pechan and Associates who calculated
midpoints for any ranges obtained. Point source emissions, where present, were subtracted from these emission
estimates.
SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:
Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)
where:
Emission Factor = 249 lbs VOC/employee/year
Employees = 41 (Berks County)
1
2
ERTAC Area Inventory Comparability Project, revised August 14, 2009, accessed September 2009.
National, state and county level employment data downloaded from US Census Bureau, mapping of employment flag
letters reported by County Business Patterns to the range and midpoints of the range, and calculated final activity data
using the employment midpoint and adjustment factor.
17
 249 lbsVOC


employee 
Annual VOC Emissions  
 41 employees 
year




1ton
Annual VOC Emissions  10,209 pounds VOC per year 
 5.1045 tons VOC per year
2000 pounds
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ARCHITECTURAL SURFACE COATINGS (SCC 2401001000)
Architectural surface coatings are used by homeowners and painting contractors to coat the interior and exterior of
buildings and other structures. The coatings are applied by spray, brush, or roller and dry or cure at ambient conditions.
The VOC emissions from this source category result from the evaporation of the paint and cleanup solvents.
Each county’s emissions were calculated using a per capita emission factor1 and U.S. Bureau of the Census 2007
county population data2. The Federal architectural surface coating regulations call for a 20 percent reduction in the
solvent content of architectural surface coatings manufactured after September 1999, which reduction was accounted
for in the development of the new per capita emission factor for states with AC rules (2.41 lbs VOC/person/year)1.
Each county’s emissions are estimated per the sample calculations listed below.
SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:
RP RE 

Annual VOC Emissions  Emission Factor Population 1 


 100 100 
1
ERTAC Area Inventory Comparability Project, revised August 14, 2009, accessed August 2009.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Population Estimates Program,” T1. Population Estimates
[10] data Set: 2007 Population Estimates, available from http://www.census.gov/popest/counties/CO-EST200701.html, accessed March 2009.
2
19
where:
Emission Factor = 2.41 lbs VOC/person/year1
Population = 1,219,210 (Allegheny County)
CE (Control Efficiency) =0%, integral with new EF, for states
with AC rules1
RP (Rule Penetration) = 100%
RE (Rule Effectiveness) = 100%
 2.41lbsVOC


person 
 100 100 
Annual VOC Emissions  

1,219,210 people 1 

year
 100 100 




 1 ton 
  1469.1481 tons VOC per year
Annual VOC Emissions  2,938,296.10 pounds per year 
 2000 lbs 
20
ASPHALT PAVING (2 SCCs)
SCC category’s emissions for 2461021000 (Cutback Asphalt) and 2461022000 (Emulsified Asphalt) were calculated
by E.H. Pechan and Associates. The following documentation was prepared by E.H. Pechan and Associates with
footnotes located at the end of this section:
Asphalt paving is the process of applying asphalt concrete to seal or repair the surface of roads, parking lots, driveways,
walkways, or airport runways. Asphalt concrete is a composite material comprised of a binder and a mineral aggregate.
The binder, referred to as asphalt cement, is a byproduct of petroleum refining and contains the semi-solid residual
material left after the more volatile chemical fractions have been distilled off.1
a. Emulsified Asphalt
Asphalt cements thinned with water and an emulsifying agent are known as cutback asphalts. This thinning reduces the
viscosity of the asphalt making it easier to work with the mixture. The primary uses of emulsified asphalt include tack
and seal operations, priming roadbeds, and paving operations for pavements up to several inches thick.
Emulsified asphalt may contain up to 12 percent organic solvents by volume.1 Emissions from emulsified asphalt result
from the evaporation of VOCs after the mixture is laid down. Compared to cutback asphalt, emulsified asphalt has lower
VOCs emissions per ton used.
b. Cutback Asphalt
Asphalt cements thinned with petroleum distillates are known as cutback asphalts. The primary uses of cutback asphalt
include tack and seal operations, priming roadbeds, and paving operations for pavements up to several inches thick. Cutback asphalt is produced by thinning the binder in a diluent containing 25 to 45 percent petroleum distillates by volume
prior to mixing with the aggregate. This reduces the viscosity of the asphalt making it easier to work with the mixture.
Emissions from cutback asphalt result from the evaporation of VOCs and HAPS after the mixture is laid down. Of all
asphalt types, cutback asphalt has the highest diluent content and, as a result, emits the highest levels of VOCs per ton
21
used. The timeframe and quantity of VOC and HAP emissions depend on the type and the quantity of organic solvent
used as a diluent.
For these source categories, the following SCCs were assigned:
SCC
2461022000
2461021000
SCC Level 1
Solvent
Utilization
Solvent
Utilization
SCC Level 2
Misc. Non-industrial:
Commercial
Miscellaneous Nonindustrial:
Commercial
SCC Level 3
Emulsified
Asphalt
Cutback Asphalt
SCC Level 4
Total: All
Solvent Types
Total: All
Solvent Types
The general approach to calculating emissions from emulsified asphalt and cutback asphalt paving is to multiply the
estimated county-level emulsified asphalt usage by emission factors for VOCs.
State-level emulsified asphalt and cutback asphalt usage in 2008 was obtained from the Asphalt Institute’s 2008
Asphalt Usage Survey.2 State-level data were allocated to county-level according to the fraction of paved road vehicle
miles traveled (VMT) in each county.
Total annual VMT estimates by State and roadway class were obtained from the Federal Highway Administration’s
(FHWA) annual Highway Statistics report.3 Paved road VMT was calculated by subtracting the State/roadway class
unpaved road VMT from total State/roadway class VMT. State-level paved road VMT was spatially allocated to
counties according to the fraction of total VMT in each county for the specific roadway class as shown by the
following equation:
VMTx,total = ∑VMTST,y * VMTx,y / VMTST,y
where:
VMTx,total = VMT (million miles) in county x on all paved roadways
VMTST,y = paved road VMT for the entire State for roadway class y
VMTx,y = total VMT (million miles) in county x and roadway class y
VMTST,y = total VMT (million miles) in entire State for roadway class y
22
The county-level total VMT by roadway class used in this calculation was previously developed by E.H. Pechan and
Associates, Inc. to support the on-road national emissions inventory.4
c. Emission Factors
Emission factors for emulsified asphalt and cutback asphalt usage were obtained from the Technical Report Series
produced by the U.S. EPA’s Emission Inventory Improvement Program and are reported in Table 1 below.1
d. Emissions
Emissions were calculated by multiplying the county-level asphalt usage (barrels) by the emission factors listed in Table
1 and then dividing by 2000 to convert pounds to tons.
Emissionsx,y = (Asphalt Usagex * EFy) / 2000
where:
Emissionsx,y = emissions (tons) of pollutant y in county x
Asphalt Usagex = emulsified asphalt (barrels) used in county x
EFy = emission factor for pollutant y
To convert tons of asphalt reported in the 2008 Asphalt Usage Survey to barrels, it was assumed that the density of
asphalt is similar to that of water, 8.34 lbs/gal, and that one barrel equals 42 gallons.
Barrels of Asphalt = (tons of asphalt * 2000 lbs / 8.34 lbs/gal) / 42 gal/barrel
Note that one barrel of asphalt weights approximately 350 pounds.
23
e. Sample Calculation
VOC emissions from emulsified asphalt usage in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania:
From the 2008 Asphalt Usage Survey, the state of Pennsylvania used 69,671 tons of emulsified asphalt in 2008. The
fraction of paved road VMT traveled in Allegheny County is 10,516.10 million miles divided by 104,400.2 million miles
which equals 0.10073.
Asphalt Usage Allegheny = ((69,671 tons * 2000 lbs / 8.34 lbs/gal) / 42 gal/barrel) * 0.10073
Asphalt Usage Allegheny = 40,070.571 barrels
VOC Emissions Allegheny = (40,070.571 barrels * 9.2 lbs/barrel) / 2000 lbs/ton
VOC Emissions = 184.32 tons
Table 1. Criteria Emission Factors for Emulsified and Cutback Asphalt Paving
Pollutant Description
Pollutant
Code
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS VOC
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS VOC
Emission
Factor
Emission Factor
(LBS/BARRE
Reference
L)
9.2
Emulsified
Asphalt
88.00
Cutback Asphalt
24
f. References
1.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Emissions Inventory Improvement Program, Technical Report Series,
Volume III – Area Sources, Chapter 17, “Asphalt Paving,” prepared by Eastern Research Group, Inc. for EPA,
Research Triangle Park, NC, 2001. Available at
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/techreport/volume03/index.html.
2.
Asphalt Institute, 2008 Asphalt Usage Survey for the United States and Canada, http://www.asphaltinstitute.org/.
3.
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2007, Office of Highway
Policy Information, Washington, DC, 2008. Available at
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics/2007/.
4.
E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc. “Documentation for the On-road National Emission Inventory (NEI) for Base
Years 1970 - 2002,” report prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. January 2004.
25
AUTOMOTIVE AFTERMARKET PRODUCTS (SCC 2460400000)
The EPA has divided automotive consumer products into two different major categories: (1) detailing products, and (2)
maintenance and repair products. It is often difficult to distinguish the automotive aftermarket product subcategories
and formulations for distinct product types because category descriptions and designations may overlap. In some cases
varying formulations may be due to the product form. There are a large number of individual VOCs in these products,
including HAPs.
County-level emissions were calculated using a per capita emission factor which was obtained from the Emission
Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP)1 and U.S. Bureau of the Census 2007 population data2. The emission factor
represents pre-control emission rates. A CE of 8.97 percent3 and an RP of 48.6 percent4 were applied to reflect the
Federal Rule for consumer products. There are no point sources associated with this category.
Each county’s emissions are estimated per the sample calculations listed below.
Eastern Research Group, “Emission Inventory Improvement Program, Document Series, Volume III, Area Sources,
Chapter 5, Consumer and Commercial Solvent Use,” Table 5.4-1, prepared for the Area Sources Committee, Emission
Inventory Improvement Program, August 1996, available from
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/techreport/volume03/index.html, accessed March 2009
1
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Population Estimates Program,” T1. Population Estimates
[10] data Set: 2007 Population Estimates, available from http://www.census.gov/popest/counties/CO-EST200701.html, accessed March 2009.
2
3
4
ERTAC Recommendation, Midwest RPO Inventory Comparability Project, revised June 2, 2009, accessed June 2009.
E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., Control Measure Development Support Analysis of Ozone Transport Commission
Model Rules, prepared for the Ozone Transport Commission, March 2001.
26
SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:
 CE RP RE 
Annual VOC Emissions  Emission Factor Population 1 



 100 100 100 
where:
Emission Factor = 1.36 lbs VOC/person/year1
Population = 1,219,210 (Allegheny County)2
Control Efficiency = 8.97%3
RP (Rule Penetration) = 48.6%4
RE (Rule Effectiveness) = 100%
 1.36 lbsVOC


person 
 8.97 48.6 100 
Annual VOC Emissions  


1,219,2101 

year
 100 100 100 




 1 ton 
  792.92 tons VOC per year
Annual VOC Emissions  1,585,840.94 pounds per year 
 2000 lbs 
27
AUTOMOTIVE REFINISHING (SCC 2401005000)
Automotive refinishing is the painting of worn or damaged automobiles, light trucks, and other vehicles. The coating of
new cars, however, is considered in the point source inventory, and therefore not included in this inventory. Countylevel emissions were calculated using a per capita emission factor which was obtained from the ERTAC Area
Inventory Comparability Project solvent working group1 and U.S. Bureau of the Census 2007 population data2. The
automotive refinishing VOC emission factor is 0.5 lb/person.
SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:
Annual VOC Emissions  Emission Factor Population

where:
Emission Factor =0.5 lbs VOC/person/year1
Population = 1,219,210 (Allegheny County)2
1
ERTAC Area Inventory Comparability Project, revision August 14, 2009. Factor is derived from national numbers
and so represents an average for the entire country; Freedonia 2007; accessed August 2009.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Population Estimates Program,” T1. Population Estimates
[10] data Set: 2007 Population Estimates, available from http://www.census.gov/popest/counties/CO-EST200701.html, accessed March 2009.
2
28
 0.5 lbsVOC


person 
Annual VOC Emissions  
1,219,210 people 
year




Annual VOC Emissions  609,605 pounds per year 
1 ton
 304.8025 tons VOC per year
2000 lbs
29
BAKERIES (SCC 2302050000)
Bakery emissions, primarily ethanol, result from yeast fermentation during the baking process of bread and bakery
products. Ethanol is emitted through a vent with any combustion product gases. Relevant NAICS codes for bakeries
are 311811 and 311812.
County-level VOC emissions were calculated using an employment-based emission factor and the number of NAICS
code 311811 and 311812 employees in each county. The number of employees in each county for 2007 was obtained
from County Business Patterns1 The Bakeries emission factor is 0.11 tons VOC/employee/year2. Point source
emissions, where present, were subtracted from these emission estimates.
SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:
Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Employees)
where:
Emission Factor = 0.11 tons VOC /employee/year
Employees = 863 (Allegheny County)
1
U.S. Census Bureau, 2007 County Business Patterns,
http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GQRGeoSearchByListServlet?ds_name=CB0700A1&_lang=en&_ts=286
805349530
Lucy Adams, Radian Corporation, memorandum to SIP inventory preparers and EPA Regions, “VOC Emissions from
Bakeries,” prepared under contract to the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA Contract No. 68-D0-0125), April 24, 1992.
2
30
 0.11 tons VOC


employee 
Annual VOC Emissions  
(863 employees) = 94.93 tons VOC per year
year




31
COATINGS AND RELATED PRODUCTS (SCC 2460500000)
Aerosol spray paints and related products such as paint removers make up this consumer and commercial solvent
product group. Other forms of coatings (besides aerosols) are not included in this group, but are included under
architectural or industrial coatings, or auto body refinishing. Aerosols spray paints contain VOCs that function as both
solvents and propellants. The most commonly used propellants in aerosol paints are propane, butane and isobutane.
Paint removers are classified as either application removers or immersion removers. Solvents such as methanol, ethanol
and isopropanol are also used to enhance the action of the paint remover. Methylene chloride (53 percent) and
methanol (41 percent) account for the majority of paint-removing solvents consumed (Frost & Sulllivan, Inc., 1990).
County-level emissions were calculated using a per capita emission factor which was obtained from the Emission
Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP)1 and U.S. Bureau of the Census 2007 population data2. The emission factor
represents pre-control emission rates. A CE of 0 percent3 and an RP of 48.6 percent4 were applied to reflect the Federal
Rule for consumer products. There are no point sources associated with this category.
Eastern Research Group, “Emission Inventory Improvement Program, Document Series, Volume III, Area Sources,
Chapter 5, Consumer and Commercial Solvent Use,” Table 5.4-1, prepared for the Area Sources Committee, Emission
Inventory Improvement Program, August 1996, available from
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/techreport/volume03/index.html, accessed April 2009.
1
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Population Estimates Program,” T1. Population Estimates
[10] data Set: 2007 Population Estimates, available from http://www.census.gov/popest/counties/CO-EST200701.html, accessed March 2009.
2
3
4
ERTAC Recommendation, Midwest RPO Inventory Comparability Project, revised June 2, 2009, accessed June 2009.
E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., Control Measure Development Support Analysis of Ozone Transport Commission
Model Rules, prepared for the Ozone Transport Commission, March 2001.
32
Each county’s emissions are estimated per the sample calculations listed below.
SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:
 CE RP RE 
Annual VOC Emissions  Emission Factor Population 1 



 100 100 100 
where:
Emission Factor = 0.95 lbs VOC/person/year1
Population = 1,219,210 (Allegheny County)2
Control Efficiency = 0%3
RP (Rule Penetration) = 48.6%4
RE (Rule Effectiveness) = 100%
 0.95 lbsVOC


person 
0 48.6 100 

Annual VOC Emissions  


1,219,2101 

year
 100 100 100 




 1 ton 
  579.12 tons VOC per year
Annual VOC Emissions  1,158,249.50 pounds per year 
 2000 lbs 
33
COMMERCIAL COOKING – (5 SCCs)
Source Category Description
Commercial Cooking emissions are for 5 source categories (2302002100, 2302002200, 2302003000, 2302003100, and
2302003200) based on equipment type. Emissions estimates are for all types of meat cooked in a particular piece of
equipment. Deep fat frying of french fries was also included. The following documentation was prepared by E.H.
Pechan and Associates:
For this source category, the following SCCs were assigned:
Source
SCC Level One
Classification Code
2302002100
Industrial
Processes
2302002200
Industrial
Processes
2302003000
Industrial
Processes
2302003100
Industrial
Processes
2302003200
Industrial
Processes
SCC Level Two
Food and Kindred
Products: SIC 20
Food and Kindred
Products: SIC 20
Food and Kindred
Products: SIC 20
Food and Kindred
Products: SIC 20
Food and Kindred
Products: SIC 20
SCC Level Three
Commercial Cooking Charbroiling
Commercial Cooking Charbroiling
Commercial Cooking Frying
Commercial Cooking Frying
Commercial Cooking Frying
SCC Level Four
Conveyorized
Charbroiling
Under-fired
Charbroiling
Deep Fat Frying
Flat Griddle Frying
Clamshell Griddle
Frying
34
Activity Data
Activity data was collected from the US Census Bureau’s county level population estimates for July 1, 2007.1
Control Factors
No controls were assumed for this category.
Emission Factors
Emission factors were developed and reviewed by an ERTAC advisory panel composed of state and EPA personnel
(Contact: Roy Huntley, huntley.roy@epa.gov). They were created by taking 2002 emissions in the NEI and dividing
by the 2002 population to develop per capita emission factors. These emission factors are listed in Table 1.
Sample Calculations
Emissions are calculated for each county using emission factors and activity as:
Ex,p = Ax × EFx,p
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Population Estimates Program,” T1. Population Estimates
[10] data Set: 2007 Population Estimates, available from http://www.census.gov/popest/counties/CO-EST200701.html, accessed March 2009.
1
35
where:
Ex,p = annual emissions for category x and pollutant p;
Ax = population data associated with category x;
EFx,p = emission factor for category x and pollutant p.
Example:
Using conveyorized charbroiling in Allegheny County, PA as an example:
According to the US Census Bureau, population on July 1, 2007 is 1,219,210
The emission factor for VOC is 0.01205 lb/person
EVOC= 1,219,210 people × 0.012056 lb VOC/ person
= 14,698.81 lb VOC or 7.3494 ton VOC
Table 1: Commercial Cooking Emission Factors Developed by ERTAC
SCC
2302002100
2302002200
2302002100
2302002200
2302002100
2302002200
SCC description
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Pollutant
Code
100027
100027
100414
100414
100425
100425
Factor
Numeric
Value
1.326E-05
6.385E-05
7.668E-05
5.312E-04
3.730E-04
2.747E-03
Factor Unit
Numerator
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
Factor Unit
Denominator
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
36
SCC
2302002100
2302002200
2302002100
2302002200
2302002100
2302002200
2302002100
2302002200
2302002100
2302002200
2302003100
2302002100
2302002200
2302002100
2302002200
2302003100
2302002100
2302002200
2302003100
2302002100
2302002200
2302002100
2302002200
SCC description
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Flat Griddle Frying
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Flat Griddle Frying
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Flat Griddle Frying
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Pollutant
Code
106445
106445
107062
107062
108883
108883
108952
108952
120127
120127
120127
123386
123386
129000
129000
129000
130498292
130498292
130498292
1330207
1330207
191242
191242
Factor
Numeric
Value
7.003E-06
4.214E-05
2.682E-05
2.183E-04
3.597E-04
2.496E-03
4.421E-05
3.063E-04
5.943E-06
1.914E-05
8.487E-06
1.466E-04
1.113E-03
8.852E-06
3.587E-05
3.139E-05
2.709E-04
7.911E-04
2.589E-04
7.799E-07
1.560E-06
1.309E-06
2.542E-06
Factor Unit
Numerator
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
Factor Unit
Denominator
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
37
SCC
2302002100
2302002200
2302002100
2302002200
2302003100
2302002100
2302002200
2302003100
2302002100
2302002200
2302002100
2302002200
2302003100
2302002100
2302002200
2302003100
2302002100
2302002200
2302002100
2302002200
2302002100
2302002200
2302003100
SCC description
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Flat Griddle Frying
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Flat Griddle Frying
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Flat Griddle Frying
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Flat Griddle Frying
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Flat Griddle Frying
Pollutant
Code
193395
193395
206440
206440
206440
208968
208968
208968
50000
50000
50328
50328
50328
56553
56553
56553
71432
71432
75070
75070
83329
83329
83329
Factor
Numeric
Value
1.278E-06
1.723E-06
6.484E-06
2.638E-05
2.371E-05
2.476E-05
6.372E-05
4.886E-06
7.796E-04
5.876E-03
1.450E-06
2.332E-06
1.154E-06
1.772E-06
5.432E-06
2.918E-06
1.006E-03
7.351E-03
5.562E-04
4.242E-03
1.613E-06
2.776E-06
1.357E-06
Factor Unit
Numerator
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
Factor Unit
Denominator
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
38
SCC
2302002100
2302002200
2302002100
2302002200
2302003100
2302002100
2302002200
2302003100
2302002100
2302002200
2302003100
2302002100
2302002200
2302003100
2302002100
2302002200
2302002100
2302002200
2302002100
2302002200
2302002100
2302002200
2302003000
SCC description
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Flat Griddle Frying
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Flat Griddle Frying
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Flat Griddle Frying
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Flat Griddle Frying
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Deep Fat Flying
Pollutant
Code
84742
84742
85018
85018
85018
86737
86737
86737
91203
91203
91203
92524
92524
92524
95476
95476
95487
95487
98862
98862
CO
CO
CO
Factor
Numeric
Value
4.140E-06
2.413E-05
2.771E-05
8.647E-05
6.021E-05
6.408E-06
2.003E-05
6.484E-06
1.135E-04
2.649E-04
1.308E-04
1.271E-05
2.613E-05
2.788E-06
6.167E-05
4.387E-04
3.482E-06
2.111E-05
4.991E-06
3.250E-05
4.245E-02
1.350E-01
0.000E+00
Factor Unit
Numerator
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
Factor Unit
Denominator
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
39
SCC
2302003100
2302003200
2302002200
2302002100
2302002200
2302003100
2302003200
2302002100
2302002200
2302003000
2302003100
2302003200
2302002100
2302002200
2302003100
2302003200
2302002100
2302002200
2302003000
2302003100
2302003200
2302002200
2302002100
SCC description
Flat Griddle Frying
Clamshell Griddle Frying
Under-fired Charbroiling
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Flat Griddle Frying
Clamshell Griddle Frying
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Deep Fat Flying
Flat Griddle Frying
Clamshell Griddle Frying
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Flat Griddle Frying
Clamshell Griddle Frying
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Under-fired Charbroiling
Deep Fat Flying
Flat Griddle Frying
Clamshell Griddle Frying
Under-fired Charbroiling
Conveyorized Charbroiling
Pollutant
Code
CO
CO
NOX
PM10-FIL
PM10-FIL
PM10-FIL
PM10-FIL
PM10-PRI
PM10-PRI
PM10-PRI
PM10-PRI
PM10-PRI
PM25-FIL
PM25-FIL
PM25-FIL
PM25-FIL
PM25-PRI
PM25-PRI
PM25-PRI
PM25-PRI
PM25-PRI
SO2
VOC
Factor
Numeric
Value
1.269E-02
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
1.648E-04
1.048E-03
2.727E-04
1.981E-05
4.980E-02
3.528E-01
0.000E+00
1.031E-01
6.994E-03
1.597E-04
1.013E-03
2.074E-04
1.685E-05
4.827E-02
3.415E-01
0.000E+00
7.834E-02
5.910E-03
0.000E+00
1.206E-02
Factor Unit
Numerator
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
Factor Unit
Denominator
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
40
SCC
2302002200
2302003000
2302003100
2302003200
SCC description
Under-fired Charbroiling
Deep Fat Flying
Flat Griddle Frying
Clamshell Griddle Frying
Pollutant
Code
VOC
VOC
VOC
VOC
Factor
Numeric
Value
4.148E-02
1.261E-02
5.943E-03
2.316E-04
Factor Unit
Numerator
LB
LB
LB
LB
Factor Unit
Denominator
EACH
EACH
EACH
EACH
41
CONSTRUCTION DUST (3 SCCs: SCC 2311010000, SCC 2311020000, SCC 2311030000)
RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION
Emissions from residential construction activity are a function of the acreage disturbed and volume of soil excavated
for residential construction. Residential construction activity is developed from data obtained from the U.S.
Department of Commerce (DOC)’s Bureau of the Census. The following documentation was prepared by E.H. Pechan
and Associates with footnotes located at the end of this section:
For this source category, the following SCC was assigned:
Source
Classification
Code
2311010000
SCC Level One
Industrial
Processes
SCC Level Two
Construction:
SIC 15 - 17
SCC Level
Three
General Building
Construction
SCC Level
Four
Total
Activity data:
There are two activity calculations performed for this SCC, acres of surface soil disturbed and volume of soil removed
for basements.
Surface soil disturbed
The US Census Bureau has 2008 data for Housing Starts - New Privately Owned Housing Units Started1 which
provides regional level housing starts based on the groupings of 1 unit, 2-4 units, 5 or more units. A consultation with
the Census Bureau in 2002 gave a breakdown of approximately 1/3 of the housing starts being for 2 unit structures, and
2/3 being for 3 and 4 unit structures. The 2-4 unit category was then divided into 2-units, and 3-4 units based on this
ratio.
42
To get the number of structures for each grouping, the 1unit category was divided by 1, 2 unit category was divided by
2, and the 3-4 unit category was divided by 3.5. The 5 or more unit category listed may be made up of more than one
structure. New Privately Owned Housing Units Authorized Unadjusted Units2 gives a conversion factor to determine
the ratio of structures to units in the 5 or more unit category. For example if a county has one 40unit apartment
building, the ratio would be 40/1. If there are 5 different 8 unit buildings in the same project, the ratio would be 40/5.
Structures started by category are then calculated at a regional level. The table Annual Housing Units Authorized by
Building Permit3 has 2007 data at the county level to allocate regional housing starts to the county level. This results in
county level housing starts by number of units. The following surface areas were assumed disturbed for each unit type:
Table 1: Surface Soil removed per unit type
1-Unit
1/4 acre/structure
2-Unit
1/3 acre/structure
Apartment 1/2 acre/structure
The 3-4 unit category was considered to be an apartment. Multiplication of housing starts to soil removed results in
number of acres disturbed for each unit category.
Basement soil removal
To calculate basement soil removal, 2007 Characteristics of New Houses4 is used to estimate the percentage of 1 unit
structures that have a basement (on the regional level). The county level estimate of number of 1 unit starts is
multiplied by the percent of 1 unit houses in the region that have a basement to get the number of basements in a
county. Basement volume is calculated by assuming a 2000 square foot house has a basement dug to a depth of 8 feet
(making 16,000 ft3 per basement). An additional 10% is added for peripheral dirt bringing the total to 17,600 ft3 per
basement.
43
Emission Factors:
Initial PM10 emissions from construction of single family, two family, and apartments structures are calculated using
the emission factors given in Table 2. The duration of construction activity for houses is assumed to be 6 months and
the duration of construction for apartments is assumed to be 12 months.
Table 2. Emission Factors for Residential Construction
Type of Structure
Emission Factor
Duration of
Construction
Apartments
0.11 tons PM10/acre-month
12 months
2-Unit Structures
0.032 tons PM10/acre-month
6 months
1-Unit Structures w/o
Basements
0.032 tons PM10/acre-month
6 months
0.011 tons PM10/acre-month
6 months
1-unit Structures with
Basements
0.059 tons PM10/1000 cubic
yards
Regional variances in construction emissions are corrected using soil moisture level and silt content. These correction
parameters are applied to initial PM10 emissions from residential construction to develop the final emissions inventory.
To account for the soil moisture level, the PM10 emissions are weighted using the 30-year average precipitationevaporation (PE) values from Thornthwaite’s PE Index. Average precipitation evaporation values for each State were
estimated based on PE values for specific climatic divisions within a State. These values range from 7 to 41.
44
To account for the silt content, thePM10 emissions are weighted using average silt content for each county. A data base
containing county-level dry silt values was complied. These values were derived by applying a correction factor
developed by the California Air Resources Board to convert wet silt values to dry silt values.5
The equation for PM10 emissions corrected for soil moisture and silt content
24
S
Corrected E PM 10  Initial E PM 10 

PE 9%
is:
where:
Corrected EPM10
= PM10 emissions corrected for soil moisture and silt content,
PE
= precipitation-evaporation value for each State,
S
= % dry silt content in soil for area being inventoried.
Once PM10 adjustments have been made, PM25 emissions are set to 10% of PM10
Example Calculation:
PM10 Emissions = ∑( Aunit x Tconstruction x EFunit ) x AdjPM
Where Aunit = HSUnit x SMUnit
HSUnit = Regional Housing Starts x (county building permits/Regional building permits)
SMUnit = Area or volume of soil moved for the given unit type
TConstruction = Construction time (in months) for given unit type
EFUnit = Unadjusted emission factor for PM10 for the given unit type
AdjPM = PM Adjustment factor
45
References:
1. New Privately Owned Housing Units Started for 2008 ( Not seasonally adjusted)
http://www.census.gov/const/startsua.pdf
2. Table 2au. New Privately Owned Housing Units Authorized Unadjusted Units for Regions, Divisions, and
States http://www.census.gov/const/C40/Table2/tb2u2007.txt
3. Annual Housing Units Authorized by Building Permits CO2007A, purchased from US Department of Census
4. Type of Foundation in New One-Family Houses Completed,
http://www.census.gov/const/C25Ann/sftotalfoundation.pdf
46
NON-RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION
Emissions from non-residential construction activity are a function of the acreage disturbed for non-residential
construction. The following documentation was prepared by E.H. Pechan and Associates with footnotes located at the
end of this section:
For this source category, the following SCC was assigned:
Source
Classification
Code
2311020000
SCC Level One
Industrial
Processes
SCC Level Two
Construction:
SIC 15 - 17
SCC Level
Three
Heavy
Construction
SCC Level
Four
Total
Activity Data:
Annual Value of Construction Put in Place in the U.S1 has the 2008 National Value of Non-residential construction.
The national value of non-residential construction put in place (in millions of dollars) was allocated to counties using
county-level non-residential construction (NAICS Code 2362) employment data obtained from County Business
Patterns2 (CBP). Because some counties employment data was withheld due to privacy concerns, the following
procedure was adopted:
1. State totals for the known county level employees was subtracted from the number of employees reported in the
state level version of CBP. This results in the total number of withheld employees in the state.
2. A starting guess of the midpoint of the range code was used (so for instance in the 1-19 employees range, a
guess of 10 employees would be used) and a state total of the withheld counties was computed.
47
3. A ratio of guessed employees (Step 2) to withheld employees (Step 1) was then used to adjust the county level
guesses up or down so the state total of adjusted guesses should match state total of withheld employees (Step
1)
In 1999 a figure of 2 acres/$106 was developed. The Bureau of Labor Statistics Producer Price Index3 lists costs of the
construction industry from 1999-2007.
2007 acres per $106 = 1999 acres per $106 x (1999 PPI / 2007 PPI)
=2 acres/$106 (132.9 / 204.3)
= 1.301 acres per $106
Emission Factors:
Initial PM10 emissions from construction of non-residential buildings are calculated using an emission factor of 0.19
tons/acre-month. The duration of construction activity for non-residential construction is assumed to be 11 months.
Regional variances in construction emissions are corrected using soil moisture level and silt content. These correction
parameters are applied to initial PM10 emissions from non-residential construction to develop the final emissions
inventory.
To account for the soil moisture level, the PM10 emissions are weighted using the 30-year average precipitationevaporation (PE) values from Thornthwaite’s PE Index. Average precipitation evaporation values for each State were
estimated based on PE values for specific climatic divisions within a State. These values range from 7 to 41.
To account for the silt content, the PM10 emissions are weighted using average silt content for each county. A data
base containing county-level dry silt values was complied. These values were derived by applying a correction factor
developed by the California Air Resources Board to convert wet silt values to dry silt values.7
The equation for PM10 emissions corrected for soil moisture and silt content is:
Corrected E PM 10  Initial E PM 10 
24
S

PE 9%
48
where:
Corrected EPM10 = PM10 emissions corrected for soil moisture and silt content,
PE
= precipitation-evaporation value for each State,
S
= % dry silt content in soil for area being inventoried.
Once PM10 adjustments have been made, PM25 emissions are set to 10% of PM10
Example Calculation:
EmissionsPM10 = NSpending x (Empcounty / EmpNational) x Apd x EFAdj x M
Where NSpending = National spending
Empcounty = county level employment data
EmpNational = National level employment data
Apd = Acres per million dollars
EFAdj = Adjusted PM10 emission factor
M = duration of construction activity
References:
1. Annual Value of Construction Put in Place: http://www.census.gov/const/www/ototpage.html
2. County Business Patterns: http://www.census.gov/econ/cbp/index.html
3. Bureau of Labor Statistics: http://www.bls.gov/data/ Table BMNR
49
ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Emissions from road construction activity are a function of the acreage disturbed for road construction. Road
construction activity is developed from data obtained from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA).
The following documentation was prepared by E.H. Pechan and Associates with footnotes located at the end of this
section:
For this category, the following SCC was assigned:
Source
Classification
Code
2311030000
SCC Level One
SCC Level Two
SCC Level
Three
Industrial
Processes
Construction: SIC
15 - 17
Road Construction
SCC Level
Four
Total
Activity Data:
The Federal Highway Administration has Highway Statistics, Section IV - Highway Finance, Table SF-12A, State
Highway Agency Capital Outlay1 for 2006 which outlines spending by state in several different categories. For this
SCC, the following columns are used: New Construction, Relocation, Added Capacity, Major Widening, and Minor
Widening. These columns are also differentiated according to the following six classifications:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Interstate, urban
Interstate, rural
Other arterial, urban
Other arterial, rural
Collectors, urban
Collectors, rural
50
The State expenditure data are then converted to new miles of road constructed using $/mile conversions obtained from
the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) in 2000. A conversion of $4 million/mile is applied to the
interstate expenditures. For expenditures on other arterial and collectors, a conversion factor of $1.9 million/mile is
applied, which corresponds to all other projects.
The new miles of road constructed are used to estimate the acreage disturbed due to road construction. The total area
disturbed in each state is calculated by converting the new miles of road constructed to acres using an acres
disturbed/mile conversion factor for each road type as given in the table below:
Table 1: Spending per Mile and Acres Disturbed per Mile by Highway Type
Road Type
Urban Areas, Interstate
Rural Areas, Interstate
Thousand
Acres
Dollars per
Disturbed per
mile
mile
4000
15.2
4000
15.2
Urban Areas, Other Arterials
1900
15.2
Rural Areas, Other Arterials
Urban Areas, Collectors
Rural Areas, Collectors
1900
1900
1900
12.7
9.8
7.9
51
Residential building starts2 are used to allocate the state-level acres disturbed by road construction to the county. A
ratio of the number of building starts in each county to the total number of building starts in each state is applied to the
state-level acres disturbed to estimate the total number of acres disturbed by road construction in each county.
Emission Factors:
Initial PM10 emissions from construction of roads are calculated using an emission factor of 0.42 tons/acre-month.
Since most road construction consists of grading and leveling of land, the higher emission factor more accurately
reflects the high level of cut and fill activity that occurs at road construction sites. The duration of construction activity
for road construction is assumed to be 12 months.
Regional variances in construction emissions are corrected using soil moisture level and silt content. These correction
parameters are applied to initial PM10 emissions from road construction to develop the final emissions inventory.
To account for the soil moisture level, the PM10 emissions are weighted using the 30-year average precipitationevaporation (PE) values from Thornthwaite’s PE Index. Average precipitation evaporation values for each State were
estimated based on PE values for specific climatic divisions within a State. These values range from 7 to 41.
To account for the silt content, thePM10 emissions are weighted using average silt content for each county. A data base
containing county-level dry silt values was complied. These values were derived by applying a correction factor
developed by the California Air Resources Board to convert wet silt values to dry silt values.
The equation for PM10 emissions corrected for soil moisture and silt content is:
Corrected E PM 10  Initial E PM 10 
24
S

PE 9%
where: Corrected EPM10
= PM10 emissions corrected for soil moisture and silt content,
PE = precipitation-evaporation value for each State,
S = % dry silt content in soil for area being inventoried.
Once PM10 adjustments have been made, PM25 emissions are set to 10% of PM10
52
Emission Calculation:
EmissionsPM10 = ∑(HDrt x MCrt x ACrt) x (HSCounty / HSState) x EFAdj x M
Where HDrt = Highway Spending for a specific road type
MCrt = Mileage conversion for a specific road type
ACrt = Acreage conversion for a specific road type
HSCounty = Housing Starts in a given county
HSState = Housing Starts in a given State
EFAdj = Adjusted PM10 Emission Factor
M = duration of construction activity
References:
1. 2006 Highway Spending : http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohim/hs06/xls/sf12a.xls
2. Annual Housing Units Authorized by Building Permits CO2007A, purchased from US Department of Census.
53
DEGREASING (4 SCCs: SCC 2415360000, SCC 2415300000, SCC 2415230000, SCC 2415200000)
(Auto Repair (Cold Cleaning) SCC 2415360000, Manufacturing (Cold Cleaning) SCC 2415300000, Electronics
(Vapor/In-Line) SCC 2415230000, Other (Vapor/In-Line) SCC 2415200000)
Surface cleaning, also known as “degreasing”, includes the solvent cleaning or conditioning of metal surfaces and parts,
fabricated plastics, electronic and electrical components and other nonporous substrates. These cleaning processes are
designed to remove foreign material, such as oils, grease, waxes and moisture, usually in the preparation for further
treatment, such as painting, electroplating, galvanizing, anodizing or applying conversion coatings. Three basic types of
surface cleaning operations are currently used: cold cleaning, vapor cleaning, and in-line or conveyorized cleaning, which
can be either a cold or vapor cleaning process. VOC emission results from the evaporation of solvents used in these
processes.
Cold cleaning is a batch process in which solvents are applied at room temperature or slightly heated. Parts are immersed
in a solvent, usually mineral spirits. Parts too large for immersion may be sprayed or wiped with a solvent. The primary
cold cleaning application is cleaning of tools or metal parts at service and automotive repair stations and manufacturing
facilities. Cold cleaning may incorporate covers or freeboards to limit the evaporative loss of solvents.
In-line cleaners use automated load systems (typically conveyors) to maintain a continuous feed to the cleaning unit.
These units use both cold and vapor-cleaning methods as described above, with the majority being halogenated solvent
cleaning systems. These units are used for large-scale operations and are usually enclosed except to the conveyor inlet or
exit. A common application of in-line cleaners is cleaning printed circuit boards for the electronic and electrical
component industries.
The Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP) developed the following population-based methods for estimating
degreasing emissions.
54
Activity data was collected from the US Census Bureau’s county level population estimates for July 1, 2007.1 Point
source emissions, where present, were subtracted from these emission estimates.
SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:
 CE RP RE 
Annual VOC Emissions  Emission Factor Population 1 



 100 100 100 
where:
Auto Repair (Cold Cleaning) VOC Emission Factor = 2.5 lbs VOC/person/year1
Manufacturing (Cold Cleaning) VOC Emission Factor = 1.1 lbs VOC/person/year1
Electronics and Electrical (Vapor/In-Line) VOC Emission Factor = 0.21 lbs VOC/person/year1
Other (Vapor/In-Line) VOC Emission Factor = 0.49 lbs VOC/person/year1
Population = 1,219,210 (Allegheny County)2
Auto Repair Cold Cleaning CE (Control Efficiency) = 66%3
Manufacturing Cold Cleaning CE (Control Efficiency) = 66%3
Electronics Vapor/In-Line CE (Control Efficiency) = 63%3
Other Vapor/In-Line CE (Control Efficiency) = 63%3
All Categories RP (Rule Penetration) = 100%
All Categories RE (Rule Effectiveness) = 80%
Eastern Research Group, “Emission Inventory Improvement Program, Document Series, Volume III, Area Sources,
Chapter 6,Solvent Cleaning,” Table 6.5-2 (EPA 1991), prepared for the Area Sources Committee, Emission Inventory
Improvement Program, Septembert 1997.
1
2 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Population Estimates Program,” T1. Population Estimates
[10] data Set: 2007 Population Estimates, available from http://www.census.gov/popest/counties/CO-EST200701.html, accessed March 2009.
2
25 Pa. Code Section 129.63, “Degreasing Operations,” available from
http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter129/s129.63.html
3
55
Allegheny County Auto Repair (Cold Cleaning) VOC Emissions Calculation:
 2.5 lbs VOC


person 
66 100 80 

Annual VOC Emissions  


1,219,210 people 1 

year
100
100 100 





1 ton
Annual VOC Emissions  1,438,667.80 pounds VOC per year 
 719.3339 tons VOC per year
2000 pounds
56
DRY CLEANERS (SCC 2420000000)
Three types of dry cleaning operations are used: coin-operated facilities using perchloroethylene (perc);
commercial/industrial facilities using perc; and commercial/industrial facilities using VOC solvents.
Each county’s emissions were estimated per the sample calculations below using an employment-based emission
factor1 and the number of 2006 employees in NAICS codes 81231X, 81232X, and 81233X.. The number of Dry
Cleaning employees was obtained from County Business Patterns2 by E. H. Pechan and Associates who also performed
midpoint calculations on any ranges obtained. Each county’s emissions were estimated per the sample calculations
below.
SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:
Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)
where:
Emission Factor = 467 lbs VOC/ employee/ year1
Employees = 2002 (2006 Allegheny County)2
1
2
ERTAC Recommended, Freedonia 2007, accessed October 2009.
National, State and County level employment data downloaded from US Census Bureau, mapping of employment
flag letters reported by County Business Patterns to the range and midpoints of the range, and calculated final activity
data using the employment midpoint and adjustment factor.
57
 467 lbs VOC


person 
Annual VOC Emissions  
2002 employees 
year




Annual VOC Emissions  934,934 pounds VOC per year 
1 ton

2000 lbs
467.467 tons VOC per year
58
ELECTRONIC AND OTHER ELECTRIC COATINGS (SCC 2401065000)
The VOC emissions from this source category result from the evaporation of the solvent used in the insulation coatings
applied to wire and cable and electronic parts. The emissions for each county were calculated using an employmentbased emission factor1 and the number of employees in NAICS codes 331319, 331422, 331491, 335929, 335921 and
335311. The number of Electrical Appliance employees was obtained from County Business Patterns2 and the
midpoints were calculated by E. H. Pechan and Associates where obtained. Each county’s emissions were estimated
per the sample calculations below.
SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:
Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)
where:
Emission Factor = 24.7 lbs VOC/employee/year1
Employees = 60 (Allegheny County)2
1
ERTAC Area Inventory Comparability Project solvent working group, August 8, 2009, (version 4) .xls, accessed
September 2009.
2
National, State and County level employment data downloaded from US Census Bureau, mapping of employment
flag letters reported by County Business Patterns to the range and midpoints of the range, and calculated final activity
data using the employment midpoint and adjustment factor.
59
 24.7 lbsVOC


employee 
Annual VOC Emissions  
 60 employees 
year




1ton
Annual VOC Emissions  1,482 pounds VOC per year 
 0.741 tons VOC per year
2000 pounds
60
FACTORY FINISHED WOOD (SCC 2401015000)
The VOC emissions from this source category result from the evaporation of the solvent used in the gluing and coating
process. The emissions for each county were calculated using an employment-based emission factor 1 and employees
numbers in NAICS codes 321XX2. The number of employees in each county was collected from County Business
patterns and the adjusted employee numbers were prepared by Pechan & Associates using employment midpoint and
adjustment factors for any ranges obtained. Point source emissions, where present, were subtracted from these emission
estimates.
SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:
Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)
where:
Emission Factor = 43 lbs VOC/employee/year1
Employees =270 (Allegheny County)2
 43 lbsVOC


employee 
Annual VOC Emissions  
 270 employees 
year




1ton
Annual VOC Emissions  11,610 pounds VOC per year 
 5.805. tons VOC per year
2000 pounds
1
ERTAC Area Inventory Comparability Project solvent working group, August 8, 2009, (version 4).xls, accessed
September 2009.
2
National, State and County level employment data downloaded from US Census Bureau, mapping of employment
flag letters reported by County Business Patterns to the range and midpoints of the range, and calculated final activity
data using the employment midpoint and adjustment factor.
61
FIFRA-REGULATED PRODUCTS (SCC 2460800000)
Pesticides defined by FIFRA include substances or mixtures that are used to prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate pests,
as well as substances used as plant regulators, defoliators, and desiccants. Consumer pesticides are used in the home
and garden, as well as in commercial and governmental applications. Disinfectants and antimicrobial products are
included. Household uses include pet care products, disinfectants and insecticides. All consumer and commercial
pesticides contain VOCs. Aerosol and liquid sprays contain VOCs as solvents, usually ethanol and isobutane.
Pesticides products can be grouped according to their target pest, but should also be grouped according to their form
(solid, liquid or aerosol) when considering control measures.
County-level emissions were calculated using a per capita emission factor which was obtained from the Emission
Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP)1 and U.S. Bureau of the Census 2007 population data2. The emission factor
represents pre-control emission rates. A CE of 20 percent3 and an RP of 48.6 percent4 were applied to reflect the
Federal Rule for consumer products. There are no point sources associated with this category.
Eastern Research Group, “Emission Inventory Improvement Program, Document Series, Volume III, Area Sources,
Chapter 5, Consumer and Commercial Solvent Use,” Table 5.4-1, prepared for the Area Sources Committee, Emission
Inventory Improvement Program, August 1996, available from
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/techreport/volume03/index.html, accessed March 2009
1
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Population Estimates Program,” T1. Population Estimates
[10] data Set: 2007 Population Estimates, available from http://www.census.gov/popest/counties/CO-EST200701.html, accessed March 2009.
2
3
4
ERTAC Recommendation, Midwest RPO Inventory Comparability Project, revised June 2, 2009, accessed June 2009.
E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., Control Measure Development Support Analysis of Ozone Transport Commission
Model Rules, prepared for the Ozone Transport Commission, March 2001.
62
Each county’s emissions are estimated per the sample calculations listed below.
SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:
 CE RP RE 
Annual VOC Emissions  Emission Factor Population 1 



 100 100 100 
where:
Emission Factor = 1.78 lbs per person/year1
Population = 1,219,210 (Allegheny County)2
Control Efficiency = 20%3
RP (Rule Penetration) = 48.6%4
RE (Rule Effectiveness) = 100%
Eastern Research Group, “Emission Inventory Improvement Program, Document Series, Volume III, Area Sources,
Chapter 5, Consumer and Commercial Solvent Use,” Table 5.4-1, prepared for the Area Sources Committee, Emission
Inventory Improvement Program, August 1996, available from
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/techreport/volume03/index.html, accessed March 2009
1
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Population Estimates Program,” T1. Population Estimates
[10] data Set: 2007 Population Estimates, available from http://www.census.gov/popest/counties/CO-EST200701.html, accessed March 2009.
2
3
4
ERTAC Recommendation, Midwest RPO Inventory Comparability Project, revised June 2, 2009, accessed June 2009.
E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., Control Measure Development Support Analysis of Ozone Transport Commission
Model Rules, prepared for the Ozone Transport Commission, March 2001.
63
 1.78 lbsVOC


person 
20 48.6 100 

Annual VOC Emissions  


1,219,2101 

year
 100 100 100 




 1 ton 
  979.6255 tons VOC per year
Annual VOC Emissions  1,959,250.963 pounds per year 
 2000 lbs 
64
FUEL COMBUSTION – COMMERCIAL/INSTITUTIONAL (7 SCCs: SCC 2103001000, SCC 2103002000,
SCC 2103004000, SCC 2103005000, SCC 2103006000, SCC 2103007000, SCC 2103011000)
Source Description and Classification
This sub-sector covers emissions from fuel combustion at stationary non-point sources within the
commercial/institutional sector. These documentation and fuel combustion emissions were calculated by E. H. Pechan
and Associates. References are listed at the end of the Fuel Combustion – Commercial/Institutional section. The
following are the fuel types that will be included in the inventory for the commercial/institutional non-point source subsector: anthracite coal, bituminous/sub-bituminous coal, distillate oil, residual oil, natural gas, LPG, wood, and
kerosene. Motor gasoline is not included as a non-point source because it is expected that all non-point gasoline
combustion in this sector is included in the non-road inventory.
The approach to be used in calculating emissions for commercial/institutional fuel combustion is to first develop statelevel fuel consumption estimates, then to allocate these to the county-level, and then to multiply the resulting countylevel consumption estimates by appropriate emission factors.
Source Classification. The non-point SCCs associated with commercial/institutional fuel combustion are displayed in
Table 1.
Table 1. Non-point Source Commercial/Institutional Fuel Combustion SCCs
SCC
SCC Level 1
SCC Level 2
SCC Level 3
SCC Level 4
2103001000
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Commercial/Institutional
Anthracite Coal
Total: All Boiler Types
2103002000
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Commercial/Institutional
Total: All Boiler Types
2103004000
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Commercial/Institutional
Bituminous/Sub-bituminous
Coal
Distillate Oil
2103005000
2103006000
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Commercial/Institutional
Commercial/Institutional
Residual Oil
Natural Gas
Total: All Boiler Types
Total: Boilers and IC Engines
Total: Boilers and IC Engines
65
SCC
SCC Level 1
SCC Level 2
2103007000
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Commercial/Institutional
2103008000
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
2103011000
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
SCC Level 3
SCC Level 4
Total: All Combustor Types
Commercial/Institutional
Liquefied Petroleum Gas
(LPG)
Wood
Commercial/Institutional
Kerosene
Total: All Combustor Types
Total: All Boiler Types
Activity Data
Table 2 summarizes this sector’s non-point source activity data, units, and data source. Total state-level commercial
sector energy consumption data are available from the Energy Information Administration (EIA)’s State Energy Data
System (SEDS), and were used for most source categories (EIA, 2007a). However, as documented below, a number of
adjustments were made to the SEDS data, and a separate EIA data source was used for distillate oil. Year 2006 SEDS
data were used to estimate 2007 emissions because these were the latest year consumption data available at the time
this work was performed in 2009.
Table 2. Non-point Source Commercial/Institutional Fuel Combustion Activity Data
SCC
SCC Level 1
SCC Level 2
SCC Level 3
SCC Level 4
Activity
Thousand short tons
of coal consumed
Thousand short tons
of coal consumed
Activity
Data
Source
EIA’s SEDSa
2103001000
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Commercial/Institutional Anthracite Coal
Total: All Boiler Types
2103002000
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Commercial/Institutional Bituminous/
Sub-bituminous Coal
Total: All Boiler Types
2103004000
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Commercial/Institutional Distillate Oil
Total: All Boiler Types
Thousand barrels of
EIA’s Fuel Oil
distillate oil consumed and Kerosene
Salesa
2103005000
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Commercial/Institutional Residual Oil
Total: All Boiler Types
Thousand barrels of
EIA’s SEDSa
residual oil consumed
EIA’s SEDSa
66
SCC
SCC Level 1
SCC Level 2
SCC Level 3
SCC Level 4
Total: All Boiler Types
Activity
Activity
Data
Source
Million cubic feet of
EIA’s SEDSa
natural gas consumed
Thousand barrels of
EIA’s SEDSa
LPG consumed
2103006000
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Commercial/Institutional Natural Gas
2103007000
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Commercial/Institutional Liquefied Petroleum Gas Total: All Combustor
(LPG)
Types
2103008000
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Commercial/Institutional Wood
Total: All Boiler Types
Billion Btu of wood
consumed
EIA’s SEDSa
2103011000
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Commercial/Institutional Kerosene
Total: All Combustor
Types
Thousand barrels of
kerosene consumed
EIA’s SEDSa
(a) With adjustments that are described in the text of this section.
Fuel-Specific Activity Data Adjustments
Coal - for commercial/institutional coal combustion, the SEDS data do not provide coal consumption estimates by type
of coal (i.e., anthracite versus bituminous/sub-bituminous) and in some cases, CAP emission factors differ between the
two. Because anthracite is mined in the eastern half of the Commonwealth, while bituminous is mined in the western
half, the emission calculations assume that eastern counties burn anthracite coal while western counties burn
bituminous coal.
Commercial Coal Combustion:
 Number of County Employees 
 where:
Annual Emissions  Pollutant Emission Factor Coal Consumption 
 Number of State Employees 
VOC Emission Factor = 0.3 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year; 0.05 lbs/ton bituminous coal/year
NOx Emission Factor = 9 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year; 11 lbs/ton bituminous coal/year
CO Emission Factor = 0.6 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year; 5.0 lbs/ton bituminous coal/year
Pb Emission Factor = 0.00042 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year and bituminous coal/year
67
SO2 Emission Factor =34.71 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year; 91.96 lbs/ton bituminous coal/year (EPA
default values for PA)
PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 14.718 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year; 12 lbs/ton bituminous coal/year
PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 6.4224 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year; 1.4 lbs/ton bituminous coal/year
PM-CON Emission Factor = 0.08 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year; 0.04 lbs/ton bituminous coal/year
Anthracite Coal Sulfur Content = 0.89%
Bituminous Coal Sulfur Content = 2.42%
Anthracite Coal Ash Content = 13.38% ash
Pennsylvania Commercial Coal Consumption = 574,000 tons
Number of Commercial County Employees (Allegheny County) = 637,800
Number of Pennsylvania’s Commercial Employees = 4,546,525
where:
NOX Emissions:
11 lbs NOX
Annual NOX Emissions 
ton bituminous
year
coal
 574,000 to ns 
Annual NOX Emissions  885,746.6307 pounds NOX per year 
637,800 employees in county
4,546,525 employees in state
1 ton
 442.8733 tons NOX per year
2000 lbs
68
Distillate Oil and LPG – the SEDS commercial/institutional sector distillate oil and LPG consumption data include
consumption estimates for equipment that EPA includes in the non-road sector inventory. To avoid double-counting of
LPG consumption, EPA ran the National Mobile Inventory Model (NMIM) for 2006 and calculated the national
volume of non-road LPG consumption from commercial sector source categories. This estimate was then divided into
the SEDS total industrial sector LPG consumption estimate to yield the proportion of total commercial/institutional
sector LPG consumption attributable to the non-road sector in that year (approximately 18 percent). To estimate the
volume of commercial/institutional sector LPG consumption that should not be included in the non-point source inventory EPA subtracted 18 percent from each state’s commercial sector LPG consumption estimate reported in SEDS.
To avoid double-counting of distillate oil consumption between the non-point and non-road sector emission
inventories, EPA relied on a source other than SEDS to estimate consumption. The approach uses more detailed
distillate oil consumption estimates reported in EIA’s Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales, and assumptions from the
regulatory impact analysis (RIA) for EPA’s non-road diesel emissions rulemaking (EIA, 2008b; EPA, 2003). Table 4
displays the assumptions that were applied to the state-level distillate oil consumption estimates reported in Fuel Oil
and Kerosene Sales to estimate total stationary source commercial/institutional sector consumption.
Table 4. Assumptions Used to Estimate Commercial/Institutional Sector Stationary Source Distillate
Fuel Consumption
Sector
Commercial
a
Distillate Fuel Type
No. 1 Distillate Fuel Oil
No. 2 Distillate Fuel Oil
No. 2 Distillate/Ultra-Low, Low, and High Sulfur
Diesel
No. 4 Distillate Fuel Oil
% of Total
Consumption
from Stationary
Sources
80
100
0a
100
A very small portion of total commercial/institutional diesel is consumed by point sources (SCC 203001xx).
69
Commercial/Institutional Distillate Oil Combustion:
 Number of County Employees 
 where:
Annual Emissions  Pollutant Emission Factor Oil Consumption
 Number of State Employees 
VOC Emission Factor = 0.34 lbs/thous. gal. distillate oil/year
NOx Emission Factor = 20 lbs/thous. gal. distillate oil/year
CO Emission Factor = 5.0 lbs/thous. gal. distillate oil/year
Pb Emission Factor = 0.00126 lbs/thous. gal. distillate oil/year
Sulfur Content = 0.3%
SO2 Emission Factor = 42.6 lbs/thous. gal. distillate oil/year
PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 1.08 lbs/thous. gal. distillate oil/year
PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.83 lbs/thous. gal. distillate oil/year
PM-CON Emission Factor = 1.3 lbs/thous. gal. distillate oil/year
Pennsylvania Commercial Distillate Oil Consumption = 4,264,000 barrels = 179,088 thousand
gallons
where:
Number of Allegheny County Commercial Employees =637,800
Number of Pennsylvania Commercial Employees = 4,546,525
NO2 Emissions:
20 lbs NO2
Annual NO2 Emissions 
ton distoil
637,800 employees in county
179,088, thousgallo ns 
year
4,546,525 employees in state
Annual NO2 Emissions  502,459.9069 pounds NO2 per year 
1 ton
 251.2300 tons NO2 per year
2000 lbs
70
Commercial/Institutional Residual Oil Combustion:
 Number of County Employees 

Annual Emissions  Pollutant Emission Factor Oil Consumption
 Number of State Employees 
where:
VOC Emission Factor = 1.13 lbs/thous gal. residual oil/year
NOx Emission Factor = 55 lbs/thous gal. residual oil/year
CO Emission Factor = 5.0 lbs/thous gal. residual oil/year
Pb Emission Factor = 0.00165 lbs/thous gal. residual oil/year
SO2 Emission Factor = 353.25 lbs/thous gal. residual oil/year
Sulfur Content = 2.25%
PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 14.9413 lbs/thous gal. residual oil/year
PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 5.5488 lbs/thous gal. residual oil/year
PM-CON Emission Factor = 1.5 lbs/thous gal. residual oil/year
Pennsylvania Commercial Residual Consumption = 287,000 barrels = 12,054,000 gallons
where:
Number of Commercial/Institutional County Employees (Allegheny County) = 637,800
Number of Pennsylvania Commercial/Institutional Employees = 4,546,525
VOC Emissions:
1.13 lbs VOC
Annual VOCL Emissions 
1000 gal Re s.oil
637,800 employees in county
12,054thousgallo ns 
year
4,546,525 employees in state
Annual VOC Emissions  1910.7971 pounds VOC per year 
1 ton
 0.9554 tons VOC per year
2000 lbs
71
Commercial/Institutional Natural Gas Combustion:
 Number of County Employees 

Annual Emissions  Pollutant Emission Factor Oil Consumption
 Number of State Employees 
where:
VOC Emission Factor = 5.5 lbs/MMCF natural gas/year
NOx Emission Factor = 100 lbs/MMCF natural gas/year
CO Emission Factor = 84 lbs/MMCF natural gas/year
Pb Emission Factor = .0005 lbs/MMCF natural gas/year
SO2 Emission Factor = 0.6 lbs/MMCF natural gas/year
PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 0.13 lbs/MMCF natural gas/year
PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.11 lbs/MMCF natural gas/year
PM-CON Emission Factor = 0.32 lbs/MMCF natural gas/year
Pennsylvania Commercial/Institutional NG Consumption = 130,328 MMCF
where:
Number of Allegheny County Commercial Employees = 637,800
Number of Pennsylvania Commercial Employees = 4,546,525
72
CO Emissions:
84 lbs CO
MMCFNG 130,328MMCFNG  637,800 employees in count
year
4,546,525 employees in state
1 ton
Annual CO Emissions  1,535,755.036 pounds CO per year 
 767.8775 tons CO per year
2000 lbs
Annual CO Emissions 
Commercial/Institutional LPG Combustion:
 Number of County Employees 

Annual Emissions  Pollutant Emission Factor LPG Consumption 
 Number of State Employees 
where:
VOC Emission Factor = 21.91 lbs/1000 barrel LPG/year
NOx Emission Factor = 398.38 lbs/1000 barrel LPG/year
CO Emission Factor = 501.96 lbs/1000 barrel LPG/year
Pb Emission Factor = 0.001827 lbs/1000 barrel LPG/year
SO2 Emission Factor = 2.39 lbs/1000 barrel LPG/year
PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 0.797 lbs/1000 barrel LPG/year
PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.438 lbs/1000 barrel LPG/year
PM-CON Emission Factor = 1.28 lbs/1000 barrel LPG/year
Pennsylvania Commercial/Institutional LPG Consumption = 689,000 barrels
73
where:
Number of Allegheny County Industrial Employees =637,800
Number of Pennsylvania Industrial Employees = 4,546,525
VOC Emissions:
21.91 lbs VOC
1000 BBL  689,000 BBL  637,800 employees in county
year
4,546,525 employees in state
1 ton
Annual VOC Emissions  2,117.7102 pounds VOC per year 
 1.0588 tons VOC per year
2000 lbs
Annual VOC Emissions 
Commercial/Institutional Kerosene Combustion:
 Number of County Employees 
 where:
Annual Emissions  Pollutant Emission Factor Kerosene Consumption
Number
of
State
Employees


VOC Emission Factor = 0.3278571 lbs/1000 gal Kerosene/year
NOx Emission Factor = 19.28572 lbs/1000 gal Kerosene/year
CO Emission Factor = 4.821429 lbs/1000 gal Kerosene/year
Pb Emission Factor = 0.001215 lbs/1000 gal Kerosene/year
SO2 Emission Factor = 41.07857 lbs/1000 gal Kerosene/year
PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 1.041429 lbs/1000 gal Kerosene/year
PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.8003572 lbs/1000 gal Kerosene/year
PM-CON Emission Factor = 1.25 lbs/1000 gal Kerosene/year
Pennsylvania Commercial Kerosene Consumption = 420,000 barrels = 17,640,000 gallons
74
where:
Number of Allegheny County Industrial Employees =637,800
Number of Pennsylvania Industrial Employees = 4,546,525
SO2 Emissions:
41.07857 lbs SO 2
1000GAL  17,640,000GAL  637,800 employees in county
year
4,546,525 employees in state
1ton
Annual SO 2 Emissions  101,652.6791 pounds SO 2 per year 
 50.8263 tons SO 2 per year
2000 lbs
Annual SO 2 Emissions 
Point Source Energy Adjustment
Because the point source inventory also includes commercial/institutional fuel combustion source categories, it is
necessary to subtract point source inventory fuel use from the SEDS fuel consumption estimates. Table 5 displays the
crosswalk between commercial/institutional fuel combustion non-point SCCs and associated point SCCs that EPA
plans to use in the subtraction procedure. The subtractions will be performed after summing the point source
throughput estimates to the state-level.
75
Table 5. Point Source Subtraction SCCs Relevant to Nonpoint Source
Commercial/Institutional Fuel Combustion
SCC
SCC Level 1
SCC Level 2
SCC Level 3 (Fuel-if not specified at level 3)
2103001000 & 2103002000 -- Commercial/Institutional; Anthracite Coal; Total: All Boiler Types and Bituminous/Sub-bituminous Coal; Total: All Boiler Types
103002xx
External Combustion Boilers
Commercial/Institutional
Bituminous/Sub-bituminous Coal
10500202
External Combustion Boilers
Space Heaters
Commercial/Institutional (Coal)
50190002
Waste Disposal
Solid Waste Disposal - Government
Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions (Coal)
Solid Waste Disposal 50290002
Waste Disposal
Commercial/Institutional
Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions (Coal)
2103004000 -- Commercial/Institutional; Distillate Oil; Total: Boilers and IC Engines
103005xx
External Combustion Boilers
Commercial/Institutional
Distillate Oil
10500205
External Combustion Boilers
Space Heaters
Commercial/Institutional (Distillate Oil)
50190005
Waste Disposal
Solid Waste Disposal - Government
Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions (Distillate Oil)
Solid Waste Disposal 50290005
Waste Disposal
Commercial/Institutional
Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions (Distillate Oil)
2103005000 -- Commercial/Institutional; Residual Oil; Total: All Boiler Types
103004xx
External Combustion Boilers
Commercial/Institutional
Residual Oil
2103006000 -- Commercial/Institutional; Natural Gas; Total: Boilers and IC Engines
103006xx
External Combustion Boilers
Commercial/Institutional
Natural Gas
10500206
External Combustion Boilers
Space Heaters
Commercial/Institutional (Natural Gas)
203002xx
Internal Combustion Engines
Commercial/Institutional
Natural Gas
50190006
Waste Disposal
Solid Waste Disposal - Government
Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions (Natural Gas)
Solid Waste Disposal 50290006
Waste Disposal
Commercial/Institutional
Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions (Natural Gas)
2103007000 -- Commercial/Institutional; Liquid Petroleum Gas; Total: All Combustor Types
103010xx
External Combustion Boilers
Commercial/Institutional
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
10500210
External Combustion Boilers
Space Heaters
Commercial/Institutional (LPG)
203010xx
Internal Combustion Engines
Commercial/Institutional
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
50190010
Waste Disposal
Solid Waste Disposal - Government
Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions (LPG)
Solid Waste Disposal 50290010
Waste Disposal
Commercial/Institutional
Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions (LPG)
2103008000 -- Commercial/Institutional; Wood; Total: All Boiler Types
103009xx
External Combustion Boilers
Commercial/Institutional
Wood/Bark Waste
10500209
External Combustion Boilers
Space Heaters
Commercial/Institutional (Wood)
2103011000 -- Commercial/Institutional; Kerosene; Total: All Combustor Types
203009xx
Internal Combustion Engines
Commercial/Institutional
Kerosene/Naphtha (Jet Fuel)
50100603
Waste Disposal
Solid Waste Disposal - Government
Fire Fighting (Kerosene)
County Allocation of State Activity Data
Year 2007 county-level activity estimates will be developed by allocating the state-level activity resulting from the adjustments to the
SEDS data described above. The EPA compiled 2006 estimates of commercial sector (NAICS codes 42 through 81) employment
from the Bureau of Census’ County Business Patterns 2006 for use in this procedure (Census, 2009a). A separate document describes
how withheld County Business Patterns employment data were estimated (Divita, 2008). The EPA also developed 2006 county-level
estimates of institutional sector (NAICS code 92) employment from 2007 local government employment data in the 2007 Census of
Governments and adjustments reflecting each state’s 2006/2007 local government
employment ratio (Census, 2009b).1 State-level commercial/institutional fuel combustion by fuel type was allocated to each county
using the ratio of the number of commercial/institutional sector employees in each county to the total number of
commercial/institutional sector employees in the state.
Emission Factors
The EPA has compiled criteria and hazardous air pollutant emission factors for non-point source commercial/institutional fuel
combustion categories (Huntley, 2009). These emission factors, which are too numerous to list here, are included in a spreadsheet
within the ICI fuel combustion workbook. In most cases, these are the same emission factors that were used in preparing the 2002
non-point source NEI (Pechan, 2006). Commercial/institutional wood combustion emission factors were obtained from an ICI fuel
combustion study being performed for the Central Regional Air Planning Association (CENRAP) (Pechan, 2009a).
Potential Improvements
States may wish to incorporate the following improvements in developing non-point source commercial/institutional fuel combustion
emission estimates: Update SO2 emission factors to reflect coal sulfur content estimates for coal used in the industrial sector in 2006-1
County-level federal and state government employment data are not available from the Bureau of the Census.
77
a recent review of industrial and commercial coal sulfur content values for the Central Regional Air Planning Association concluded
that the 2002 NEI values are based on unrepresentative data (Pechan, 2009b).1
Additional References for Fuel Combustion - Commercial/Institutional
1. Census, 2009a: Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, County Business Patterns 2006, available from:
http://www.census.gov/epcd/cbp/download/06_data/index.html, accessed March 2009.
Census, 2009b: Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, “Local Government Employment and Payroll, March 2006,”
2007 Census of Governments, available from: http://www.census.gov/govs/www/apesloc06.html, accessed March 2009.
2. Divita, 2008: Divita, Frank, E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., memorandum to Roy Huntley, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, “County Business Patterns Calculations,” December 4, 2008.
3. EIA, 2008a: Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, State Energy Data System – Consumption, Physical
Units, 1960-2006, available from: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/_seds.html, released November 28, 2008.
4. EIA, 2008b: Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales, data available from:
http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_cons_821use_dcu_nus_a.htm, release date December 23, 2008.
5. EPA, 2003: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Draft Regulatory Impact Analysis: Control of Emissions from Nonroad
Diesel Engines,” EPA420-R-03-008, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, April 2003.
6. Huntley, 2009: Huntley, Roy, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “SCCs & emission factors to be used in 2008 NEI to
Bollman May 1 2009.mdb [electronic file],” May 1, 2009.
1
Actual data characterizing sulfur content of coal consumed in the commercial sector is limited, but appears to be in-line with
industrial coal consumption values. Therefore, industrial sector sulfur content can reasonably be assumed to be representative of
commercial sector sulfur content.
78
7. Pechan, 2009a: E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., “Area Combustion Source Emissions Inventory Improvement Methodology,
Technical Memorandum,” E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., prepared for Central Regional Air Planning Association, March 20, 2009.
8. Pechan, 2009b: E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., “Evaluation of ICI Combustion Coal Sulfur Content, Technical Memorandum,”
prepared for Central Regional Air Planning Association, March 28, 2009.
9. Pechan, 2006: E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc. “Documentation for the Final 2002 Nonpoint Sector (Feb 06 Version) National
Emission Inventory for Criteria and Hazardous Air Pollutants,” prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, July 2006.
79
FUEL COMBUSTION – INDUSTRIAL (7 SCCs: 2102001000,
SCC 2102002000, SCC 2102004000, SCC 2102005000,
SCC 2102006000, SCC 2102007000, SCC 2102011000)
Source Category Description
This sub-sector covers emissions from fuel combustion at stationary non-point sources within the industrial sector (i.e., sources that
are not reported in the point source inventory because their emissions are too small). These documentation and fuel combustion
emissions were calculated by E. H. Pechan and Associates. References are listed at the end of the Fuel Combustion – Industrial
section. Industrial fuel combustion emissions will be computed for the following fuel types: coal, distillate oil, residual oil, natural
gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), kerosene, and wood.
There are additional types of energy that are consumed in the industrial sector: asphalt and road oil; feedstocks, naphtha (less than
401°F); feedstocks, other oils (greater than 401°F); lubricants; motor gasoline; miscellaneous petroleum products; pentanes plus;
special naphthas; and waxes. With the exception of motor gasoline, all of these additional fossil fuels are not actually combusted
(oxidized) but are used as chemical feedstocks, construction materials, lubricants, solvents, or reducing agents. Therefore, there are no
industrial sector combustion emissions from these fuel types. As described in more detail later, most of the fuel types that are
included in the industrial combustion sector, also have a non-fuel use component. Therefore, it is necessary to exclude this component
in calculating non-point source industrial fuel combustion activity/emissions. Motor gasoline is not inventoried as a non-point source
because it is expected that gasoline combustion in this sector is included in the non-road inventory.
The approach to be used in calculating emissions for industrial fuel combustion is to first develop state-level fuel consumption
estimates, then to allocate these to the county-level, and then to multiply the resulting county-level consumption estimates by
appropriate emission factors.
80
Source Classification. Table 1 displays the non-point SCCs associated with industrial fuel combustion.
Table 1. Non-point Source Industrial Fuel Combustion SCCs
SCC
21020010
00
21020020
00
21020040
00
21020050
00
21020060
00
21020070
00
21020080
00
21020110
00
SCC Level 1
Stationary Source Fuel
Combustion
Stationary Source Fuel
Combustion
Stationary Source Fuel
Combustion
Stationary Source Fuel
Combustion
Stationary Source Fuel
Combustion
Stationary Source Fuel
Combustion
Stationary Source Fuel
Combustion
Stationary Source Fuel
Combustion
SCC Level
2
SCC Level 3
Industrial
Anthracite Coal
Industrial
SCC Level 4
Total: All Boiler Types
Industrial
Bituminous/Sub-bituminous Total: All Boiler Types
Coal
Distillate Oil
Total: Boilers and IC
Engines
Residual Oil
Total: All Boiler Types
Industrial
Natural Gas
Industrial
Industrial
Liquefied Petroleum Gas
(LPG)
Wood
Industrial
Kerosene
Industrial
Total: Boilers and IC
Engines
Total: All Boiler Types
Total: All Boiler Types
Total: All Boiler Types
81
Activity Data
Table 2 summarizes this sector’s non-point source activity data, units, and data source.
Total state-level industrial sector energy
consumption data are available from the Energy Information Administration (EIA)’s State Energy Data System (SEDS), and were
used for most source categories (EIA, 2008a). However, as documented below, a number of adjustments were made to the SEDS
data, and a separate EIA data source was used for distillate oil. Year 2006 SEDS data were used to estimate 2007 emissions because
these were the latest year consumption data available at the time this work was performed in 2009
Table 2. Non-point Source Industrial Fuel Combustion Activity Data
SCC
SCC Level 1
21020010 Stationary Source
00
Fuel Combustion
21020020 Stationary Source
00
Fuel Combustion
21020040 Stationary Source
00
Fuel Combustion
SCC SCC Level
Activity Data
Level 2
3
SCC Level 4
Activity
Source
Industri Anthracite Total: All
Thousand short tons of EIA’s SEDSa
al
Coal
Boiler Types coal consumed
Industri Bituminous/ Total: All
al
SubBoiler Types
bituminous
Coal
Industri Distillate Oil Total:
al
Boilers and
IC Engines
Thousand short tons of EIA’s SEDSa
coal consumed
Thousand barrels of
EIA’s Fuel Oil
distillate oil consumed and Kerosene
Salesa
82
SCC
SCC Level 1
21020050 Stationary Source
00
Fuel Combustion
21020060 Stationary Source
00
Fuel Combustion
21020070 Stationary Source
00
Fuel Combustion
21020080
00
21020110
00
a
Stationary Source
Fuel Combustion
Stationary Source
Fuel Combustion
SCC SCC Level
Level 2
3
SCC Level 4
Activity
Industri Residual Oil Total: All
Thousand barrels of
al
Boiler Types residual oil consumed
Industri Natural Gas Total:
al
Boilers and
IC Engines
Industri Liquefied
Total: All
al
Petroleum Boiler Types
Gas (LPG)
Industri Wood
Total: All
al
Boiler Types
Industri Kerosene
Total: All
al
Boiler Types
Activity Data
Source
EIA’s SEDSa
Million cubic feet of
EIA’s SEDSa
natural gas consumed
Thousand barrels of
LPG consumed
EIA’s SEDSa
Billion Btu of wood
consumed
Thousand barrels of
kerosene consumed
EIA’s SEDSa
EIA’s SEDSa
With adjustments that are described in the text of this section.
Fuel-Specific Activity Data Adjustments
Coal - for industrial coal combustion, it was necessary to compile data representing a sub-set of total sector coal consumption. Data
representing non-coke plant consumption were compiled from EIA because coal consumed by coke plants is accounted for in the point
source inventory. The SEDS data do not provide coal consumption estimates by type of coal (i.e., anthracite versus bituminous/subbituminous) and in some cases, CAP emission factors differ between the two. Because anthracite is mined in the eastern half of the
Commonwealth, while bituminous is mined in the western half, the emission calculations assume that eastern counties burn anthracite
coal while western counties burn bituminous coal.
83
Industrial Coal Combustion:
 Number of County Employees 
 where:
Annual Emissions  Pollutant Emission Factor Coal Consumption 
 Number of State Employees 
VOC Emission Factor = 0.3 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year; 0.05 lbs/ton bituminous coal/year
NOx Emission Factor = 9 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year; 11 lbs/ton bituminous coal/year
CO Emission Factor = 0.6 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year; 5.0 lbs/ton bituminous coal/year
Pb Emission Factor = 0.00042 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year and bituminous coal/year
SO2 Emission Factor =34.71 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year; 91.96 lbs/ton bituminous coal/year (EPA default values for
PA)
PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 14.718 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year; 12 lbs/ton bituminous coal/year
PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 6.4224 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year; 1.4 lbs/ton bituminous coal/year
PM-CON Emission Factor = 0.08 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year; 0.04 lbs/ton bituminous coal/year
Anthracite Coal Sulfur Content = 0.89%
Bituminous Coal Sulfur Content = 2.42%
Anthracite Coal Ash Content = 13.38% ash
Pennsylvania Industrial Coal Consumption = 2,597,000 tons
Number of Industrial County Employees (Allegheny County) = 41,656
Number of Pennsylvania Industrial Employees = 800,578
where:
Number of Allegheny County Industrial Employees =41,656
Number of Pennsylvania Industrial Employees = 800,578
84
CO Emissions:
5 lbs CO
Annual CO Emissions 
ton bituminous
year
coal
 2,597,000 tons 
Annual CO Emissions  675,640.7995 pounds CO per year 
41,656 employees in county
800,578 employees in state
1 ton
 337.8204 tons CO per year
2000 lbs
Distillate Oil and LPG – the SEDS industrial sector distillate oil and LPG consumption data include consumption estimates for
equipment that EPA includes in the non-road sector inventory. In particular, SEDS considers the following non-road source category
activities to be part of the industrial sector: farming, logging, mining, and construction. To avoid double-counting of LPG
consumption, EPA ran the National Mobile Inventory Model (NMIM) for 2006 and calculated the national volume of non-road LPG
consumption from agriculture, logging, mining, and construction source categories.
This estimate was then divided into the SEDS total industrial sector LPG consumption estimate to yield the proportion of total
industrial sector LPG consumption attributable to the non-road sector in that year (approximately 9 percent).
To estimate the volume of industrial sector LPG consumption that should not be included in the non-point source industrial fuel
combustion category, EPA subtracted 9 percent from each state’s industrial sector LPG consumption estimate reported in SEDS.
To avoid double-counting of distillate oil consumption between the non-point and non-road sector emission inventories, EPA relied on
a source other than SEDS to estimate consumption. The approach uses more detailed distillate oil consumption estimates reported in
EIA’s Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales, and assumptions used in the regulatory impact analysis (RIA) for EPA’s non-road diesel
emissions rulemaking (EIA, 2008b; EPA, 2003).
Table 4 displays the assumptions that were applied to the state-level distillate oil consumption estimates reported in Fuel Oil and
Kerosene Sales to estimate total stationary source industrial sector consumption.
85
Table 4. Assumptions Used to Estimate Industrial Sector Stationary Source Distillate Fuel Consumption
Sector
Industrial
Farm
Off-Highway
(Construction and
Other)
% of Total
Consumption
from Stationary
Distillate Fuel Type
Sources
No. 1 Distillate Fuel Oil
60
No. 2 Distillate Fuel Oil
100
No. 2 Distillate/Low and High Sulfur
15a
Diesel
No. 4 Distillate Fuel Oil
100
Diesel
0
Other Distillate Fuel Oil
100
Distillate Fuel Oil
5
This value differs from the 0% assumption adopted in EPA’s non-road diesel emissions rulemaking because it is known that some diesel fuel is
used by stationary sources (a 15 percent value was selected for use as an approximate mid-point of a potential range of 8 to 24% stationary
source use computed from a review of data from the EIA’s Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey and Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales).
a
Industrial Distillate Oil Combustion:
 Number of County Employees 

Annual Emissions  Pollutant Emission Factor Oil Consumption
 Number of State Employees 
86
where:
VOC Emission Factor = 0.20 lbs/thous gal. distillate oil/year
NOx Emission Factor = 20 lbs/thous gal. distillate oil/year
CO Emission Factor = 5.0 lbs/thous gal. distillate oil/year
Pb Emission Factor = 0.00126 lbs/thous gal. distillate oil/year
SO2 Emission Factor = 42.6 lbs/thous gal. distillate oil/year
Sulfur Content = 0.3%
PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 1 lbs/thous gal. distillate oil/year
PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.25 lbs/thous gal. distillate oil/year
PM-CON Emission Factor = 1.3 lbs/thous gal. distillate oil/year
Pennsylvania Industrial Distillate Oil Consumption = 2,521,000 barrels = 105,882 thouand gallons
Number of Allegheny County Industrial Employees =41,656
Number of Pennsylvania Industrial Employees = 800,578
SO2 Emissions:
42.6 lbs SO 2
Annual SO 2 Emissions 
1000 gal distoil
41,656 employees in county
105,882thousgallo ns 
year
800,578 employees in state
Annual SO 2 Emissions  234,695.9787 pounds SO 2 per year 
1 ton
 117.3479 tons SO 2 per year
2000 lbs
87
Industrial Residual Oil Combustion:
 Number of County Employees 
 where:
Annual Emissions  Pollutant Emission Factor Oil Consumption
 Number of State Employees 
VOC Emission Factor = 0.28 lbs/thous gal. residual oil/year
NOx Emission Factor = 47 lbs/thous gal. residual oil/year
CO Emission Factor = 5.0 lbs/thous gal. residual oil/year
Pb Emission Factor = 0.00165 lbs/thous gal. residual oil/year
SO2 Emission Factor = 353.25 lbs/thous gal. residual oil/year
Sulfur Content = 2.25%
PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 20.7213 lbs/thous gal. residual oil/year
PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 13.4963 lbs/thous gal. residual oil/year
PM-CON Emission Factor = 1.5 lbs/thous gal. residual oil/year
Pennsylvania Industrial Residual Oil Consumption = 1,702,000 barrels = 71,484 thousand gallons
Number of Allegheny County Industrial Employees =41,656
Number of Pennsylvania Industrial Employees = 800,578
PM10-FIL Emissions:
20.7213 lbs PM 10  FIL
Annual PM 10  FIL Emissions 
1000 gal Re s.oil
year
 71,484thousgallo ns 
Annual PM 10  FIL Emissions  77,072.5553 pounds PM 10  FIL per year 
41,656 employees in county
800,578 employees in state
1 ton
 38.5363 tons PM 10  FIL per year
2000 lbs
88
Industrial Natural Gas Combustion:
 Number of County Employees 

Annual Emissions  Pollutant Emission Factor NG Consumption
 Number of State Employees 
where:
VOC Emission Factor = 5.5 lbs/MMCF natural gas/year
NOx Emission Factor = 100 lbs/MMCF natural gas/year
CO Emission Factor = 84 lbs/MMCF natural gas/year
Pb Emission Factor = .0005 lbs/MMCF natural gas/year
SO2 Emission Factor = 0.6 lbs/MMCF natural gas/year
PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 0.13 lbs/MMCF natural gas/year
PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.11 lbs/MMCF natural gas/year
PM-CON Emission Factor = 0.32 lbs/MMCF natural gas/year
Pennsylvania Industrial NG Consumption = 193,856 MMCF
where:
Number of Allegheny County Industrial Employees =41,656
Number of Pennsylvania Industrial Employees = 800,578
NOx Emissions:
89
100 lbs NOx
MMCF 193,856MMCF  41,656 employees in county
year
800,578 employees in state
1 ton
Annual NOx Emissions  1,008,679.421 pounds NOx per year 
 504.3397 tons NOx per year
2000 lbs
Annual NOx Emissions 
Industrial LPG Gas Combustion:
 Number of County Employees 

Annual Emissions  Pollutant Emission Factor LPG Consumption 
 Number of State Employees 
where:
90
VOC Emission Factor = 21.91 lbs/ thous bbl LPG/year
NOx Emission Factor = 398.38 lbs/ thous bbl LPG/year
CO Emission Factor = 501.96 lbs/ thous bbl LPG/year
Pb Emission Factor = 0.001827 lbs/ thous bbl LPG/year
SO2 Emission Factor = 2.39 lbs/ thous bbl LPG/year
PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 0.797 lbs/ thous bbl LPG/year
PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.438 lbs/ thous bbl LPG/year
PM-CON Emission Factor = 1.28 lbs/ thous bbl LPG/year
Pennsylvania Industrial LPG Consumption = 3,923,000 bbl
Number of Allegheny County Industrial Employees =41,656
Number of Pennsylvania Industrial Employees = 800,578
CO Emissions:
501.96 lbs CO
1000 BBL  3,923,000 BBL  41,656 employees in county
year
800,578 employees in state
1ton
Annual CO Emissions  102,461.6469 pounds CO per year 
 51.2308 tons CO per year
2000 lbs
Annual CO Emissions 
Industrial Kerosene Combustion:
 Number of County Employees 

Annual Emissions  Pollutant Emission Factor Kerosene Consumption
 Number of State Employees 
where:
91
VOC Emission Factor = 0.1928471 lbs/ thous gal Kerosene/year
NOx Emission Factor = 20.0 lbs/ thous gal Kerosene/year
CO Emission Factor = 5.0 lbs/ thous gal Kerosene/year
Pb Emission Factor = 0.001215 lbs/ thous gal Kerosene/year
SO2 Emission Factor = 42.6 lbs/ thous gal Kerosene/year
PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 1.0 lbs/ thous gal Kerosene/year
PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.25 lbs/ thous gal Kerosene/year
PM-CON Emission Factor = 1.3 lbs/ thous gal Kerosene/year
Number of Allegheny County Industrial Employees =41,656
Number of Pennsylvania Industrial Employees = 800,578
SO2 Emissions:
42.6 lbs SO 2
1000Gal 1,638,000  41,656 employees in county
year
800,578 employees in state
1ton
Annual SO 2 Emissions  3,630.7589 pounds SO 2 per year 
 1.8158 tons SO 2 per year
2000 lbs
Annual SO 2 Emissions 
Non-Fuel Use Energy Adjustment
Some industrial sector energy is consumed for non-fuel purposes. For example, natural gas is used as a feedstock in chemical
manufacturing plants and to make nitrogenous fertilizer, and LPG is used to create intermediate products that are made into plastics.
To estimate the volume of fuel that is associated with industrial combustion, it is necessary to subtract the volume of fuel consumption
for non-energy uses from the volume of total fuel consumption. The EPA’s State Greenhouse Gas Inventory Tool (SIT) provides
national defaults representing the percentage of total industrial fuel consumption from non-energy uses. These default values have an
additional limitation beyond their lack of geographic detail - they represent the EIA’s definition of the industrial sector, which
includes fuel consumption from industrial, farm, mining, and construction sectors that is accounted for in the non-road inventory.
92
Furthermore, a review of the SIT default data indicates that all residual oil is consumed as a fuel source. However, the EIA’s 2002
Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey (MECS) indicates significant non-fuel use of residual oil in the manufacturing sector
(EIA, 2007a). In discussions about this issue, EIA noted that the non-fuel use data in the SIT appeared to be incorrect, and that the
MECS data were representative of 2002 non-fuel use (Lorenz, 2009). Given this concern, a review was conducted of the non-fuel use
assumptions incorporated into the EIA’s GHG emissions inventory for 2005 (EIA, 2007b). For each type of industrial sector energy
consumed in 2006, Table 5 summarizes EIA’s non-fuel use assumptions.
Table 5. Non-Fuel Use Information from EIA’s 2005 GHG Inventory
Fuel
Asphalt and Road Oil
Coal (non-coke)
Distillate Oil
Feedstocks, Naphtha <401°F
Feedstocks, Other oils >401°F
Kerosene
LPG
Lubricants
Misc. Petroleum Products
Motor Gasoline
Natural Gas
Pentanes Plus
Residual Oil
Special Naphthas
Waxes
Non-Fuel Use
Assumption
100%
Yes (<100%)
Yes (<100%)
100%
100%
None
Yes (<100%)
100%
100%
None
Yes (<100%)
100%
Yes (<100%)
100%
100%
In calculating the emission activity for industrial fuel combustion, EPA excluded all SEDS fuel types for which EIA assumes 100
percent of consumption is non-fuel use.
93
For fuel types for which non-fuel use occurs, but is less than 100 percent, Pechan reviewed two information sources to identify the
non-fuel use percentage to apply in the NEI. The first source was that listed by EIA in its 2005 national GHG inventory; the second
was the EIA’s 2002 MECS. The MECS data has the advantage of providing region-specific estimates as well as values that exclude
fuel consumption that is already accounted for in the non-road inventory. For distillate and residual fuel and natural gas, the EIA GHG
inventory source was MECS. For LPG, it was not possible to use the EIA GHG inventory source for non-fuel consumption as it is a
proprietary source published by the American Petroleum Institute. For non-coke coal, EIA extrapolated data from 1994.
The MECS non-fuel consumption data treat coal that is used to produce coke as a feedstock, and therefore, MECS can not be used to
represent non-coke coal consumption. The 2002 MECS data treat “synthetic coal” that is ultimately combusted as regular coal, as a
non-fuel (feedstock) use. Because of the limitations of the MECS data, EPA obtained from EIA a rough estimate of the percentage of
non-coking coal that is used for non-fuel purposes (while also treating “synthetic coal” as a fuel use).
Based on the EIA’s estimate that 5-10 percent of non-coke coal is used for non-fuel purposes, EPA assumed that 7 percent of noncoke plant industrial sector coal consumption is for non-fuel purposes (Lorenz, 2009). Table 6 presents the non-fuel use percentages
that were applied to estimate industrial fuel combustion activity.
Table 6. Industrial Sector Non-Fuel Use Estimates
Fuel
Distillate Oil
LPG
Natural Gas
Non-Coke
Coal
Residual Oil
a
Northeast
5a
41a
1
7c
0
% Non-Fuel Use by Region
South
Midwest
b
9
9b
98
88
15
6
c
7
7c
25b
Due to withheld data, value represents combination of Northeast and West region data.
b Due to withheld data, value represents combination of Midwest and South region data.
c Region-specific values not available.
25b
West
5a
41a
41
7c
8
Source
2002 MECS
2002 MECS
2002 MECS
Lorenz,
2009
2002 MECS
94
Source Energy Adjustment
Because the point source inventory also includes industrial fuel combustion categories, it is necessary to subtract point source
inventory fuel use from the SEDS fuel consumption estimates.
Table 7 displays a crosswalk between industrial fuel combustion non-point SCCs and associated point SCCs that EPA plans to use in
the subtraction procedure.1 The subtractions will be performed after summing the point source throughput estimates to the state-level.
County Allocation of State Activity Data
Year 2005 county-level activity estimates will be developed by allocating the state-level activity resulting from the adjustments to the
EIA data described above. The EPA compiled 2006 estimates of manufacturing sector employment from the Bureau of Census’
County Business Patterns 2006 for use in this procedure (Census, 2009). State-level industrial fuel combustion by fuel type will be
allocated to each county using the ratio of the number of manufacturing sector (NAICS codes 31-33) employees in each county to the
total number of manufacturing sector employees in the state.
A separate document describes how withheld County Business Patterns employment data were estimated (Divita, 2008).
Table 7. Point Source Subtraction SCCs Relevant to Non-point Source Industrial Fuel Combustion
SCC
SCC Level 1
102002xx
10500102
390002xx
50390002
External Combustion Boilers
External Combustion Boilers
Industrial Processes
Waste Disposal
102005xx
10201403
External Combustion Boilers
External Combustion Boilers
1
SCC Level 2
SCC Level 3 (Fuel-if not specified at level 3)
2102002000 – Industrial; Bituminous/Sub-bituminous Coal; Total: All Boiler Types
Industrial
Bituminous/Sub-bituminous Coal
Space Heaters
Industrial (Coal)
In-Process Fuel Use
Bituminous Coal
Solid Waste Disposal – Industrial
Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions (Coal)
2102004000 – Industrial; Distillate Oil; Total: All Boilers and IC Engines
Industrial
Distillate Oil
Industrial
CO Boiler (Distillate Oil)
As noted in a footnote to Table 7, it is important to exclude any natural gas pipeline fuel use from the point source subtraction
procedure because SEDS includes such use in the Transportation sector rather than the Industrial sector.
95
SCC
SCC Level 1
10500105
202001xx
20200401
20200405
20200406
20200407
27000320
30190001
30190011
30190021
30290001
30390001
30390011
30390021
30400406
30490001
30490011
30490021
30490031
30500208
30505022
30590001
30590011
30590021
30600901
30609901
30790001
30790011
30790021
External Combustion Boilers
Internal Combustion Engines
Internal Combustion Engines
Internal Combustion Engines
Internal Combustion Engines
Internal Combustion Engines
Internal Combustion Engines
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
30890001
Industrial Processes
30890011
Industrial Processes
30890021
Industrial Processes
30990001
30990011
31000401
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
SCC Level 2
Space Heaters
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Off-Highway Diesel Engines
Chemical Manufacturing
Chemical Manufacturing
Chemical Manufacturing
Food and Agriculture
Primary Metal Production
Primary Metal Production
Primary Metal Production
Secondary Metal Production
Secondary Metal Production
Secondary Metal Production
Secondary Metal Production
Secondary Metal Production
Mineral Products
Mineral Products
Mineral Products
Mineral Products
Mineral Products
Petroleum Industry
Petroleum Industry
Pulp and Paper and Wood Products
Pulp and Paper and Wood Products
Pulp and Paper and Wood Products
Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics
Products
Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics
Products
Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics
Products
Fabricated Metal Products
Fabricated Metal Products
Oil and Gas Production
SCC Level 3 (Fuel-if not specified at level 3)
Industrial (Distillate Oil)
Distillate Oil (Diesel)
Large Bore Engine (Diesel)
Crankcase Blow-by (Diesel)
Evaporative Losses (Fuel Storage and Delivery System) (Diesel)
Exhaust (Diesel)
Industrial Equipment
Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)
Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)
Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)
Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)
Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)
Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)
Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)
Lead (Distillate Oil)
Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)
Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)
Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)
Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)
Asphalt Concrete (Distillate Oil)
Asphalt Processing (Blowing) (Distillate Oil)
Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)
Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)
Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)
Flares (Distillate Oil)
Incinerators (Distillate Oil)
Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)
Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)
Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)
Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)
Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)
Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)
Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)
Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)
Process Heaters (Distillate Oil)
96
SCC
SCC Level 1
31000411
31390001
390005xx
39900501
39990001
39990011
39990021
40201002
40290011
49090011
49090021
50390005
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation
Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation
Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation
Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation
Waste Disposal
102004xx
10201404
202005xx
30190002
30190012
30190022
30290002
30390002
30390012
30390022
30490002
30490012
30490022
30490032
30500207
30505021
30590002
30590012
30600111
30600902
30609902
30790002
30790012
30790022
30890002
External Combustion Boilers
External Combustion Boilers
Internal Combustion Boilers
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
SCC Level 2
SCC Level 3 (Fuel-if not specified at level 3)
Oil and Gas Production
Process Heaters (Distillate Oil)
Electrical Equipment
Process Heaters (Distillate Oil)
In-Process Fuel Use
Distillate Oil
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Process Heater/Furnace (Distillate Oil)
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries (Distillate Oil)
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries (Distillate Oil)
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries (Distillate Oil)
Surface Coating Operations
Coating Oven Heater (Distillate Oil)
Surface Coating Operations
Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)
Organic Solvent Evaporation
Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)
Organic Solvent Evaporation
Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)
Solid Waste Disposal – Industrial
Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions (Distillate Oil)
2102005000 – Industrial; Residual Oil; Total: All Boiler Types
Industrial
Residual Oil
Industrial
CO Boiler (Residual Oil)
Industrial
Residual/Crude Oil
Chemical Manufacturing
Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)
Chemical Manufacturing
Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)
Chemical Manufacturing
Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)
Food and Agriculture
Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)
Primary Metal Production
Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)
Primary Metal Production
Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)
Primary Metal Production
Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)
Secondary Metal Production
Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)
Secondary Metal Production
Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)
Secondary Metal Production
Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)
Secondary Metal Production
Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)
Mineral Products
Asphalt Concrete (Residual Oil)
Mineral Products
Asphalt Processing (Blowing) (Residual Oil)
Mineral Products
Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)
Mineral Products
Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)
Petroleum Industry
Process Heaters (Residual Oil)
Petroleum Industry
Flares (Residual Oil)
Petroleum Industry
Incinerators (Residual Oil)
Pulp and Paper and Wood Products
Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)
Pulp and Paper and Wood Products
Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)
Pulp and Paper and Wood Products
Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)
Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics
Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)
97
SCC
SCC Level 1
30890012
Industrial Processes
30890022
Industrial Processes
30990002
30990012
31000402
31000412
31390002
390004xx
39990002
39990012
39990022
40201003
40290012
49090012
49090022
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation
Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation
Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation
Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation
102006xx
10201401
10500106
202002xxa
30190003
30190013
30190023
30290003
30291001
30390003
30390013
30390023
30400407
30490003
30490013
30490023
30490033
30500206
30505020
External Combustion Boilers
External Combustion Boilers
External Combustion Boilers
Internal Combustion Engines
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
SCC Level 2
SCC Level 3 (Fuel-if not specified at level 3)
Products
Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics
Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)
Products
Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics
Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)
Products
Fabricated Metal Products
Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)
Fabricated Metal Products
Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)
Oil and Gas Production
Process Heaters (Residual Oil)
Oil and Gas Production
Process Heaters (Residual Oil)
Electrical Equipment
Process Heaters (Residual Oil)
In-Process Fuel Use
Residual Oil
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries (Residual Oil)
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries (Residual Oil)
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries (Residual Oil)
Surface Coating Operations
Coating Oven Heater (Residual Oil)
Surface Coating Operations
Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)
Organic Solvent Evaporation
Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)
Organic Solvent Evaporation
Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)
2102006000 – Industrial; Natural Gas; Total: Boilers and IC Engines
Industrial
Natural Gas
Industrial
CO Boiler (Natural Gas)
Space Heaters
Commercial/Institutional (Natural Gas)
Industrial
Natural Gas
Chemical Manufacturing
Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)
Chemical Manufacturing
Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)
Chemical Manufacturing
Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)
Food and Agriculture
Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)
Food and Agriculture
Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)
Primary Metal Production
Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)
Primary Metal Production
Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)
Primary Metal Production
Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)
Secondary Metal Production
Lead (Natural Gas)
Secondary Metal Production
Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)
Secondary Metal Production
Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)
Secondary Metal Production
Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)
Secondary Metal Production
Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)
Mineral Products
Asphalt Concrete (Natural Gas)
Mineral Products
Asphalt Processing (Blowing) (Natural Gas)
98
SCC
SCC Level 1
30590003
30590013
30590023
30600105
30600903
30602401
30609903
30622003
30622403
30790003
30790013
30790023
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
30890003
Industrial Processes
30890013
Industrial Processes
30890023
Industrial Processes
30990003
30990013
30990023
31000404
31000414
31390003
390006xx
39900601
39990003
39990013
39990023
40201001
40290013
40290023
49090013
49090023
50390006
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation
Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation
Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation
Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation
Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation
Waste Disposal
102010xx
10500110
External Combustion Boilers
External Combustion Boilers
SCC Level 2
SCC Level 3 (Fuel-if not specified at level 3)
Mineral Products
Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)
Mineral Products
Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)
Mineral Products
Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)
Petroleum Industry
Process Heaters (Natural Gas)
Petroleum Industry
Flares (Natural Gas)
Petroleum Industry
Reciprocating Engine Compressors (Natural Gas)
Petroleum Industry
Incinerators (Natural Gas)
Petroleum Industry
Underground Storage and Other Remediation: Soil: Natural Gas
Petroleum Industry
Underground Storage and Other Remediation: Air Stripping: Natural Gas
Pulp and Paper and Wood Products
Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)
Pulp and Paper and Wood Products
Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)
Pulp and Paper and Wood Products
Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)
Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics
Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)
Products
Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics
Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)
Products
Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics
Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)
Products
Fabricated Metal Products
Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)
Fabricated Metal Products
Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)
Fabricated Metal Products
Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)
Oil and Gas Production
Process Heaters (Natural Gas)
Oil and Gas Production
Process Heaters (Natural Gas)
Electrical Equipment
Process Heaters (Natural Gas)
In-process Fuel Use
Natural Gas
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Process Heater/Furnace (Natural Gas)
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries (Natural Gas)
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries (Natural Gas)
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries (Natural Gas)
Surface Coating Operations
Coating Oven Heater (Natural Gas)
Surface Coating Operations
Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)
Surface Coating Operations
Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)
Organic Solvent Evaporation
Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)
Organic Solvent Evaporation
Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)
Solid Waste Disposal – Industrial
Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions (Natural Gas)
2102007000 – Industrial; LPG; Total: All Boiler Types
Industrial
Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Space Heaters
Industrial (LPG)
99
SCC
202010xx
27300320
30290005
30490035
30500209
30505023
30590005
30600107
30600905
30609905
SCC Level 1
SCC Level 2
SCC Level 3 (Fuel-if not specified at level 3)
Industrial
Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Off-highway LPG-fueled Engines
Industrial Equipment
Food and Agriculture
Fuel Fired Equipment (LPG)
Secondary Metal Production
Fuel Fired Equipment (Propane)
Mineral Products
Asphalt Concrete (LPG)
Mineral Products
Asphalt Processing (Blowing) (LPG)
Mineral Products
Fuel Fired Equipment (LPG)
Petroleum Industry
Process Heaters (LPG)
Petroleum Industry
Flares (LPG)
Petroleum Industry
Incinerators (LPG)
Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics
30890004
Industrial Processes
Fuel Fired Equipment (LPG)
Products
31000406
Industrial Processes
Oil and Gas Production
Process Heaters (Propane/Butane)
390010xx
Industrial Processes
In-process Fuel Use
Liquefied Petroleum Gas
39901001
Industrial Processes
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Process Heater/Furnace (LPG)
40201004
Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation Surface Coating Operations
Coating Oven Heater (LPG)
50390010
Waste Disposal
Solid Waste Disposal - Industrial
Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions (LPG)
2102008000 – Industrial; Wood; Total: All Boiler Types
102009xx
External Combustion Boilers
Industrial
Wood/Bark Waste
390009xx
Industrial Processes
In-process Fuel Use
Wood
2102011000 – Industrial; Kerosene; Total: All Boiler Types
202009xx
Internal Combustion Engines
Industrial
Kerosene/Naphtha (Jet Fuel)
a
Note that EIA’s SEDS includes natural gas used as pipeline fuel (e.g., for use in compressor engines) in the Transportation sector rather than the Industrial sector Therefore, such
pipeline use should not be included in the point source subtraction procedure.
d.
Internal Combustion Engines
Internal Combustion Engines
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Emission Factors
The EPA has compiled criteria and hazardous air pollutant emission factors for non-point source industrial fuel combustion categories
(Huntley, 2009). These emission factors, which are too numerous to list here, are included in a spreadsheet within the ICI fuel
combustion workbook. In most cases, these are the same emission factors that were used in preparing the 2002 non-point source NEI
(Pechan, 2006). Industrial LPG and wood combustion emission factors were obtained from an ICI fuel combustion study being
performed for the Central Regional Air Planning Association (CENRAP) (Pechan, 2009a).
100
Potential Improvements
The following are potential improvements that states may wish to incorporate in developing non-point source industrial fuel
combustion emission estimates:

Investigate the availability of more geographic and year-specific estimates of non-fuel use consumption of industrial energy
(e.g., MECS is planning to release 2006 year data in the coming months);

Consider implementing a county allocation procedure that Pechan developed for the Central Regional Air Planning
Association (CENRAP) that reflects the energy-intensity of each industrial sector--current methods only reflect number of
employees in each industry sector (Pechan, 2009a); and

Update SO2 emission factors to reflect coal sulfur content estimates for coal used in the industrial sector in 2006--a recent
review of industrial coal sulfur content values for CENRAP concluded that the 2002 NEI values are based on unrepresentative
data (Pechan, 2009b).
Additional References for Fuel Combustion - Industrial
Census, 2009: Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, County Business Patterns 2006, Washington, DC, available
from: http://www.census.gov/epcd/cbp/download/06_data/index.html accessed March 2009.
101
Divita, 2008: Divita, Frank, E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., memorandum to Roy Huntley, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
“County Business Patterns Calculations,” December 4, 2008.
EIA, 2008a: Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, State Energy Data System – Consumption, Physical
Units, 1960-2006, available from http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/_seds.html, released November 28, 2008.
EIA, 2008b: Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales, data available from
http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_cons_821use_dcu_nus_a.htm, release date December 23, 2008.
EIA, 2007a: Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, 2002 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey, U.S.
Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, accessed from
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/mecs2002/data02/shelltables.html, issued January 2007.
EIA, 2007b: Energy Information Administration, US Department of Energy, Documentation for Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in
the United States 2005, DOE/EIA-0638 (2005), October 2007.
102
GASOLINE MARKETING (5 SCCs)
(Stage I SCC 2501060053, Stage II Uncontrolled SCC 2501060101, Stage II Controlled SCC 2501060102, Underground Storage
Tank Breathing and Emptying SCC 2501060201, Truck Transit SCC 2505030120)
Gasoline marketing involves the operations typically associated with transporting gasoline from refineries to final consumption in
gasoline-powered vehicles. Evaporative emissions of VOCs occur at all points in the distribution process. The operations that were
inventoried as area sources are gasoline dispensing outlets and gasoline tank trucks in transit. Bulk terminals and outlets are
inventoried as point sources. VOC emissions result from the following sources: 1) Stage I (tank truck unloading into underground
storage tanks), 2) Stage II (vehicle fueling), 3) Underground Storage Tank Breathing and Emptying, and 4) Truck Transit.
Each category’s emission factors were obtained from AP-42 Fire factors1. Throughputs were calculated from monthly data obtained
from the Pennsylvania Department of Revenue Bureau of Motor Fuel Taxes2. County and state populations3 were used to apportion
the gasoline throughput to each county. Control efficiency (CE)4,5 rule penetration (RP)4,5 and rule effectiveness (RE) factors were
1
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources, AP-42, Fifth Edition, Chapter 5: Petroleum Industry, Table 5.2-7., January
1995, Accessed October 2009.
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch05/index.html
Pennsylvania Department of Revenue, “Monthly Revenue Report”, accessed October 2009.
http://www.revenue.state.pa.us/revenue/cwp/view.asp?a=13&q=201148
2
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Population Estimates Program,” T1. Population Estimates [10] data Set:
2007 Population Estimates, available from http://www.census.gov/popest/counties/CO-EST2007-01.html, accessed March 2009.
3
25 Pa. Code Section 129.60, “Bulk Gasoline Plants,” available from
http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter129/s129.60.html
4
25 Pa. Code Section 129.61, “Small Gasoline Storage Tank Control (Stage I Control),” available from
http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter129/s129.61.html
5
103
applied to Stage I for each county to reflect the application of vapor balance systems. A RE factor was applied to Stage II to each
regulated county. CE, RP, and RE factors were applied to Underground Storage Tank Breathing to reflect the application of pressure
relief valves. There were no point sources for this source category. Each county’s emissions were estimated per the following sample
calculations.
SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:
Stage I:
 County Pop 

Annual VOC Emissions  Emission Factor State Annual Gasoline Sales 
 State Pop 
where:
Emission Factor = 7.3 lbs VOC/1000 gallons
State Annual Gasoline Sales = 2,360,855,769 gallons/year
County Population = 1,219,210 (Allegheny County)
State Population = 12,432,792
Control Efficiency (CE) = 96%
Rule Penetration (RP) = 96%
Rule Effectiveness (RE) = 80%
 7.3 lbs VOC  2,360,855,769 gallons  1,219,210 
96 96 80 


Annual VOC Emissions  


1 

year
 12,432,792  100 100 100 
 1000 gallons 
1 ton
Annual VOC Emissions  444,012.605 pounds VOC per year 
 222.0063 tons VOC per year
2000 pounds
104
Stage II:
Vehicle refueling VOC emissions were estimated using AP-42 factors, monthly gasoline sales estimates and county populations.
These are the same gasoline sales figures that are used to estimate Stage I emissions.
Stage II control program information was included for the counties with controls based on program information regarding control
efficiency from Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania counties with Stage II controls are Allegheny, Armstrong, Beaver, Bucks, Butler,
Chester, Delaware, Fayette, Montgomery, Philadelphia, Washington, and Westmoreland.
Population data were used to allocate monthly Pennsylvania gasoline sales to each county.
Stage II Controlled:
 County Pop 

Allegheny VOC Emissions  VOC Emission Factor  State Gasoline Sales 
 State Pop 
where:
Emission Factor = 1.1 lb/1000 gallons
State Gasoline Consumption =2,360,855,769 gallons
2007 Allegheny County Pop = 1,219,210
2007 State Population = 12,432,792
 1.1 lbs VOC  2,360,855,769 gallons  1,219,210 pop  100 100 80 


1 
Annual VOC Emissions  



year
 12,432,792 pop  100 100 100 
 1000 gallons 
1 ton
Annual VOC Emissions  50,933.3199 pounds VOC per year 
 25.4667 tons VOC per year
2000 pounds
105
Underground Storage Tank Breathing and Emptying:
 County pop 

Annual VOC Emissions  Emission Factor State Annual Gasoline Sales 
 State pop 
where:
Emission Factor = 1.0 lbs VOC/1000 gallons
2007 State Gasoline Sales = 2,360,855,769 gallons/year
County Population = 1,219,210 (Allegheny County)
State Population = 12,432,792
Control Efficiency (CE) = 90%
Rule Penetration (RP) = 96%
Rule Effectiveness (RE) = 80%
 1.0 lbs VOC  2,360,855,769 gallons  1,219,210 
90 96 80 


Annual VOC Emissions  


1 

1000
gallons
year
12
,
432
,
792
100
100 100 




1 ton
Annual VOC Emissions  71,491.8599 pounds VOC per year 
 35.7459 tons VOC per year
2000 pounds
106
Truck Transit:
 County Pop 

Annual VOC Emissions  Emission Factor State Annual Gasoline Sales 
 State Pop 
where:
Emission Factor = 0.06 lbs VOC/1000 gallons
State Annual Gasoline Sales = 2,360,855,769 gallons/year
County Pop = 1,219,210 (Allegheny County)
State Pop = 12,432,792
(The emission factor is based on the assumption that gasoline delivery is via single trips and accounts for both full and empty truck
travel.)
 0.06 lbs VOC  2,360,855,769 gallons  1,219,210 pop 



Annual VOC Emissions  
day
 12,432,792 pop 
 1000 gallons 
1 ton
Annual VOC Emissions  13,890.9054 pounds VOC per year 
 6.9454 tons VOC per year
2000 pounds
107
GRAPHIC ARTS (SCC 2425000000)
The graphic arts industry can be divided by technology into six different printing segments: rotogravure, flexographic, offset
lithographic, letterpress, screen, and plateless (xerographic,electrostatic, magnetic, thermal, ink-jet, etc.). Graphic arts include
operations that are involved in the printing of publications, such as newspapers, magazines, books, and advertising, and also printed
packaging on various substrates such as paper, plastic, foil bags, wrappers, cardboard cartons, and metal cans. Paper can be coated or
uncoated. Films include polyethylene and a number of other polymers. Other products include wall and floor coverings, greeting
cards, and paper towels. Textiles are specifically excluded from the graphic arts operations source category.
Emissions of VOCs result from evaporation of solvents used in inks and cleaning. The emissions for each county were calculated
using a per capita emission factor1 and U.S. Census Bureau population data2. Point source emissions, where present, were subtracted
from these emission estimates.
SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:
Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Population)
where:
Emission Factor = 4.4 lbs VOC/person/year3
Population = 1,219,210 (Allegheny County)2
1
ERTAC Area Inventory Comparability Project, revised August 14, 2009, accessed October 2009.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Population Estimates Program,” T1. Population Estimates [10] data Set:
2007 Population Estimates, available from http://www.census.gov/popest/counties/CO-EST2007-01.html, accessed March 2009.
2
108
HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS (SCC 2460200000)
Household products consist primarily of cleaning products for hard surfaces, clothing, carpet, dishes waxes and polishes. Other
products include air fresheners and charcoal lighter fluids. These products have air emissions such as special napthas, alcohols,
carbonyls and other organics that contain VOCs. The amount of VOCs emitted primarily depends on the VOC content of the product
and the amount of product used.
County-level emissions were calculated using a per capita emission factor which was obtained from the Emission Inventory
Improvement Program (EIIP)1 and U.S. Bureau of the Census 2007 population data2. The emission factor represents pre-control
emission rates. A CE of 10.94 percent3 and an RP of 48.6 percent4 were applied to reflect the Federal Rule for consumer products.
There are no point sources associated with this category.
Each county’s emissions are estimated per the sample calculations listed below.
SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:
Eastern Research Group, “Emission Inventory Improvement Program, Document Series, Volume III, Area Sources, Chapter 5,
Consumer and Commercial Solvent Use,” Table 5.4-1, prepared for the Area Sources Committee, Emission Inventory Improvement
Program, August 1996, available from http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/techreport/volume03/index.html, accessed March 2009
1
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Population Estimates Program,” T1. Population Estimates [10] data Set:
2007 Population Estimates, available from http://www.census.gov/popest/counties/CO-EST2007-01.html, accessed March 2009.
2
3
4
ERTAC Recommendation, Midwest RPO Inventory Comparability Project, revised June 2, 2009, accessed June 2009.
E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., Control Measure Development Support Analysis of Ozone Transport Commission Model Rules,
prepared for the Ozone Transport Commission, March 2001.
109
 CE RP RE 
Annual VOC Emissions  Emission Factor Population 1 



 100 100 100 
where:
Emission Factor = 0.79 lbs VOC/person/year1
Population = 1,219,210 (Allegheny County)1
Control Efficiency = 10.94%
RP (Rule Penetration) = 48.6%4
RE (Rule Effectiveness) = 100%
 0.79 lbsVOC


person 
 10.94 48.6 100 
Annual VOC Emissions  


1,219,2101 

year
100 100 100 





 1 ton 
  455.98 tons VOC per year
Annual VOC Emissions  911,965.38 pounds per year 
 2000 lbs 
110
INDUSTRIAL MAINTENANCE COATINGS (SCC 2401100000)
The VOC emissions from this source category result from the evaporation of solvents from surface coating of objects and materials
that may exist in extreme conditions. There were no point sources. The emissions for each county were calculated using a per capita
emission factor1 and U.S. Census Bureau population data2. Each county’s emissions were estimated per the following sample
calculations.
SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:
Annual VOC Emissions  Emission FactorPopulation
where:
Emission Factor = 0.15 lbs VOC/person/year1
Population = 1,219,210 people (Allegheny County)2
1
ERTAC Area Inventory Comparability Project, revised August 14, 2009, accessed September 2009.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Population Estimates Program,” T1. Population Estimates [10] data Set:
2007 Population Estimates, available from http://www.census.gov/popest/counties/CO-EST2007-01.html, accessed March 2009.
2
111
0.15 lbs VOC
Annual VOC Emissions 
person
year
1,219,210 people
Annual VOC Emissions  182,881.5000 pounds VOC per year 
1 ton
 91.4408 tons VOC per year
2000 lbs
MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT (SCC 2401055000)
The VOC emissions from this source category result from the evaporation of the solvent used in the coating process in manufacturing
facilities of such as engines, turbines, farm and garden equipment, computers, and office machinery. The emissions for each county
were calculated using an employment-based emission factor1 and employee data2 from NAICS Codes 3331XX, 3332XX, 3333XX and
33341XX obtained from County Business Pattern, with midpoints calculated by E.H. Pechan and Associates. Point source emissions,
where present, were subtracted from the Machinery and Equipment category emission estimates.
SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:
Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)
1
2
ERTAC Area Inventory Comparability Project, revised August 18, 2009, accessed September 2009.
National, State and County level employment data downloaded from US Census Bureau, mapping of employment flag letters
reported by County Business Patterns to the range and midpoints of the range, and calculated final activity data using the employment
midpoint and adjustment factor.
112
where:
VOC Emission Factor = 109 lbs VOC /employee/year1
Employees = 1,119 employees (Allegheny County)2
 109 lbs VOC

employee
Annual VOC Emissions  
year




 1,119 employees 


1 ton
Annual VOC Emissions  121,971 pounds VOC per year 
 60.9855 tons VOC per year
2000 lbs
113
MARINE COATING (SCC 2401080000)
This source category includes ship and boat building and repairing. The emissions were calculated using an employment-based
emission factor1 and employee data from NAICS codes 3366XX and 488390. The number of employees in each county for 2006 was
1
ERTAC Area Inventory Comparability Project, revised August 14, 2009, accessed October, 2009.
114
collected by E.H. Pechan and Associates, who calculated the midpoints from any given ranges1. Each county’s emissions were
estimated per the following sample calculations below. Point source emissions, where present, were subtracted from these emission
estimates.
SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:
Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)
where:
Emission Factor = 198 lbs VOC /employee/year
Employees = 5 employees (Allegheny County)
1
National, State and County level employment data downloaded from US Census Bureau, mapping of employment flag letters
reported by County Business Patterns to the range and midpoints of the range, and calculated final activity data using the employment
midpoint and adjustment factor.
115
 198 lbsVOC

Employee
Annual VOC Emissions  
year




 5 Employees 


1 ton
Annual VOC Emissions  990 pounds VOC per year 
 0.489 tons VOC per year
2000 lbs
116
METAL CANS (SCC 2401040000)
This source category includes the manufacturing of metal cans, barrels, drums, kegs, and pails. The emissions from point sources,
where present, were subtracted from the emissions of the corresponding county. The emissions for each county were calculated per the
calculation below using an employment-based emission factor1 and employee data from NAICS Code 332431, obtained from County
Business Patterns2. Point source emissions, where present, were subtracted from these emission estimates.
SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATION:
Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)
where:
Emission Factor = 2,326 lbs VOC/employee/year1
Employees =10 employees (Allegheny County)2
1
2
ERTAC Area Inventory Comparability Project, revised August 14, 2009, accessed September 2009.
National, State and County level employment data downloaded from US Census Bureau, mapping of employment flag letters
reported by County Business Patterns to the range and midpoints of the range, and calculated final activity data using the employment
midpoint and adjustment factor.
117
 2,326 lbsVOC


Employee 
Annual VOC Emissions  
 10 Employees 
year




Annual VOC Emissions  23,260 pounds VOC per year 
1 ton
 11.63 tons VOC per year
2000 lbs
118
METAL FURNITURE (SCC 2401025000)
This source category includes manufacturing metal household and office furniture, such as beds, cabinets, desks, bookcases, and
chairs. The emissions for each county were calculated per the sample calculations below using an employment-based emission factor1
and employee data for NAICS codes 337124, 337214, and half of NAICS codes 337127, 339111 and 337215. The number of
employees in each county for 2007 was obtained from County Business Patterns2 for year 2006 by E. H. Pechan and Associates, who
performed calculations for midpoints and adjustment factors for any ranges that were obtained. Point source emissions, where
present, were subtracted from these emission estimates.
SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:
Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)
where:
Emission Factor = 772 lbs VOC /employee/year
Employees = 102 employees (Allegheny County)
1
2
ERTAC Area Inventory Comparability Project, revised August 14, 2009, accessed September 2009.
National, State and County level employment data downloaded from US Census Bureau, mapping of employment flag letters
reported by County Business Patterns to the range and midpoints of the range, and calculated final activity data using the employment
midpoint and adjustment factor.
119
METAL SHEETS, STRIPS, COILS (SCC 2401045000)
This source category includes the manufacturing of metal sheets, strips and coils, of which functional coatings may be added for
protective purposes. This can be accomplished by brushing, rolling, spraying, dipping, flow coating, electro-coating, or specialized
combinations or variations of these methods. Emissions result from the evaporation of the paint solvent and any additional solvent
used to thin
the coating and from the use of solvents in cleaning the surface prior to
coating and in cleaning coating equipment after use.
Emissions for each county were calculated per the calculation below using an employment-based emission factor1 and employee data
from NAICS Codes 339911, 339914, 332812 and 339912. The number of employees in each county for 2006 was obtained from
County Business Patterns2 by E. H. Pechan and Associates, who also performed the calculations of midpoints and adjustment factors
Eastern Research Group, “Emission Inventory Improvement Program, Document Series, Volume III, Area Sources, Chapter 8,
Industrial Surface Coating,” Table 8.5-1, Principal Industrial Surface Coating SIC, September 1997, accessed September 2009.
1
2
National, State and County level employment data downloaded from US Census Bureau, mapping of employment flag letters
reported by County Business Patterns to the range and midpoints of the range, and calculated final activity data using the employment
midpoint and adjustment factor.
120
from any associated ranges obtained. The emissions from point sources, where present, were subtracted from the emissions of the
corresponding county.
SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATION:
Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)
where:
Emission Factor = 2,877 lbs VOC/employee/year1
Employees =514 employees (Allegheny County)2
 2,877 lbsVOC


Employee 
Annual VOC Emissions  
 514 Employees 
year




Annual VOC Emissions  1,478,778 pounds VOC per year 
1 ton
 739.389 tons VOC per year
2000 lbs
121
MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING (SCC 2401090000)
This source category includes small industrial surface coating establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing products not
classified in any other group such as jewelry, silverware, musical instruments, dolls, toys, games, pens, pencils, buttons, brooms, and
caskets. Operations involve applying a thin layer of coating, such as paint, lacquer, enamel and varnish, to an object for decorative
purposes. The surface coating products are either water-based or solvent based liquid carriers that mostly evaporate in the drying or
curing process.
The emissions for each county were calculated per the sample calculations below using a per capita emission factor 1 and U.S. Census
Bureau population data2. Point source emissions, where present, were subtracted from these emission estimates.
SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:
Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Population)
where:
Emission Factor = 0.6 lbs VOC/person/year
Population =1,219,210 (Allegheny County)
Eastern Research Group, “Emission Inventory Improvement Program, Document Series, Volume III, Area Sources, Chapter 8,
Industrial Surface Coating,” Table 8.5-2, National Default Per Capita VOC Emission Factors, September 1997, accessed March 2009.
1
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Population Estimates Program,” T1. Population Estimates [10] data Set:
2007 Population Estimates, available from http://www.census.gov/popest/counties/CO-EST2007-01.html, accessed March 2009.
2
122
 0.6 lbs VOC


person 
Annual VOC Emissions  
1,219,210 people 
year




1 ton
Annual VOC Emissions  731,526 pounds VOC per year 
 365.763 tons VOC per year
2000 lbs
123
MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS (NOT OTHERWISE COVERED) (SCC 2460900000)
Miscellaneous consumer products not covered in the other product groups include arts and crafts supplies, non-pesticidal veterinary
and pet products, and pressurized food products.
County-level emissions were calculated using a per capita emission factor which was obtained from the Emission Inventory
Improvement Program (EIIP)1 and U.S. Bureau of the Census 2007 population data2. A CE of 0 percent3 and an RP of 48.6 percent4
were applied to reflect the Federal Rule for consumer products. There are no point sources associated with this category.
Each county’s emissions are estimated per the sample calculations listed below.
SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:
 CE RP RE 
Annual VOC Emissions  Emission Factor Population 1 



 100 100 100 
where:
Eastern Research Group, “Emission Inventory Improvement Program, Document Series, Volume III, Area Sources, Chapter 5,
Consumer and Commercial Solvent Use,” Table 5.4-1, prepared for the Area Sources Committee, Emission Inventory Improvement
Program, August 1996, available from http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/techreport/volume03/index.html, accessed March 2009.
1
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Population Estimates Program,” T1. Population Estimates [10] data Set:
2007 Population Estimates, available from http://www.census.gov/popest/counties/CO-EST2007-01.html, accessed March 2009.
2
3
4
ERTAC Recommendation, Midwest RPO Inventory Comparability Project, revised June 2, 2009, accessed June 2009.
E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., Control Measure Development Support Analysis of Ozone Transport Commission Model Rules,
prepared for the Ozone Transport Commission, March 2001.
124
Emission Factor = 0.07 lbs VOC/person/year1
Population = 1,219,210 (Allegheny County)2
Control Efficiency = 0%3
RP (Rule Penetration) = 48.6%4
RE (Rule Effectiveness) = 100%
 0.07 lbsVOC


person 
0 48.6 100 

Annual VOC Emissions  


1,219,2101 

year
 100 100 100 




 1 ton 
  42.67 tons VOC per year
Annual VOC Emissions  85,344.7 pounds per year 
 2000 lbs 
125
OPEN BURNING (3 CCs)
(Residential Household Waste SCC 2610030000; Residential Yard Waste – Leaves, SCC 2610000100; Residential Yard Waste Brush SCC 2610000400)
Open burning can be done in open drums or baskets, in fields and yards, and in large open dumps or pits. Materials commonly
disposed of in this manner include household waste, landscape refuse, agricultural field refuse, wood refuse, and leaves. For emission
inventory purposes, Open Burning is divided into four categories: Residential Household Waste; Residential Leaf; Residential Brush;
Land Clearing.
County-level emissions were calculated for Residential Household Waste using an emission factor which was obtained from the
Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP)1 and U.S. Bureau of the Census 20002 and 20073 population data. There are no point
sources associated with this category.
Throughput data was obtained from the percent Rural 2000 county population numbers applied to the 2007 county populations. The
average household size4 was considered to be 2.5 residents and the average amount of waste produced per household4 was considered
Eastern Research Group, “Emission Inventory Improvement Program, Document Series, Volume III, Area Sources, Chapter 16,
Open Burning,” Table 16.4-1, Emission Factors for Open Burning of Municipal Refuse (EPA, 1997 & EPA,1995a) available at
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/techreport/volume03/index.html, accessed December 2009.
1
2
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2000 Census Data,
http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DownloadCenterServlet
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Population Estimates Program,” T1. Population Estimates [10] data Set:
2007 Population Estimates, available from http://www.census.gov/popest/counties/CO-EST2007-01.html, accessed March 2009
3
Eastern Research Group, “Emission Inventory Improvement Program, Document Series, Volume III, Area Sources, Chapter 16,
Open Burning,” Example 16.4-1, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/techreport/volume03/index.html, accessed December 2009.
4
126
to be 5.37 lbs/day or 1960.05 lbs/year or 0.9800 tpy. The loading factor4 was 6.7% to reflect the percent of rural households who
actually burn their household trash.
For counties with areas labeled as Air Basins it was assumed that no open burning of household waste was being accomplished and
therefore no emissions were calculated.
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
Residential Household Waste Burning:
VOC Emission Factor = 8.560 lbs/ ton waste/year
NOx Emission Factor = 6 lbs/ ton waste/year
CO Emission Factor = 85 lb/ ton waste/year
SO2 Emission Factor = 1.0 lbs/ ton waste/year
PM10 Emission Factor = 38.0 lbs/ton waste/year
PM2.5 Emission Factor = 34.8 lbs/ ton waste/year
CO Emission Factor = 85.0 lbs/ ton waste/year
Loading Factor = 0.067 tons waste/2.5 person household
Rural Households = 24,109 (Adams County – this is non-air basin county)
CE (Control Efficiency) = 0%
RP (Rule Penetration) = 100%
RE (Rule Effectiveness) = 80% (reflects PA’s Solid Waste rules)
127
VOC Emissions for Adams County:
 8.560 lbs VOC


ton waste 
0 100 80 

Annual VOC Emissions  


0.98tons 24,109households 0.067lf 1 

year
100 100 100 





1 ton
Annual VOC Emissions  13,550.45 pounds VOC per year 
 6.775 tons VOC per year
2000 lbs
Yard Wastes
Yard waste burning is the open burning of materials such as grass clippings, leaves, and trimmings from trees and shrubs. Yard waste
burning takes place where the waste is generated (i.e., residences, parks, institutions such as universities or hospitals, office complexes
or other areas where grounds maintenance generates this type of waste) or waste disposal sites where wastes have been collected.
Many municipalities, who provide leaf removal and composting, prohibit or restrict the burning of yard wastes.
County-level emissions were calculated for the Open Burning categories of Residential Yard Waste - Leaves and Residential Yard
Waste - Brush using emission factors obtained from AP-42 factors1, 1995.
Throughput data was obtained by applying the percent Rural 2000 county population2 to the 2007 county populations3. The average
amount of leaf waste produced per person1 was considered to be 0.64 lbs/day or 0.00728 tpy calculated for the months of September,
1
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources, AP-42, Fifth Edition, January 1995.
2
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2000 Census Data,
http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DownloadCenterServlet
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Population Estimates Program,” T1. Population Estimates [10] data Set:
2007 Population Estimates, available from http://www.census.gov/popest/counties/CO-EST2007-01.html, accessed March 2009
3
128
October and November. The loading factor2 of 28% was applied to reflect the percent of rural population who actually burn their yard
leaf waste. For counties with areas labeled as Air Basins it was assumed that no open burning of household waste was being
accomplished and therefore no emissions were calculated.
Leaf Open Burning:
where:
VOC Emission Factor = 28 lbs/ton waste/year
NOx Emission Factor = 6.2 lbs/ton waste/year
CO Emission Factor = 112 lbs/ton waste/year
SO2 Emission Factor = 0.76 lbs/ton waste/year
PM2.5 Emission Factor = 22 lbs/ton waste/year
PM10 Emission Factor = 22 lbs/ton waste/year
Average amount Leaf Waste/person = 0.64 lbs/day or
58.24 lbs/person for (Sept. Oct. Nov.)
Yard Waste Average Composition = 50% grass/ 25% brush/25% leaves
Average Leaf Waste per person = 14.56 lbs or 0.00728 tpy
Loading Factor = 0.28 tons waste/person
Population = 94,437 people (Adams County – this is a non-air basin county)
CE (Control Efficiency) = 0%
RP (Rule Penetration) = 100%
RE (Rule Effectiveness) = 80%
Eastern Research Group, “Emission Inventory Improvement Program, Document Series, Volume III, Area Sources, Chapter 16,
Open Burning,” 4.1.3 Yard Wastes, example (16.4-5) available at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/techreport/volume03/index.html,
accessed December
2009.
1
2
ERTAC Area Inventory Comparability Project, revised August 14, 2009, accessed December 2009.
129
Leaf Open Burning; Example PM10 Calculation for Adams County:
 22 lbs PM 10


0 100 80 
ton waste  0.00728 

60,273 rural 0.281 
Annual PM 10 Emissions  




year
 100 100 100 

 person 


1 ton
Annual PM 10 Emissions  2702.9306 pounds PM 10 per year 
 1.3514 tons PM 10 per year
2000 lbs
Additional References for Open Burning:
E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., “Open Burning in Residential Areas, Emissions Inventory Development Report,” prepared for MidAtlantic/Northeast Visibility Union, January 31, 2004.
Pennsylvania Code, Section 25, Chapter 129.14 , available at http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter129/s129.14.html
130
OTHER SPECIAL PURPOSE COATINGS (SCC 2401200000)
This category includes special purpose coatings used for applications such as maintenance operations at industrial and other facilities,
auto refinishing, traffic paints, marine finishes, and aerosol sprays. Note that this category covers those specific coating processes not
already included in other source categories (e.g., Industrial Maintenance Coatings). Emissions for this category were estimated using a
per capita emission factor1 and U.S. Bureau of the Census population data2. Each county’s emissions were calculated per the following
sample calculations.
SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:
Annual VOC Emissions  Emission FactorPopulation
where:
VOC Emission Factor = 0.007 lbs VOC/person/year1
Population 1,219,210 (Allegheny County)2
1
ERTAC Area Inventory Comparability Project, revised August 14, 2009, accessed August 2009.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Population Estimates Program,” T1. Population Estimates [10] data Set:
2007 Population Estimates, available from http://www.census.gov/popest/counties/CO-EST2007-01.html, accessed March 2009.
2
131
 0.007 lbs VOC


person 
Annual VOC Emissions  
1,219,210 people 
year




1 ton
Annual VOC Emissions  8,534.47 pounds VOC per year 
 4.2672 tons VOC per year
2000 lbs
132
PAPER, FOIL AND FILM (SCC 2401030000)
This source category includes the manufacturing of paper, foil and film. The emissions from point sources, where present, were
subtracted from the emissions of the corresponding county. Emissions for each county were calculated per the calculation below using
an employment-based emission factor1 and employee data from NAICS Codes 322221, 322222, 322223, 322225 and 322226. The
number of employees in each county for 2006 was obtained from County Business Patterns2 by E. H. Pechan and Associates, who also
performed the calculations of midpoints and adjustment factors from any associated ranges.
SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATION:
Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)
where:
Emission Factor = 735 lbs VOC/employee/year
Employees =862 employees (York County)
1
2
ERTAC Area Inventory Comparability Project, revised August 14, 2009, accessed September 2009.
National, State and County level employment data downloaded from US Census Bureau, mapping of employment flag letters
reported by County Business Patterns to the range and midpoints of the range, and calculated final activity data using the employment
midpoint and adjustment factor.
133
 735 lbsVOC


Employee 
Annual VOC Emissions  
 862 Employees 
year




Annual VOC Emissions  633,570 pounds VOC per year 
1 ton
 316.785 tons VOC per year
2000 lbs
134
PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS (SCC 2460100000)
Personal care products include hair care products, deodorants and antiperspirants, perfumes, colognes, and nail care products. Ethanol
and isopropanol are the primary solvents used in the formulation of these products. Each county’s emissions were calculated using a
per capita emission factor1 which was obtained from the Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP) and U.S. Bureau of the
Census 2007 population data2. A control efficiency of 12.11%3 and a rule penetration of 48.6%4 are applied in the 2007 inventory to
reflect the Federal Rule for consumer products. There are no point sources associated with this category.
SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:
 CE RP RE 
Annual VOC Emissions  Emission Factor Population 1 



 100 100 100 
where:
Emission Factor = 2.32 lbs VOC/person/year1
Population = 1,219,210 (Allegheny County)1
Eastern Research Group, “Emission Inventory Improvement Program, Document Series, Volume III, Area Sources, Chapter 5,
Consumer and Commercial Solvent Use,” Table 5.4-1, prepared for the Area Sources Committee, Emission Inventory Improvement
Program, August 1996, available from http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/techreport/volume03/index.html, accessed March 2009
1
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Population Estimates Program,” T1. Population Estimates [10] data Set:
2007 Population Estimates, available from http://www.census.gov/popest/counties/CO-EST2007-01.html, accessed March 2009.
2
3
4
ERTAC Recommendation, Midwest RPO Inventory Comparability Project, revised June 2, 2009, accessed June 2009.
E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., Control Measure Development Support Analysis of Ozone Transport Commission Model Rules,
prepared for the Ozone Transport Commission, March 2001.
135
Control Efficiency = 12.11%3
RP (Rule Penetration) = 48.6%4
RE (Rule Effectiveness) = 100%
 2.32 lbsVOC


person 
 12.11 48.6 100 
Annual VOC Emissions  


1,219,2101 

year
100 100 100 





 1 ton 
  1331.05 tons VOC per year
Annual VOC Emissions  2,662,093.01 pounds per year 
 2000 lbs 
136
PORTABLE FUEL CONTAINERS – GASOLINE DISTRIBUTION (10 SCCs)
The following SCC (2501011011, 2501011012, 2501011013, 2501011014, 2501011015, 2501012011, 2501012012, 2501012013,
2501012014, 2501012015) category’s emissions were calculated by E.H. Pechan and Associates. The following documentation was
prepared by E.H. Pechan and Associates:
1.
GASOLINE DISTRIBUTION – PORTABLE FUEL CONTAINERS
Portable fuel containers (PFCs, or gas cans) are consumer products used to refuel a wide variety of gasoline-powered equipment.
The general approach to calculating emissions for this SCC is to take the inventories already prepared by the EPA for 2002 and 2010
and apply a linear fit between to get 2008 emissions.
For this source category, the following SCCs were assigned:
SCC
Descriptor 1
2501011011
Storage and Transport
2501011012
Storage and Transport
2501011013
Storage and Transport
2501011014
Storage and Transport
2501011015
Storage and Transport
2501012011
Storage and Transport
Descriptor 3
Petroleum and Petroleum Product
Storage
Petroleum and Petroleum Product
Storage
Petroleum and Petroleum Product
Storage
Petroleum and Petroleum Product
Storage
Petroleum and Petroleum Product
Storage
Petroleum and Petroleum Product
Storage
Descriptor 6
Descriptor 8
Residential Portable Gas Cans
Permeation
Evaporation
(includes Diurnal
losses)
Spillage During
Transport
Refilling at the Pump
- Vapor
Displacement
Refilling at the Pump
- Spillage
Residential Portable Gas Cans
Residential Portable Gas Cans
Residential Portable Gas Cans
Residential Portable Gas Cans
Commercial Portable Gas
Cans
Permeation
137
2501012012
Storage and Transport
2501012013
Storage and Transport
2501012014
Storage and Transport
2501012015
Storage and Transport
Petroleum and Petroleum Product
Storage
Petroleum and Petroleum Product
Storage
Commercial Portable Gas
Cans
Commercial Portable Gas
Cans
Petroleum and Petroleum Product
Storage
Petroleum and Petroleum Product
Storage
Commercial Portable Gas
Cans
Commercial Portable Gas
Cans
Evaporation
(includes Diurnal
losses)
Spillage During
Transport
Refilling at the Pump
- Vapor
Displacement
Refilling at the Pump
- Spillage
Activity data for the 2002 and 2010 inventories were developed using EPA’s Non-road Model which uses a variety of variables like
equipment size, equipment population, equipment age, RVP, and air temperature to estimate activity.
There are at least 15 states which have enacted or are considering rules for PFCs. Due to the complexities in calculating emissions,
these rules have already been accounted for in the emissions, but will not be listed in the control table.
Section 2.2 of the EPA PFC report details emission factors used for each of the activities associated with PFCs.
Emissions are calculated in the formula:
EmisCounty, Pollutant = m x yeardiff + Emis2002
where:
m = (Emis2010 – Emis2002) / (2010 – 2002)
138
Example:
Using SCC 2501011011 in Allegheny County PA as an example:
Emis2010 = 60.7 tons VOC
Emis2002 = 181.7 tons VOC
m = (60.7 – 181.7) / (2010 – 2002) = -15.125
EmisAlegheny, VOC = -15.125 x (2008-2002) + 181.7
= 90.95 tons VOC
Reference:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Estimating Emissions Associated with Portable Fuel Containers (PFCs). Ann Arbor
Michigan. February 2007.
139
PUBLIC OWNED TREATMENT WORKS (SCC: 2630020000)
Public Owned Treatment Works (POTWs) are wastewater treatment plants typically owned by municipalities in Pennsylvania. Year
2007 POTW flow rate data for Pennsylvania facilities was extrapolated by E.H. Pechan and Associates from EPA national
projections1 and allocated to county-level by population2. VOC Emission Factor based on a TriTAC study 3 per E.H. Pechan and
Associates.
SAMPLE VOC CALCULATIONS:
2007 County Wastewater Flow = (Nat. Wastewater Flow)(County Population/Nat. Population)
where:
2007 National Wastewater Flow = 13,423,660 million gallons1
2007 County Population (Allegheny) = 1,219,2104
2007 National Population = 301,290,3325
1
Projected national POTW flow rates from EPA
2
National flow rate allocated to county-level by population, by E.H. Pechan and Associates.
3
VOC Emission Factor based on a TriTAC study. Prakasam Tata, Jay Witherspoon, Cecil Lue-Hing (eds.), VOC Emissions from
Wastewater Treatment Plants: Characterization, Control, and Compliance, Lewis Publishers, 2003, p. 261.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Population Estimates Program,” T1. Population Estimates [10] data Set:
2007 Population Estimates, available from http://www.census.gov/popest/counties/CO-EST2007-01.html, accessed March 2009.
4
5
2007 US population found at U.S. Census Bureau, http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&_box_head_nbr=GCT-T1-R&-ds_name=PEP_2008_EST&-_lang=en&-format=US-40S&-_sse=on
140
2007( AlleghenyC o.)WastewaterFlow  1,219,210 / 301,290,332 13,423,660 E 6 gal 
 54,320.5632 E 6 gal
SAMPLE VOC CALCULATIONS:
Annual VOC Emissions  Emission FactorCounty Wastewater Flow
where:
Emission Factor = 0.85 lbs VOC/millions of gallons flow3
Wastewater Flow = 54,320.5632 million gallons (Allegheny County)2
 0.85 lbs VOC


E 6 gals 
Annual VOC Emissions  
 54,320.5632 E 6 gallons   46,172.4787lbs ( AlleghenyC o.)
year




 1 ton 
  23.0862 tons VOC
Annual VOC Emissions  46,172.4787 lbs 
 2000 lbs 
141
RAILROAD SOLVENTS (SCC 2401085000)
This source category includes Railcar building and repairing. The emissions were calculated using an employment-based emission
factor1 and employee data from NAICS code 3365XX. The number of employees in each county for 2006 was collected by E.H.
Pechan and Associates, who calculated the midpoints from any given ranges2. Each county’s emissions were estimated per the
following sample calculations below. Point source emissions, where present, were subtracted from these emission estimates.
SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:
Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)
where:
Emission Factor = 222 lbs VOC /employee/year
Employees = 1722.89 employees (Allegheny County)
1
2
ERTAC Area Inventory Comparability Project, revised August 14, 2009, accessed October 2009.
National, State and County level employment data downloaded from US Census Bureau, mapping of employment flag letters
reported by County Business Patterns to the range and midpoints of the range, and calculated final activity data using the employment
midpoint and adjustment factor.
142
 222 lbsVOC

Employee
Annual VOC Emissions  
year




 1,722.89 Employees 


1 ton
Annual VOC Emissions  382,481.58 pounds VOC per year 
 191.24079 tons VOC per year
2000 lbs
143
RESIDENTIAL COAL FOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTION (2 SCCs: SCC 2104001000, SCC 2104002000)
Residential Coal Combustion is coal that is burned to heat residential housing.
These documentation and fuel combustion emissions were calculated by E. H. Pechan and Associates. References are listed at the end
of the Residential Coal Fossil Fuel Combustion section. The general approach to calculating emissions for these two SCCs is to take
state coal consumption values from the EIA and allocate it to the county level using methods described below. County-level coal
consumption is multiplied by the emission factors to calculate emissions.
For this source category, the following SCCs were assigned:
SCC
Descriptor 1
2104001000 Stationary
Source Fuel
Combustion
2104002000 Stationary
Source Fuel
Combustion
Descriptor 3
Residential
Descriptor 6
Anthracite Coal
Descriptor 8
All Boiler
Types
Residential
Bituminous/
Subbituminous
Coal
All Boiler
Types
Activity Data
The mass of coal consumed by residential combustion in the U.S. was used to estimate emissions. Coal consumption by energy use
sector is presented in State Energy Data 2006 Consumption tables published by the Energy Information Administration (EIA). 1 Year
2006 consumption data were used as a surrogate for 2007 emissions because year 2006 data were the latest data available when this
inventory was prepared.
Fuel-Specific Activity Data Adjustments
Coal - for residential coal combustion, the EIA data do not distinguish between anthracite and bituminous coal consumption estimates.
(i.e., anthracite versus bituminous/sub-bituminous) Because anthracite is mined in the eastern half of the Commonwealth, while
144
bituminous is mined in the western half, the emission calculations assume that eastern counties burn anthracite coal while western
counties burn bituminous coal.
State-level coal consumption was allocated to each county using the US Census Bureau’s 2000 Census Detailed Housing
Information.3 These data include the number of housing units using a specific type of fuel for residential heating. State coal
consumption was allocated to each county using the ratio of the number of houses burning coal in each Anthracite or Bituminous coalburning county to the total number of Anthracite or Bituminous coal-burning housing units in the State.
No controls were assumed for this category
Emission Factors
In some cases (see Table 2), SO2 and PM emission factors required information on the sulfur and/or ash content of the coal burned.
State-specific sulfur and ash contents of anthracite and bituminous coal were obtained from data compiled in preparing the 1999
residential coal combustion emissions estimates.4 This study mostly relied on data obtained from USGS COALQUAL database.
States not included in the database but that reported coal usage were assigned values based on their proximity to coal seams or using
an average value for Pennsylvania (see report for details of the analysis).
Table 3 presents the bituminous coal sulfur content values used for each state. For anthracite coal, an ash content value of 13.38% and
a sulfur content of 0.89% were applied to Pennsylvania.
The remaining criteria pollutant and HAP emissions were calculated by multiplying the total coal consumed in each county per year
by an emission factor. All emission factors except ammonia are from AP-42.5 Table 4 presents a summary of the emission factors
for residential anthracite coal combustion (SCC 2104001000). Table 5 presents a summary of the emission factors for residential
bituminous coal combustion (SCC 2104002000).
Sample Calculations
Annual emissions are calculated for each county using emission factors and activity as:
Ex,p = FCx × EFx,p
145
where:
Ex,p = annual emissions for fuel type x and pollutant p (lbs/year),
FCx = annual fuel consumption for fuel type x,
EFx,p = emission factor for fuel type x and pollutant p.
County level fuel consumption is calculated using:
FCx = AState x RatioCounty houses
where:
AState = total tons of coal reported by the EIA,
RatioCounty houses = county allocation ratio based on number of houses burning coal per Anthracite coal-burning counties or per
Bituminous coal-burning counties.
Example:
Using Allegheny County, PA as an example:
Allegheny County, PA, labeled a Bituminous coal-burning county, had 183 houses out of the state total of 19,921 Bituminous coalburning houses that use coal as the primary heating fuel. This equates to a share of 0.9186 % of the 9,687.54 tons of coal used for
residential heating in the state.
The emission factor for PM2.5-FIL Bituminous (See Table 2) is 3.8 lb/ton of coal burnt
FCAllegheny, anth = 9,687.54 × 0.9186% = 88.9897 tons Bituminous coal
EmisAllegheny, anth, PM2.5-FIL = 88.9897 tons Bituminous coal × 3.8 lbs PM2.5-FIL per ton coal
= 338.1610 lbs PM2.5-FIL
146
Table 2. SO2 and PM Emission Factors for Industrial Anthracite and Bituminous Coal Combustion
Emission Factor
AP-42 Table
(lb/ton)
Anthracite Emission Factors (SCC 2104001000)
PM-CON
0.08* % Ash
1.2-3
PM10-FIL
10
1.2-4
PM25-FIL
0.6 * % Ash
1.2-4
Pollutant
Sulfur Dioxide
39 * % Sulfur
1.2-1
Bituminous Emission Factors (SCC 2104002000)
PM-CON
.04
1.1-5
PM10-FIL
6.2
1.1-9
PM25-FIL
3.8
1.1-9
Sulfur Dioxide
31 * % Sulfur
1.1-3
NOTE: PM10, PM2.5, and condensable PM emission factors
for bituminous coal do not require ash content, nor does the
condensable PM emission factor for anthracite coal.
147
Table 3. State-Specific Sulfur Content for Bituminous Coal (SCC 2104002000)
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of
Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Percent
Sulfur
Content
2.08
0.31
0.47
1.20
0.47
0.61
2.42
1.67
1.67
1.28
1.28
1.00
0.31
3.48
2.49
4.64
5.83
1.93
0.86
2.42
1.67
2.42
1.20
0.97
1.24
3.39
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New
New
Jersey
Hampshire
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Percent
Sulfur
Content
0.60
2.43
2.30
2.42
2.42
0.75
2.42
1.62
0.97
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South
South
Dakota
Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
3.45
3.08
0.50
2.42
2.42
1.28
0.97
1.62
1.14
0.80
2.42
1.19
0.50
1.25
1.00
0.87
State
148
Table 4. National Criteria Emission Factors for Residential Coal Combustion (SCC 2104001000 and 2104002000)
7439921
CO
NOX
VOC
NOX
LEAD
CARBON MONOXIDE
NITROGEN OXIDES/Anthracite
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
NITROGEN OXIDES/Bituminous
0.00042
275
3
10
9.1
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
TON
TON
TON
TON
TON
References
1.
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration (EIA). State Energy Data 2006 Consumption. Washington,
DC 2008. Internet Address: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/sep_use/total/csv/use_all_phy.csv accessed November 2008.
2.
EIA, 2008. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, “Domestic Distribution of U.S. Coal by
Destination State, Consumer, Origin and Method of Transportation”, 2006. Available from:
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/page/coaldistrib/coal_distributions.html, accessed December 2008.
3.
U.S. Census Bureau. "Table H40. House Heating Fuel Type", Census 2000: Summary File 3. Internet address:
http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=DEC&_submenuId=&_lang=en&_ts=, accessed July
2009.
149
4.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Emission Factor and Inventory Group. Final Summary of the Development and
Results of a Methodology for Calculating Area Source Emissions from Residential Fuel Combustion. Prepared by Pacific
Environmental Services, Inc. Research Triangle Park, NC. September 2002. Internet address:
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/techreport/volume03/draft1999_ residfuel_inven_apr2003.zip accessed November 2004.
5.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, 5th Edition, AP-42, Volume I:
Stationary Point and Area Sources. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. 1996.
6.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Emission Factor and Inventory Group. Estimating Ammonia Emissions from
Anthropogenic Sources, Draft Report. Prepared by E.H. Pechan and Associates, Inc. Research Triangle Park, NC. September
2003.
150
RESIDENTIAL FUEL OIL/KEROSENE COMBUSTION (2 SCCs: SCC 2104004000, SCC 2104011000)
Distillate oil and kerosene combustion sources emit VOC, NOx, CO, SO2, Pb, and PM. Fuel oil and kerosene emissions were
calculated for each county using fuel use estimates derived by allocating Commonwealth consumption estimates from the Energy
Information Administration to individual counties. The county allocations were performed using data obtained from the American
Community Survey and the U.S. Census Bureau.
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
Residential Distillate Fuel Oil/Kerosene:
Residential fuel oil and kerosene usage was determined by allocating the residential fuel oil and kerosene use to each county. The
residential fuel consumption was allocated by the ratio of dwelling units (DU) using distillate fuel oil/kerosene in a county to the
number of dwelling units burning distillate fuel oil/kerosene in the Commonwealth. The following is the general equation for the
calculation of usage for residential sources of fuel oil and kerosene combustion.
 County Distillate /Kerosene - Burning DU 

Annual Fuel Usage  PA Residentia l Distillate FuelorKerosene Usage
 State Distillate /Kerosene - Burning DU 
where:
PA Residential Fuel Oil = 706,956 thousand gallons1
2007 County Fuel Oi/Kerosene Burning DUs = 6916 Dwelling Units (Allegheny County)2
2007 State Fuel Oil/Kerosene-Burning DUs = 1,118,774 Dwelling Units1
1
Energy Information Administration, Pennsylvania Sales of Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene by End Use,
http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_cons_821use_dcu_SPA_a.htm, accessed May 2009.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, B25040, “House Heating Fuel, Occupied Housing Units, 2005-2007
American Community Survey 3-year Estimates, accessed May 2009.
2
151
VOC Emissions:
where:
Distillate Fuel Oil:
VOC Emission Factor = 0.7 lbs/1000 gallons/year1
NOx Emission Factor = 18 lbs/1000 gallons/year1
CO Emission Factor = 5 lbs/1000 gallons/year1
SO2 Emission Factor = 142 lbs/1000 gallons/year  0.3% sulfur content = 0.426 lbs/1000 gallons/year1
PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 1.08 lbs/1000 gallons/year2
PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.83 lbs/1000 gallons/year2
PM-CON Emission Factor = 1.3 lbs/1000 gallons/year2
Lead Emission Factor = 0.001268 lbs/1000 gallons/year3
Distillate Fuel Sulfur Content = 0.3%4
1
VOC, NOx, CO and SO2 emission factors are from WEBFIRE (3//19/09).
2
PM emission factors are from US EPA Document - A National Methodology and Emission Inventory for Residential Fuel
Combustion by Bernd H. Haneke presented at 2003 EPA EI conference. These emission factors are primarily from AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Emission Factors and Inventory Group. “Documentation for the 1999 Base Year Non-point
Area Source National Emission Inventory for Hazardous Air Pollutants.” Prepared by Eastern Research Group, Inc. Morrisville, NC.
September 2002.
3
4
AP-42
152
VOC Emissions for Distillate Oil:
0.7 lbs VOC
6916 Distillate FuelBurnin gDwelling Units
 706,956 thousands of gallons 
1000 gallons
1,118,774 Distillate FuelBurnin gDwelling Units
1ton
Annual VOC Emissions  3059.1660 pounds VOC per year 
 1.5295 tons VOC per yearforAlleghenyCo.
2000 pounds
Annual VOC Emissions 
Where:
Kerosene:
VOC Emission Factor = 0.672 lbs/1000 gallons/year1
NOx Emission Factor = 17.3 lbs/1000 gallons/year1
CO Emission Factor = 4.8 lbs/1000 gallons/year1
SO2 Emission Factor = 142 lbs/1000 gallons/year  0.3% sulfur content = 0.426 lbs/1000 gallons/year1
PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 1.03 lbs/1000 gallons/year1
PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.8 lbs/1000 gallons/year1
1
Emission factors for kerosene were obtained by multiplying the emission factors for distillate oil by a factor of 135/140 to convert
them for this use. This factor is based on the ratio of the heat content of kerosene (135,000 Btu/gallon) to the heat content of distillate
oil (140,000 Btu/gallon). Criteria pollutant emission factors are from AP-42. Distillate sulfur content (0.30%) was used for kerosene
as well.
153
PM-CON Emission Factor = 1.25 lbs/1000 gallons/year1
Lead Emission Factor = 0.001268 lbs/1000 gallons/year1
Distillate Fuel Sulfur Content = 0.3%1
2007PA Residential Kerosene Usage = 39,702,000 gallons1
County Dwelling Units Heating with Distillate Oil or Kerosene = 6916 (Allegheny County)2
2007 State Fuel Oil/Kerosene-Burning DUs = 1,118,774 Dwelling Units1
CO Emissions for Kerosene:
4.8 lbs VOC
6916 Dwelling Units
39,702 thousands of gallons 
1000 gallons
1,118,774 Dwelling Units
1ton
Annual CO Emissions  1178.0568 pounds CO per year 
 0.5890 tons CO per yearforAlleghenyCo.
2000 pounds
Annual CO Emissions 
Since the 2005-2007 American Community Survey did not include the six small populated counties in Pennsylvania (namely
Cameron, Forest, Fulton, Montour, Potter and Sullivan counties) in their estimations of Occupied House Heating Fuel Units, these
omissions were accounted for by taking the ratio of 2005-7 Averaged Total County Fuel Oil/Kerosene Heated Housing Units (not
including the 6 Small Counties) to the 2007 Total State Housing Units (minus the 6 Small Counties' Housing Units) and by that
percent find the 6 Small County Fuel Oil/Kerosene Heated Housing Units (HU). The following is the general equation for the
calculation of the 6 Small County Fuel Oil/Kerosene Heated Housing Units.
1
Energy Information Administration, Pennsylvania Sales of Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene by End Use,
http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_cons_821use_dcu_SPA_a.htm, accessed May 2009.
154
where:
PA Total Housing Units (minus the 6 Small Counties) = 5,430,2341
Pa Total Fuel-Oil/Kerosene-Burning DUs (not including the 6 Small Counties) = 1,109,0462
County (Cameron) Total Housing Units= 4,5921
CountyFuelOil / KeroseneHe atingDwell ingUnits 
1,109,046 FuelOil / KeroseneDUs
 4,592  937.8489(CameronCounty)
5,430,234 HUs
1
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Housing Unit Estimates, Data Set 2007 Population Estimates, Note: For
information on errors stemming from model error, sampling error, and non-sampling error, see:
http://www.census.gov/popest/topics/methodology, accessed May 2009.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, B25040, “House Heating Fuel, Occupied Housing Units, 2005-2007
American Community Survey 3-year Estimates, accessed May 2009.
2
155
RESIDENTIAL LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) (SCC 2104007000)
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is used in residential heating. Area source LPG was estimated using fuel consumption data and AP-42
emission factors. Consumption data were apportioned according to the number of dwelling units heating with LPG, which was
available from U.S. Census Bureau data. LPG consumption was obtained from the Energy Information Administration’s State Energy
Data 2001.1 Each county’s emissions were estimated using the sample calculations below.
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
Residential LPG for Allegheny Co.:
Annual Emissions  Emission Factor Residentia l LPG Consumption  
 LPG  Burning County Dwelling Units 


 LPG  Burning State Dwelling Units 
where:
VOC Emission Factor = 0.52 lbs/1000 gallons/year2
NOx Emission Factor = 13.40 lbs/1000 gallons/year2
CO Emission Factor = 3.80 lbs/1000 gallons/year2
SO2 Emission Factor = 0.06 lbs/1000 gallons/year2
1
Energy Information Administration (eia), State Energy Data System (SEDS) 2007, released March 2009, accessed May 2009, found
at 'http://www.eia.doe.gov/states/_seds_whats_new.html.
2
Based on AP-42 natural gas emission factors, converted to LPG using heat contents. ERTAC Area Inventory Comparability Project,
revised August 14, 2009, accessed August, 2009.
156
PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 0.02 lbs/1000 gallons/year2
PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.01 lbs/1000 gallons/year2
PM-CON Emission Factor = 0.03 lbs/1000 gallons/year2
Residential LPG Consumption = 222,936,000 gallons1
County Dwelling Units Heating with LPG = 5318 units (Allegheny County)1
PA Dwelling Units Heating with LPG = 178,821 units ( plus prorated values for 6 smaller counties, see below for
calculation)1
VOC Emissions:
0.52 lbs VOC
5318( Allegheny ) LPGBurning Dwelling Units
 222,936 thousands of gallons 
1000 gallons / year
178,821 LPGBurning Dwelling Units
1ton
Annual VOC Emissions  3,447.5721 pounds VOC per year 
 1.72378 tons VOC per year
2000 pounds
Annual VOC Emissions 
CO Emissions:
 3.80 lbs VOC


 5318 Alleghenyc ounty dwelling units 
1000 gallons 

Annual CO Emissions  
222,936 thousandgallons 
year
178,821 county dwelling units






1 ton
Annual CO Emissions  25,193.7963 pounds CO per year 
 12.5969 tons CO per year
2000 lbs
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, B25040, “House Heating Fuel, Occupied Housing Units, 2005-2007
American Community Survey 3-year Estimates, accessed May 2009.
1
157
Since the 2005-2007 American Community Survey did not include the six small populated counties in Pennsylvania (namely
Cameron, Forest, Fulton, Montour, Potter and Sullivan counties) in their estimations of Occupied House Heating Fuel Units, these
omissions were accounted for by taking the ratio of 2005-7 Averaged Total County LPG Heated Housing Units (not including the 6
Small Counties) to the 2007 Total State Housing Units (minus the 6 Small Counties' Housing Units) and by that percent find the 6
Small County LPG Heated Housing Units (HU). The following is the general equation for the calculation of the 6 Small County LPG
Heated Housing Units.
where:
PA Total Housing Units (minus the 6 Small Counties) = 5,430,2341
Pa Total LPG-Burning DUs (not including the 6 Small Counties) = 178,8212
County (Cameron) Total Housing Units= 4,5921
CountyLPGHeatingDwellingUnits 
178,821LPGDUs
 4,592  150(CameronCounty)
5,430,234 HUs
1
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Housing Unit Estimates, Data Set 2007 Population Estimates, Note: For
information on errors stemming from model error, sampling error, and non-sampling error, see:
http://www.census.gov/popest/topics/methodology, accessed May 2009.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, B25040, “House Heating Fuel, Occupied Housing Units, 2005-2007
American Community Survey 3-year Estimates, accessed May 2009.
2
158
RESIDENTIAL NATURAL GAS (SCC 2104006000)
Area source natural gas was estimated using fuel consumption data1 and AP-42 emission factors2 and adjusted PM emission factors3.
Consumption data were apportioned according to the number of dwelling units heating with natural gas, which was available from
U.S. Census Bureau data for residential sources). Each county’s emissions were estimated using the sample calculations below.
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
Natural Gas:
Residential Natural Gas:
Annual Emissions  Emission Factor StatewideResidential NaturalGasConsumption  
 Natural - Gas - Burning CountyDwelling Units 


 Natural - Gas - Burning State Dwelling Units 
1
Energy Information Administration, Pennsylvania Natural Gas Residential Consumption (MMCF),
see:http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/hist/n3010us2m.htm, accessed May 2009.
2
3
VOC (TOC*.95), NOx, CO and SO2 efs are from WEBFIRE (3//19/09).
PM emission factors were adjusted lower than the 2002 NEI to account for lower estimates for condensable emissions. ERTAC Area
Inventory Comparability Project, revised August 14, 2009, accessed August, 2009.
159
where:
VOC Emission Factor = 5.5 lbs/MMCF (million cubic feet)/year2
NOx Emission Factor = 94 lbs/MMCF/year2
CO Emission Factor = 40 lbs/MMCF/year2
SO2 Emission Factor = 0.6 lbs/MMCF/year2
PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 0.2 lbs/MMCF/year3
PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.11 lbs/MMCF/year3
PM-CON Emission Factor =0.32 lbs/MMCF/year3
Pb Emission Factor = 0.0005 lbs/MMCF/year2
where:
2007 PA Residential Natural Gas Consumption = 231,258 MMCF1
County Dwelling Units Heating with Natural Gas = 455,921(Allegheny County)2
State Dwelling Units Heating with Natural Gas = 2,516,263 Units2
VOC Emissions:
1
Energy Information Administration, Pennsylvania Natural Gas Residential Consumption (MMCF),
see:http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/hist/n3010us2m.htm, accessed May 2009.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, B25040, “House Heating Fuel, Occupied Housing Units, 2005-2007
American Community Survey 3-year Estimates, accessed May 2009.
2
160
 5.5lbsVOC

MMcf
Annual VOC Emissions  
year




 455,921 County NGdwelling units 

231,258MMCF 
2
,
516
,
263
State
NGdwelling
units




1 ton
Annual VOC Emissions  230,458.6533 pounds VOC per year 
 115.2293 tons VOC per year
2000 lbs
Since the 2005-2007 American Community Survey did not include the six small populated counties in Pennsylvania (namely
Cameron, Forest, Fulton, Montour, Potter and Sullivan counties) in their estimations of Occupied Natural Gas Heating Dwelling
Units, these omissions were accounted for by taking the ratio of 2005-7 Averaged Total County Natural Gas Heated Dwelling Units
(not including the 6 Small Counties) to the 2007 Total State Housing Units (minus the 6 Small Counties' Housing Units) and by that
percent find the 6 Small County Natural Gas Heated Housing Units (HU). The following is the general equation for the calculation of
the 6 Small County Natural Gas Heated Dwelling Units.
161
where:
PA Total Housing Units (minus the 6 Small Counties) = 5,430,2341
Pa Total NG-Burning Dwelling Units (not including the 6 Small Counties) = 2,494,3842
County (Cameron) Total Housing Units= 4,5921
CountyNGHeatedDwelli ngUnits 
2,494,384 NGDwelling Units
 4,592  2,109(CameronCounty)
5,430,234 DwellingUn its
1
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Housing Unit Estimates, Data Set 2007 Population Estimates, Note: For
information on errors stemming from model error, sampling error, and non-sampling error, see:
http://www.census.gov/popest/topics/methodology, accessed May 2009.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, B25040, “House Heating Fuel, Occupied Housing Units, 2005-2007
American Community Survey 3-year Estimates, accessed May 2009.
2
162
TRAFFIC LINE PAINTING (SCC 2401008000)
Traffic paints are used to mark pavement in applications such as dividing lines for traffic lanes, parking space markings, crosswalks,
and arrows. The markings are usually applied by Commonwealth or local highway maintenance crews. VOC emissions result from the
evaporation of organic solvents during and shortly after application of the marking paint.
Each county’s emissions were calculated by using county-level lane miles totals1 and a
lbs VOC/lane mile emission factor2.
There are no point sources associated with this category.
SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATION:
Annual VOC Emissions  Emission FactorLane Miles 
where:
Emission Factor = 10.5 lbs VOC/lane mile
Lane Miles =12,525.22 (Allegheny County)
1
Penn DOT Bureau of Planning and Research,
http://www.dot.state.pa.us/Internet/Bureaus/pdPlanRes.nsf/PlanningAndResearchHomePage?OpenFrameset
2
ERTAC Area Inventory Comparability Project, revised August 14, 2009, accessed October, 2009.
163
 10.5 lbs VOC


lanemile 
Annual VOC Emissions  

year




 12,525.22lanemiles 
Annual VOC Emissions  131,514.81 pounds VOC per year 
1 ton
 65.7574 tons VOC per year
2000 lbs
164
WINERIES (SCC 2302070005)
Winery emissions result from the entrainment of ethanol by carbon dioxide during wine fermentation. Factors affecting ethanol
emissions are handling techniques, temperature, process equipment design, and fermenting parameters. Other sources of emissions
from the wine making process are blending, transferring, racking and storing of the wine.
Emissions were determined using 2007 county-level wine production data provided by the U.S. Department of the Treasury, Alcohol
and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau.1 Because monthly production data were available, these data were used to develop the seasonal
allocation factors for this category. The emission factors for both red and white wines were obtained from AP-42.2
Since the emission factors for the two types of wines are different, but wine type production data are not available, wine production in
the Commonwealth was assumed to be 60 percent white wine and 40 percent red wine. Point source emissions, where present, were
subtracted from these emission estimates. Each county’s emissions were estimated per the following sample calculations.
SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:
Annual VOC Emissions = (0.6  White Wine Emission Factor + 0.4  Red Wine Emission Factor)  (2007 Total Wine Production)
Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau, Department of the Treasury, 2007 – Wine Statistical Information.
http://www.ttb.gov/statistics/07winestats.shtml and http://www.ttb.gov/foia/frl.shtml, accessed March 2009.
1
2
From Table 9.12.2-1 of emission factor documentation for AP-42 Section 9.12.2 Wines and Brandy, October 1995, available from
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch09/final/c9s12-2.pdf, accessed March 2009.
165
where:
White Wine Emission Factor = 1.8 lbs VOC/1000 gallons white wine/year2
Red Wine Emission Factor = 4.6 lbs VOC/1000 gallons red wine/year2
2007 Total Wine Production = 23.78 thousand gallons (Allegheny County)1
2007 Summer Wine Production = 3.000 thousand gallons (Allegheny County)1
White Wine Production Factor = 60% of wine produced
Red Wine Production Factor = 40% of wine produced
where:


1.8 lbs
4.6 lbs
23.78 thousand gallons 
Annual VOC Emissions   0.6 
 0.4 
1000 gallons
1000 gallons 

1 ton
Annual VOC Emissions  69.4376 lbs VOC per year 
 0.03472 tons VOC per year
2000 lbs
166
WOOD FURNITURE AND FIXTURES (SCC 2401020000)
This source category includes establishments engaged in the manufacture of wood home or office furniture. VOC emissions result
from the evaporation of solvents used in the finish coats and cleanup procedures. Point source emissions, where present, were
subtracted from these emission estimates. Each county’s emissions were calculated according to the sample calculations below using a
per employee emission factor1 and the number of employees in NAICS codes 337110, 337121, 337122, 337219, 337211, 337212 and
one half of NAICS codes 337127, 337215 and 339111. The number of employees in each county for 2006 was obtained from County
Business Patterns2.
SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATION:
Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Employees)
where:
Emission Factor = 244 lbs VOC/employee/year
Employees =387 employees (Allegheny County)
1
2
ERTAC Area Inventory Comparability Project, revised August 14, 2009, accessed September, 2009.
National, State and County level employment data downloaded from US Census Bureau, mapping of employment flag letters
reported by County Business Patterns to the range and midpoints of the range, and calculated final activity data using the employment
midpoint and adjustment factor.
167
 244 lbs VOC


employee 
Annual VOC Emissions  
 387 employees 
year




1 ton
Annual VOC Emissions  94,428 pounds VOC per year 
 47.214 tons VOC per year
2000 lbs
168
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The format and some of the wording of this document were originally created by E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., 3622 Lyckan
Parkway, Suite 2002, Durham, NC 27707. Updated values were inserted in place of those originally entered to reflect changes
between years 2002 and 2007. Some changes were made to correct or update comments in the document.
THE END