REPUBLIC OF KENYA
WORKSHOP ON INCENTIVE
MEASURES FOR CONSERVATION
OF BIODIVERSITY
1OTH – 12TH OCTOBER, 2001
MONTREAL, CANADA
Presentation:
Naftali Ndugire
National Environment Secretariat
Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources
P.O. Box 67839
NAIROBI, KENYA
Tel; 254-02-247795/243839
Fax: 254-02-248851
Email: mec@nbnet.co.ke
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1.0
INTRODUCTION
Kenya has physical and biological resources that are of considerable domestic
and international economic values. It is estimated that the country has 35,000
known species of animals, plants and micro-organizers.
This wealth is
fundamental to Kenya’s economic prosperity in many ways, for example, as
source of income for daily subsistence, source of employment and foreign
exchange earnings. This resources and their associated ecosystems are
increasingly under pressure from unsustainable use resulting in depletion,
pollution, soil erosion etc.
Biological resources and their diversity generate a wide range of benefits for
human populations, both within the country and at regional and global levels.
Simultaneously the conservation of biological resources and their diversity give
rise to economic costs. These economic benefits and costs of biodiversity are
often not fully recognized when either conservation or development decisions
are made. Conservationists more often than not concentrate on costs (as
disincentives) and benefits (as incentives).
2.0
KENYA EXAMPLES
MEASURES
IN
THE
APPLICATION
OF
INCENTIVE
The starting point in examining the case of Incentive Measures certain
parameters are important e.g politics, welfare, geography, social and economic
status of the citizens. But more so stakeholders issues are important in putting
adequate incentives in place.
a)
Stakeholder Issues
Property rights
Protected Areas
Other land (Adjudicated or not)
Wildlife
Externalities
From enforcing property rights GOK denies
pastoralists access to grazing resources, raises their
costs of production (competition, defensive activities,
avoidance), increases the costs of development
Pastoralists, through modern methods of production,
can reduce conservation values, and deny access to
tourists.
Ethical Issues
Do traditional users of land have to right to benefit
from the development potential of their land?
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Corollary: should they be compensated if that right is
denied to them?
Opportunity Costs
Optimization
b)
Foregone benefits of development
How much is enough? How many wildebeest do you
need – and for what?
The economic benefits of biological resources and their
diversity
The total economic cost of biological resources and their diversity to Kenya
Economic analysis of Kenya’s major economic sectors and ecosystems identified
various costs imposed on economic activities as a result of biodiversity:
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Economic Costs
ECONOMIC COSTS
Other Activities
Management
c)
Agricultural
Lands
Forests
Marine and
Coastal
Wetlands
Wildlife
areas
Farm labour, equipment and
inputs, MoA/KARI
expenditure
Pests, disease and
interbreeding with
other varieties
FD/KEFRI/Private
management expenditure
Damage to crops,
livestock and humans
from forest dwelling
animals
KWS/Fisheries/KEMFRI/
Private management
expenditures
Damage to humans
from marine fish and
mammals
Damage to crops, livestock
and humans from wetland
dwelling animals, water-borne
and water related disease
KWS/private
management
expenditure
Damage to crops, livestock
and human injury and
disease, competition for
pasture form wildlife
KWS/private
management
expenditures
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Opportunity
Exclusion of
exotic
monocroping
Exclusion of agriculture,
exotic plantations,
unsustainable land
developments and
resource uses
Exclusion of unsustainable
resources uses and marine
developments
Exclusion of
agriculture, ranching,
unsustainable land
developments and
resources uses
Exclusion of agriculture,
ranching, unsustainable
land developments and
resources uses
Examples
Arabuko – Sokoke Forest
(i)
(ii)
-
Recognized as the largest remaining block of coastal
forests in E. Africa recognized as the second most
important forest for bird conservation on the African
Continent.
-
Farmers involved in larvae raising for butterflies
exportation on commercial basis
-
revenues and income generated
-
farmers are therefore willing to conserve the diversity of
biological resources of Arabuko – Sokoke forest.
Eco-Tourism and Wildlife
Does Ecotourism Protect Wildlife?
The table below shows the flows of wildlife generated benefits in four districts in
Kenya
DISTRICT
Loss of Wildlife (% over 20
years)
Population Growth (% pa)
Agricultural Potential
Tourist Numbers
Wildlife Management
NAROK
-55%
SAMBURU KAJIADO LAIKIPIA
-24%
0%
+3%
+6.59
+++
138,000
County
Council
+3.54
(+)
90,000
County
Council
+5.67
+
168,000
Kenya
Wildlife
Service
+4.99
+
5,000
Private
Landowners
Tour Operators
Government
County Council
+++
(+)
+++
+++
(+)
+++
+++
++
0
0
(+)
0
LANDOWNERS
(+)
(+)
++
+++
FLOW
OF
REVENUES:-
III)
TOURISM
Lake Victoria and Wise Use of Wetlands

Papyrus reeds
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
Cottage industries (weaving, basketry etc)
No policy of Incentives yet although recognized in the National Biodiversity
Strategy and Action Plan.
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