Supporting Information
The carbon count of 2000 years of rice cultivation
Karsten Kalbitz1*, Klaus Kaiser2, Sabine Fiedler3, Angelika Kölbl4, Wulf Amelung5, Tino
Bräuer6, Zhihong Cao7, Axel Don8, Piet Grootes6, Reinhold Jahn2, Lorenz Schwark9, Vanessa
Vogelsang3, Livia Wissing4, Ingrid Kögel-Knabner4
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: k.kalbitz@uva.nl
1 Earth Surface Science, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Universiteit van
Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
2 Soil Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
3 Institute for Geography, Soil Science, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz,
Germany
4 Lehrstuhl für Bodenkunde, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU München,
85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
5 Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Soil Science and Soil Ecology,
University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
6 Leibniz-Laboratory for Radiometric Dating and Isotope Research, Christian Albrechts
University Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
7 The Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
8 Institute of Agricultural Climate Research, Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute, 38116
Braunschweig, Germany
9 Institute for Geosciences, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
1
Paddy 50 yr
Paddy 100 yr
Paddy 300 yr
Paddy 700 yr
Paddy 1000 yr
Paddy 2000 yr
Endogleyic Stagnosol
(Albic, Ruptic, Eutric,
Siltic)
Endogleyic Stagnosol
(Albic, Ruptic, Eutric,
Siltic)
Stagnic Endogleyic
Cambisol (Calcaric, Siltic)
Endogleyic Cambisol
(Eutric, Siltic)
Endogleyic Cambisol
(Eutric, Siltic)
Endogleyic Stagnosol
(Albic, Eutric, Siltic,
Thaptomollic)
Non-paddy 50 yr
Non-paddy 100
Non-paddy 300 yr
Non-paddy 700 yr
Endogleyic Hyposalic
Endofluvic Cambisol
(Calcaric, Siltic)
Endogleyic Hyposalic
Cambisol (Calcaric, Siltic)
Haplic Cambisol (Eutric,
Siltic)
Haplic Cambisol (Eutric,
Siltic)
Figure S1: Images of soils subjected to submerged rice cultivation (paddy soils) for 50, 100, 300, 700, 1000, 2000 years and of reference soils under
non-submerged cropping (non-paddy soils) for 50, 100, 300, 700 years. Soils were classified according IUSS Working Group WRB
[2006].
2
2
3
4
5
6
Table S1: Properties of soils developed under submerged rice cultivation (paddy soils) for 50 to
2000 years. Figures given are means ± standard errors calculated on results from
samples of three soil profiles. The tidal flat and marsh profiles serve as references for
the situation before cultivation.
Horizon/
Layer
7
8
9
10
11
12
Mean
horizon
thickness
[cm]
Bda
TCb
IC (i)c
IC (iv)d
OC (i)e
OC (iv)f
[g cm–3]
--------------[g kg–1]-------------Tidal flat/marsh
3
1.32
12.2±0.1 4.0±0.6
6.1±0.9
8.2±0.7
6.1±1.0
7
1.32
10.8±1.3 3.8±0.5
5.7±0.7
7.1±0.9
5.2±0.7
50g
1.32
12.5±0.8 4.5±0.3
6.8±0.5
8.0±1.0
5.7±1.0
Paddy 50
Alph
7
1.10±0.06
19.3±0.2 1.4±0.3
2.8±0.1
17.8±0.5 16.5±0.2
Arp
6
1.22±0.05
16.3±0.2 1.6±0.4
3.0±0.2
14.7±0.3 13.3±0.2
Ardp
9
1.56±0.02
7.9±0.8
2.1±0.8
3.5±1.1
5.7±0.1
4.3±0.5
Bwg1
15
1.47±0.01
7.5±0.4
2.4±0.6
3.6±0.8
5.1±0.2
3.9±0.4
Bwg2
13
1.47±0.02
7.6±0.4
2.4±0.5
3.8±0.8
5.2±0.2
3.8±0.4
Bwg3
20
1.45±0.02
8.5±0.2
3.4±0.1
5.2±0.3
5.1±0.1
3.3±0.2
Blg
30
1.41±0.01
9.2±0.1
3.8±0.1
5.7±0.1
5.4±0.2
3.5±0.2
Paddy 100
Alp1
9
1.05±0.05
17.6±1.3 <0.1
0.1±0.1
17.6±1.3 17.5±1.1
Alp2
6
1.25±0.04
15.3±1.1 <0.1
0.1±0.1
15.3±1.1 15.3±1.0
Ardp
7
1.56±0.02
6.8±0.7
0.2±0.2
0.4±0.4
6.6±0.9
6.4±1.1
Bwg1
8
1.55±<0.01 7.7±1.1
1.9±0.6
2.5±0.6
5.8±0.7
5.2±1.1
Bwg2
20
1.53±0.03
7.6±0.1
2.9±0.3
4.5±0.3
4.7±0.2
3.1±0.2
Bwlg1
25
1.49±0.02
7.5±<0.1 2.8±<0.1 4.3±0.1
4.7±0.1
3.2±0.1
Bwlg2
25
1.39±0.06
7.8±0.3
2.6±0.4
4.1±0.6
5.2±0.1
3.7±0.3
Paddy 300
Alp
18
1.17±0.05
22.6±2.5 <0.1
0.1±0.1
22.6±2.5 22.5±2.5
Ardp
6
1.50±0.04
14.9±3.3 <0.1
0.2±0.2
14.9±3.3 14.6±3.1
Bwdl
6
1.61±0.04
7.7±1.0
0.6±0.4
1.1±0.5
7.1±1.3
6.5±1.4
Bwl
22
1.63±0.02
5.7±0.4
0.5±0.3
1.5±0.3
5.2±0.1
4.2±0.4
Bwlg1
18
1.48±0.03
6.0±0.2
1.1±0.3
1.9±0.3
4.9±0.1
4.1±0.1
Bwlg2
30
1.46±0.03
6.5±1.0
1.8±1.0
2.9±1.5
4.7±0.2
3.6±0.4
Paddy 700
Alp1
10
1.06±0.02
23.2±1.9 <0.1
<0.1
23.2±1.9 23.2±1.9
Alp2
5
1.20±0.02
18±1.8
<0.1
<0.1
18±1.8
18.0±1.8
Ardp
6
1.46±0.03
8.6±0.5
<0.1
<0.1
8.6±0.5
8.6±0.5
Bg
23
1.49±0.01
4.1±0.6
<0.1
<0.1
4.1±0.6
4.1±0.6
2Ahgb
13
1.53±0.04
5.3±0.6
<0.1
<0.1
5.3±0.6
5.3±0.6
2Blg
43
1.45±0.01
3.3±0.4
<0.1
<0.1
3.3±0.4
3.3±0.4
Paddy 1000i
Alp
11
1.15±0.02
14±0.6
<0.1
<0.1
14±0.6
14±0.6
Al(d)p1
6
1.34±0.02
11±0.3
<0.1
<0.1
11±0.3
11±0.3
Aldp2
6
1.50±0.04
6.1±0.6
<0.1
<0.1
6.1±0.6
6.1±0.6
2Ahgb
15
1.52±0.02
4.6±0.4
<0.1
<0.1
4.6±0.4
4.6±0.4
2Bg
17
1.43±0.02
2.8±0.2
<0.1
<0.1
2.8±0.2
2.8±0.2
2Bl
38
1.29±0.01
3.9±0.1
<0.1
<0.1
3.9±0.1
3.9±0.1
3Ahlb
13
1.41
15.4
<0.1
<0.1
15.4
15.4
3Bl
7
1.41
3.5
<0.1
<0.1
3.5
3.5
Paddy 2000
Alp
16
1.02±0.04
30±1.5
<0.1
<0.1
30±1.5
30±1.5
Ar(d)p
4
1.31±0.14
20.5±3.2 <0.1
<0.1
20.5±3.2 20.5±3.2
Bdg
9
1.55±0.02
5.5±0.2
<0.1
<0.1
5.5±0.2
5.5±0.2
2AhgB
15
1.57±0.04
3.5±0.2
<0.1
<0.1
3.5±0.2
3.5±0.2
2Bg1
17
1.49±0.05
2.6±0.4
<0.1
<0.1
2.6±0.4
2.6±0.4
2Bg2
20
1.48±0.03
1.6±0.1
<0.1
<0.1
1.6±0.1
1.6±0.1
2Blg
27
1.45±0.01
1.4±<0.1 <0.1
<0.1
1.4±<0.1 1.4±<0.1
a bulk density (values for tidal flat, marsh were taken from S9), b total carbon, c inorganic carbon measured by method (i),
representing the lower range of IC, d inorganic carbon measured by method (iv), representing the upper range of IC, e organic
carbon based on IC measured by method (i), representing the upper range of OC, f organic carbon based on IC measured by
method (iv), representing the lower range of OC, g mean value of up to 6 sampled layers per profile, h abbreviation according to
IUSS Working Group WRB [2006], i some subsoil horizons were not found in all of 3 soil profiles – SE could not be determined
3
13
14
15
16
Table S2: Properties of soils developed under non-submerged cropping systems (non-paddy soils)
for 50 to 700 years. Figures given are means ± standard errors calculated on results
from samples of three soil profiles.
Horizon/
Layer
(cm)
17
18
19
20
Mean
horizon
thickness
[cm]
Bda
TCb
IC (i)c
IC (iv)d
OC (i)e
OC (iv)f
[g cm–3]
------------[g kg–1]------------Non-paddy 50
Ap
10
1.31±0.01
12.2±<0.1
1.6±0.2
2.5±0.4
10.6±0.2 9.7±0.3
ABw
7
1.38±0.02
10.4±0.5
2.2±0.2
3.5±0.3
8.2±0.7
6.8±0.7
Bw
7
1.37±0.03
9.5±0.2
3.1±0.2
4.5±0.3
6.4±0.3
5.0±0.4
BCg
21
1.39±0.01
9.0±0.1
3.5±0.1
5.2±0.1
5.6±0.2
3.9±0.2
CBg
25
1.43±0.03
9.0±0.1
4.2±0.3
5.6±0.3
4.8±0.2
3.4±0.3
CBlg
30
1.42±0.01
8.9±0.1
4.2±0.2
5.9±0.3
4.7±0.1
3.0±0.3
Non-paddy 100
Ap1
14
1.31±0.02
11.5±0.7
0.7±0.4
1.4±0.6
10.8±1.0 10.1±1.2
Ap2
10
1.37±0.01
9.3±0.4
1.2±0.2
2.0±0.2
8.1±0.3
7.3±0.3
Bw
6
1.44±0.02
9.2±0.5
2.1±0.4
3.1±0.4
7.0±0.2
6.1±0.4
BCwg1
8
1.49±0.03
8.3±0.3
2.1±0.2
3.3±0.3
6.2±0.3
5.0±0.4
BCwg2
32
1.50±0.02
8.3±0.2
2.8±0.5
4.3±0.6
5.5±0.3
4.0±0.5
BCwlg
30
1.50±0.02
8.7±0.7
3.4±0.4
5.4±0.4
5.3±1.0
3.3±0.2
Non-paddy 300
Ap
11
1.32±0.01
10.7±<0.1
0.1±0.1
0.6±0.3
10.5±0.1 10.0±0.3
Bw1
11
1.39±0.01
6.8±0.6
0.2±0.1
0.8±0.2
6.6±0.6
6.0±0.7
Bw2
10
1.37±0.01
6.7±0.4
0.5±0.1
1.0±0.2
6.2±0.3
5.6±0.2
Bwg1
18
1.42±0.02
8.0±0.2
2.7±0.3
4.4±0.4
5.3±0.1
3.6±0.4
Bwg2
19
1.43±<0.01 8.5±<0.1
4.0±0.1
5.8±0.1
4.6±0.1
2.8±0.1
Bwlg
31
1.46±0.02
8.3±<0.1
3.9±0.2
5.6±0.3
4.4±0.2
2.7±0.3
Non-paddy 700g
Ap1
12
1.25±0.06
11.0±1.9
<0.1
0.1±0.1
11.0±1.9 10.9±1.9
Ap2
5
1.32±0.03
7.1±1.8
<0.1
0.2±0.1
7.1±1.8
6.9±1.9
Bw1
7
1.38±0.01
5.6±0.8
0.3±0.2
0.8±0.2
5.3±0.8
4.8±0.8
Bw2
21
1.39±0.03
6.6±0.2
1.3±0.4
2.5±0.6
5.3±0.3
4.1±0.5
Bwl1
25
1.42±0.02
6.7±0.6
1.9±0.7
2.9±0.9
4.8±0.1
3.8±0.3
Bwl2
30
1.42±<0.01 6.4±0.1
2.2±0.5
3.3±0.5
4.2±0.5
3.1±0.5
a bulk density, b total carbon, c inorganic carbon measured by method (i), representing the lower range of IC, d inorganic carbon
measured by method (iv), representing the upper range of IC, e organic carbon based on IC measured by method (i), representing
the upper range of OC, f organic carbon based on IC measured by method (iv), representing the lower range of OC, g some subsoil
horizons were not found in all of 3 soil profiles
4