Annotated Terms of Reference
for the preparation of a
Pest Management Plan (PMP)
(for the compliance with OP 4.09 and BP 4.01 - Annex C)
1.
Background
Agricultural development projects supported by the World Bank may involve
agricultural diversification into new crops, intensification of low-technology
production systems, expansion into new/virgin areas and change of cultivation
practices, irrigation development for agricultural production, re-organization of
agricultural research and extension services, support for farmers organizations and
similar programs, or procurement of pesticides. Although these agricultural programs
are designed to assist farmers to boost agricultural production and increase farm
incomes, they can have major implications for the use of inputs such as pesticides and
fertilizers.
Similarly, public health development projects may include the control of vectors of
human and livestock diseases. Health projects generally include improved treatment
of vector-borne diseases as well as environmental management to keep disease vector
populations in check. However, sometimes the use of pesticides to reduce vector
populations is also included in such projects.
The use of pesticides may contribute to increased agricultural production and
improved human health. However, inappropriate or excessive use of pesticides often
results in a reduction of agricultural production or its sustainability, increases in
disease vectors, adverse environmental and health effects, and negative effects on
other economic activities (e.g. fisheries, tourism). This, in turn, leads to increased
economic costs, both at the farmer level and for the country as a whole.
Adequate measures are therefore required at project/program development to
promote the appropriate management of pests and pesticides. This is to ensure that
increased and sustainable agricultural production and farm incomes are achieved; that
vector-borne diseases are managed in sustainable manner, and that the risks to human
health and the environment associated with pesticide use are kept to an acceptable
minimum.
The World Bank’s Pest Management Safeguard Policy (OP 4.09 and BP 4.01 Annex C)
was established to address these concerns and to assist borrowers to manage pests in
an appropriate manner. A major provision of the Safeguard Policy is the preparation of
a comprehensive Pest Management Plan, or PMP, that will outline the various elements
of and actions needed to be taken to adequately address these concerns during project
implementation.
2.
Objectives of the Pest Management Plan
According to Annex C of BP 4.01, a Pest Management Plan is a "comprehensive plan,
developed when there are significant pest management issues such as:
(a) (a)
(b) (b)
new land-use development or changed cultivation practices in an area,
significant expansion into new areas,
(c) (c)
(d) (d)
(e) (e)
diversification into new crops in agriculture,
intensification of existing low-technology systems,
proposed procurement of relatively hazardous pest control products or
methods, or
(f) (f)
specific environmental or health concerns (e.g., proximity of protected
areas or important aquatic resources; worker safety).
A pest management plan is also developed when proposed financing of pest control
products represents a large component of the project."
With respect to its objectives and execution, BP 4.01 - Annex C stipulates that: "A pest
management plan reflects the policies set out in OP 4.09, Pest Management. The plan
is designed to minimize potential adverse impacts on human health and the
environment and to advance ecologically based Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
The plan is based on on-site evaluations of local conditions conducted by appropriate
technical specialists with experience in participatory IPM."
3.
Profile of the Consultant
The consultant will be specialized in one or more of the following fields:
(a) (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
agricultural pest management in the tropics or subtropics, with particular
experience in (participatory) integrated pest management (IPM).
(b)
Disease vector management in the tropics or subtropics, with particular
experience in (participatory) integrated vector management (IVM)
(c)
Pesticide management in developing countries, with particular experience
in pesticide legislation and regulation, pesticide risk assessment and
registration, and the enforcement/implementation of pesticide regulations.
(d)
Pest management extension methods and/or participatory integrated crop
production, pest or vector management.
(e)
Agricultural policy development in developing countries, with particular
experience in integrated pest & vector management policies and the economic,
trade and fiscal aspects of agricultural input use (particularly pesticides).
The consultant will have experience in the identification and the analysis of technical
and policy constraints with respect to agricultural or public health projects/programs
in developing countries. She/he should be capable of working, using a strongly
participatory approach, with the (potential) Borrower's technical and policy staff.
[Note for ASPEN: select/modify appropriate profile depending on the type
of project/program for which a Pest Management Plan is to be developed]
4.
Procedures
[Note for ASPEN: select/modify appropriate section as relevant to this
particular mission]
(a) (a) The PMP is developed as part of the Environmental Assessment (EA)
This Pest Management Plan is developed as part of the Environmental Assessment
which is presently elaborated for the project/program. According to BP 4.01 - Annex
C: "… the EA covers potential issues related to pest management and considers
appropriate alternative designs or mitigation measures. Depending on the issues
identified, the environmental management plan includes a pest management plan."
"The first phase of the plan - an initial reconnaissance to identify the main pest
problems and their contexts (ecological, agricultural, public health, economic, and
institutional) and to define broad parameters - is carried out as part of project
preparation and is evaluated at appraisal. The second phase - development of specific
operational plans to address the pest problems identified - is often carried out as a
component of the project itself. As appropriate, the pest management plan specifies
procedures for screening pest control products."
This mission concerns phase 1 and phase 2 of PMP elaboration, as defined above.
[note for ASPEN: select the relevant phase(s) of PMP development required
for this mission]
The PMP elaborated during this mission will therefore be an integral part of the EA.
Key conclusions and activities described in the PMP will be identified by the
consultant, for subsequent inclusion in the Project Appraisal Document and budget.
They will be evaluated at appraisal.
(b) (b) The PMP is developed after elaboration of the EA, but before finalization of
the PAD
While formally the PMP is to be developed as part of the Environmental Assessment
(EA) of the project/program, this has not been the case. However, the EA identified
that significant pest management issues may need to be addressed in the
project/program, and a PMP was therefore still commissioned.
According to BP 4.01 - Annex C: "The first phase of the plan - an initial reconnaissance
to identify the main pest problems and their contexts (ecological, agricultural, public
health, economic, and institutional) and to define broad parameters - is carried out as
part of project preparation and is evaluated at appraisal. The second phase development of specific operational plans to address the pest problems identified - is
often carried out as a component of the project itself. As appropriate, the pest
management plan specifies procedures for screening pest control products."
This mission concerns phase 1 and phase 2 of PMP elaboration, as defined above.
[note for ASPEN: select the relevant phase(s) of PMP development required
for this mission]
The PMP elaborated during this mission will therefore be an Annex to the EA. Key
conclusions and activities described in the PMP will be identified by the consultant, for
subsequent inclusion in the Project Appraisal Document and budget. They will be
evaluated at appraisal.
(c) (c) The PMP is developed during project/program implementation, i.e. after
adoption of the PAD
While formally the PMP is to be developed as part of the Environmental Assessment
(EA) of the project/program, this has not been the case. However, during
project/program execution it became apparent that significant pest management
issues have to be addressed in the project/program. Therefore, this PMP was still
commissioned.
According to BP 4.01 - Annex C: "The first phase of the plan - an initial reconnaissance
to identify the main pest problems and their contexts (ecological, agricultural, public
health, economic, and institutional) and to define broad parameters - is carried out as
part of project preparation and is evaluated at appraisal. The second phase development of specific operational plans to address the pest problems identified - is
often carried out as a component of the project itself. As appropriate, the pest
management plan specifies procedures for screening pest control products."
This mission concerns phase 1 and phase 2 of PMP elaboration, as defined above.
The PMP elaborated during this mission will define the activities to be carried out in
the project/program with respect to pest and/or vector management. The consultant
will propose any modifications to the agreement with the Borrower, and the budget,
as and if necessary. Implementation of the PMP will be evaluated during supervision
missions.
4.
Contents of the Pest Management Plan
In consultation with the project Task Team Leader (TTL) and the Borrower, the
Consultant will prepare the PMP, addressing the following 4 major issues, namely:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Pest management approaches
Pesticide use and management
Policy, regulatory Framework and institutional capacity, and
Monitoring and evaluation
Details of these components may be elaborated upon as follows:
4a.
Pest or vector management approaches
(a) (a)
Current and anticipated pest or disease vector problems, relevant to the
project
Prepare an overview of the major crops cultivated and the key pest and
diseases problems experienced, especially by small holder farmers.
Provide estimates (preferably based on local studies) of the
crop/economic losses that can be attributed to the key pests, diseases
and weeds. In case of a public health project, carry out a similar analysis
for disease vectors.
Assess the potential changes in pest or vector-borne disease problems
that can be anticipated as a result of the project's activities.
(b) (b)
Current and proposed pest management practices
Describe the current methods for pest or vector management practised
in the country. Describe the non-chemical pest control methods, IPM or
IVM approaches that are available in the country.
Assess the activities of the national plant protection, public health and
extension services aimed at providing pest management advice to
farmers. Evaluate to which extent the system includes integrated pest or
vector management. Assess the extent to which pest management
information is transmitted to farmers.
Assess the agronomic, economic and environmental sustainability of the
present and proposed pest or vector management practices.
Inventorize the pest or vector control methods or approaches that have
been field-tested or introduced in the past in the country, but which
have not established themselves as current practices. Evaluate the
reasons for this lack of success.
Describe any new pest or vector control methods or approaches that are
being tested or introduced into the country.
Assess the potential changes in pest or vector management that can be
anticipated as a result of the project activities.
(c) (c)
Relevant IPM/IVM experience within the project area, country or region.
Describe any IPM or IVM methods locally available for the management of
the major pests and diseases of crops that are the target of the project,
and if appropriate for other crops grown by local farmers.
Assess the strengths and weaknesses of implementation of IPM or IVM
activities in the country to guide the choice of activities that could be
carried out during project implementation.
Identify relevant existing IPM or IVM projects or programs which are
operational in the country and which should be approached/included for
collaboration.
Review the development and conduct of IPM research programs within
the national agricultural research institute, or in any regional or
international agricultural research centers, relevant to the project
activities.
(d) (d)
Assessment of proposed or current pest management approaches, and
recommendations for adjustment where necessary.
Where the current practices, or those proposed under the project, are
not consistent with the principles of IPM or IVM, the discrepancies should
be discussed. Either a detailed technical justification should be provided
for this discrepancy, or a strategy should be proposed to bring pest or
vector management activities under the project into line with IPM or
IVM.
4b.
Pesticide use and management
(a)
Review of present, proposed and/or envisaged pesticide use.
Compile a list of pesticides in use in the country and the crops or vectors for which they
are used. Classify the (commercial formulations of the) pesticides according to the
WHO classification of pesticides by hazard.
Describe the current pesticide use patterns in the country and assess whether
pesticides are used in the context of IPM.
Assess if envisaged pesticide use under the project is justified by (a)
explaining the IPM approach and the reason why pesticide use is
considered, (b) providing an economic assessment demonstrating that
the proposed pesticide use would increase farmers' revenues, or, for
public health projects, provide evidence that the proposed pesticide use
is justified from the best available (preferably WHO-supported) public
health evidence.
(b) (b)
Indication of type and quantity of pesticides envisaged to be financed by
the project and/or assessment of increase in pesticide use resulting from the
project.
Estimate the quantity (in volume and value) of pesticides envisaged to
be financed (either directly or indirectly, e.g. through credit provision)
by the project.
If pesticides are not financed by the project, identify project activities
that may lead to increased pesticide use, and estimate this increase.
For both the above mentioned situations, evaluate if higher pesticide use
would also result in increased farmer dependence on pesticides.
(c) (c)
Circumstances of pesticide use and the capability and competence of endusers to handle products within acceptable risk margins
Assess user access to, and use of, protective gear and appropriate
application equipment; levels of knowledge and skills of users to handle
pesticides correctly; users' product knowledge and understanding of
hazards and risks; appropriateness of on-farm storage facilities for
pesticides;
(d) (d)
Assessment of risks
Evaluate the actual potential environmental, occupational and public
health risks associated with the transport, storage, distribution and use
of the proposed products under local circumstances, and the disposal of
empty containers.
Assess to what extent the project's activities will increase or reduce such
risks.
(e) (e)
Pre-requisites and/or measures required to reduce specific risks associated
with envisaged pesticide use under the project.
Identify the strengths and weaknesses in the country for proper handling of pesticides
and propose the measures needed in the project to guarantee judicious use of
pesticides. For example, outline details of training activities to build capacities in
pesticide management, risk reduction, use of appropriate application equipment and
protective gear, and recognition of circumstances leading to pesticide poisoning.
(f) (f)
Selection of pesticides authorized for procurement under the project
If required, prepare provisional lists of pesticides which may be procured
under the project taking into consideration (a) the criteria in OP 4.09 on
Pest Management, (b) the above hazards and risks, and (c) the
availability of newer and less hazardous products and techniques (e.g.
bio-pesticides, traps)
4c.
Policy, regulatory framework and institutional capacity
(a)
Policies on plant protection
Assess the government policies on pest management (crop protection
and vector control) and their consistency with IPM approaches. Evaluate
if there direct or indirect subsidies for pesticides, donated pesticides
that distort market prices, or other factors that may increase reliance on
(unnecessary) pesticide use.
Study if a national IPM/IVM Policy exists and determine whether it is
integrated into the national agricultural development policy/strategy.
(b)
Description and assessment of the national capacity to develop and implement
ecologically-based IPM
Assess the quality of public and private sector extension services,
extension services provided by NGOs and research institutions, and their
practical capacity to develop and implement (participatory) IPM or IVM.
(c)
Assessment of the country's regulatory framework for control of the distribution
and use of pesticides.
Inventorize the presence and quality of a plant protection legislation and
a pesticide legislation. Assess if a pesticide registration scheme has been
set up and is operational. Assess if a pesticide distributor and/or user
licensing scheme exists.
If relevant, evaluate if local pesticide production and/or formulation is
appropriately regulated.
(d)
Assessment of the institutional capacity for effective control of the distribution
and use of pesticides.
Evaluate if the country has the institutional and financial capacity to
enforce the above mentioned legislation. In doing so, assess if:










sufficient trained personnel is available for inspection and
control tasks;

the government actively monitors pesticide use and storage;

pesticide products are properly packaged and labeled;

effective measures can be taken to limit access to Class II
pesticides to licensed users if the use of such products is proposed (a
specific requirement OP in 4.09);

the government monitors the quality of imported/locally
produced pesticides (is there a quality control laboratory);

pesticide residues are being monitored on export crops and
crops for the domestic market;

poisoning statistics are available, especially in rural areas;

medical staff at rural clinics are trained to recognize and treat
pesticide poisoning, and are antidotes available in rural areas;

etc.
Assess the system for managing unwanted and obsolete pesticides; to
what extent might the project activities contribute to the accumulation
of obsolete pesticides?
4d.
Strengthening of national capacities
On the basis of the outcome of the above reviews, and if necessary,
propose an action plan containing appropriate measures, in project subcomponents, to strengthen the national capacities to improve the
regulatory system for pesticides, and implement ecologically sound
management of pests and vectors.
Identify which components should be covered by the
project/programme, and which may be funded/executed under other
(existing) government or donor activities.
Estimate the financial requirements and suggest funding mechanisms for
the implementation of the plan.
4e.
Monitoring and evaluation
(a)
(a)
Description of activities that require local monitoring during
implementation and during supervision missions
Describe these activities and propose realistic performance indicators
that can be used to evaluate progress towards the implementation of
sustainable pest management, effectiveness of measures to mitigate
pesticide risks, progress in strengthening regulatory framework and
institutional capacity, etc.
(b)
(b)
Monitoring and supervision plan, implementation responsibilities,
required expertise and cost coverage.
Prepare a monitoring and supervision plan that would be adopted during
project supervisory missions. For example, in the plan include the types
of expertise required at different stages of project implementation,
actual monitoring activities and detailed budget.
5.
Process
For the Pest Management Plan to be accepted as part of the project/program, it is
essential that it is fully supported by the Borrower and other national key actors. A
lack of ownership by the interested parties will preclude effective implementation of
the plan. Therefore, the development of the PMP should, like the development of the
rest of the project, be a fully participatory process in which the consultant acts as a
facilitator and a technical resource person.
The consultation process may include several or all of the stages discussed below. This
will depend to a large extent on the level of policy development and implementation
of sound pest management that already exists in the country. It will also depend on
the size of pest management component envisaged under the project.
(a)
(a)
Desk-top review of the available information by the consultant.
The consultant will review existing Bank documents regarding the
project/program (PCD, PID, EA, PAD, according to availability). She/he
will also obtain background information on pest and pesticide
management in the country, and any existing relevant projects (e.g.
through the World Bank, FAO, WHO, UNEP, UNITAR web sites; the web
site of the national government; web sites of relevant CGIAR institutes,
etc.)
(b)
(b)
First information meeting with key actors in the country
A first meeting with the key actors in pest or vector management is held
at the start of the mission in the country. The objective of the meeting
is to inform about the goals of the mission; the Bank requirements with
respect to pest management; the objectives of OP 4.09; the function of
the PMP within the project appraisal process; the opportunities this may
provide for the country to strengthen pest and vector management; any
practical issues pertaining to the organization of the mission.
(c)
In-depth interactions with all the relevant national actors in the field of pest or
vector management.
Such meetings should include, but are not limited to:
(i)
Government institutions directly or indirectly involved in pest or
vector management:










(d)
 Ministry of Agriculture, Crop Production Services, Plant
Protection Service, Irrigation Development Authorities
 Ministry of Environment, Environmental Protection Agency
 Ministry of Health, Vector Control Service
 National Agricultural Research Institute
 National Pesticide Residue / Quality Control Laboratory
 National (agricultural) Statistics Service
 National Medical Research Institute
 Ministry of (external) Commerce
 Customs Service
 Inter-ministerial Pesticide / Chemicals Management
Committee
(ii)
Farmer and Producer Organizations; Agricultural Exporters
Organizations
(iii)
Non-Governmental Organizations, Consumer Groups
(iv)
Agrochemicals Industry; Private Crop Protection Advisory Firms;
Food Industry; Producers of Biological Control Agents
(v)
Bilateral and Multilateral Development Partners
Elaboration of the first phase of PMP
Elaboration of the part of the PMP which describes the present situation
and the expected changes as a result of the project, and analyzes the
constraints for the implementation of sound pest management (and
possible non-compliance with OP 4.09).
This part of the PMP is elaborated by the Consultant, preferably in
conjunction with one or more national experts.
(e) (e)
Stakeholders consultation
A meeting is organized with all the stakeholders, and the TTL, to discuss
the first phase PMP. The analysis of the Consultant is presented and
modified where needed. Stakeholders are also invited to submit first
round of proposals for strengthening of national capacities (if required).
(f)
Elaboration of the second phase of the PMP
The second phase of the PMP describes the concrete activities that are
proposed to be carried out under the project. It is elaborated by the
Consultant, preferably in conjunction with national experts. Results of
the stakeholders consultation on the first phase of the PMP are explicitly
included.
Of particular importance is that the proposed activities are fully
integrated in the general development approach of the project/program.
Relationships between the proposed activities and any national
agricultural (or rural) development strategies, environmental protection
policies, poverty reduction strategies and economic and trade policies,
need to be clearly defined.
(g) (g)
Stakeholders consultation
A meeting is organized with all the stakeholders, and the TTL, to discuss
the second phase of the PMP. The proposals by the Consultant are
presented and modified where needed. The overall PMP is adopted by
the meeting.
(h)
Finalization of the PMP
The consultant finalizes the PMP, based on the feedback from the second
stakeholders meeting. Whenever explicit recommendations by the
stakeholders meeting are not included in the final PMP, the Consultant
will provide a justification for this in a separate memo to the Bank. The
Consultant will also identify the key elements of the PMP that have to be
included in the EA and/or the PAD.
6.
Reporting
The Consultant will submit the following reports (depending on the organization of the
mission):
i.
i.
consultation
The first phase draft PMP discussed during the 1st stakeholders
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
7.
7.
ii.
The recommendations made by the 1st stakeholders
consultation
iii.
The second phase draft PMP discussed during the 2nd
stakeholders consultation
iv.
The recommendations made by the 2nd stakeholders meeting
v.
The final PMP
vi.
A memo justifying which recommendations of the stakeholders
meeting were not included in the PMP by the Consultant
vii.
Paragraphs containing the key elements of the PMP that need
to be included in the EA and/or PAD
Reference materials
World Bank Operational Manual: Operational Policies OP 4.09 - Pest Management
(December 1998)
World Bank Operational Manual: Bank Procedures BP 4.01-Annex C - Application of EA
to Projects Involving Pest Management (January 1999)
World Bank Pest Management Guidebook (2002) (?)
World Bank Environmental Assessment Handbook - Chapter 8: Agriculture and rural
development
Background paper to the objectives and implementation of OP 4.09 (to be developed
as part of OP 4.09 tool kit ?)
The WHO recommended classification of pesticides by hazard (latest version)