Interstellar Turbulence II: Implications and Effect
Authors: John Scalo and Bruce Elmegreen
REFERENCES
Achterberg A. 1981. On the propagation of relativistic particles in a high beta plasma.
A&A. 98:161-172
Achterberg A. 1990. Particle acceleration by an ensemble of shocks. A&A. 231:251-258
Achterberg A, Blandford RD, Reynolds SP, 1994. Evidence for enhanced MHD
turbulence outside sharp-rimmed supernova remnants. A&A. 281:220-230
Aguirre A, Hernquist L, Schaye J, Weinberg DH, Katz N, Gardner J. 2001. Metal
Enrichment of the Intergalactic Medium at z=3 by Galactic Winds. ApJ. 560:599-605
Andre MK, Oliveira CM, Howk JC, Ferlet R, Desert J-M, Hebrard G, Lacour S, des
Etangs AL, Vidal-Madjar A, Moos HW. 2003. Oxygen Gas-Phase Abundance Revisited.
ApJ. 591:1000-1012
Andrievsky SM, Kovtyukh VV, Luck RE, Lepine JRD, Maciel WJ, Beletsky YuV. 2002.
Using Cepheids to determine the galactic abundance gradient. III. First results for the
outer disc. 2002. A&A. 392:491-499
Argast D, Samland M, Gerhard OE, Thielemann F-K. 2000. Metal-poor halo stars as
tracers of ISM mixing processes during halo formation. A&A. 356:873-887
Armstrong JW, Rickett BJ, Spangler SR. 1995. Electron density power spectrum in the
local interstellar medium. ApJ. 443:209-221
Aschenbach B, Leahy DA. 1999. ROSAT all-sky survey map of the Cygnus Loop:
Overall structure and comparison with radio map. A&A. 341:602-609
Audouze J, Silk J. 1995. The First Generation of Stars: First Steps toward Chemical
Evolution of Galaxies. ApJ. 451:L49-L52
Axford WI, Leer E, Skadron G. 1977. The acceleration of cosmic rays by shock waves.
Proc. 15th Int. Cosmic-Ray Conf. Sofia: B'lgarska Akademiia na Naukite. 11:132-137
Baade W, Zwicky F. 1934. Cosmic Rays from Supernovae. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.
20:259-263
Balkovsky E, Falkovich G, Fouxon A. 2001. Intermittent Distribution of Inertial Particles
in Turbulent Flows. Phys. Rev. Lett.. 86:2790-2793
Balsara D, Benjamin RA, Cox DP. 2001. ApJ. The Evolution of Adiabatic Supernova
Remnants in a Turbulent, Magnetized Medium. ApJ. 563:800-805
Bamba A, Yamazaki R, Ueno M, Koyama K. 2003. Small-Scale Structure of the SN
1006 Shock with Chandra Observations. ApJ. 589:827-837
Bateman NPT, Larson RB. 1993. The dispersal of iron through the interstellar medium.
ApJ. 407:634-638
Begelman MC, Fabian AC. 1990. Turbulent mixing layers in the interstellar and
intracluster medium. MNRAS. 244:26P-29P
Bec J, Gawedzki K, Horvai P. 2003. Intermittent distribution of tracers advected by a
compressible random flow. nlin.CD/0310015
Bell AR. 1978. The acceleration of cosmic rays in shock fronts. I. MNRAS. 182:147-156
Berezinskii VS, Bulanov SV, Ginzburg VL, Dogiel VA, Ptuskin VS 1990. Astrophysics
of Cosmic Rays. Amsterdam:North Holland
Bergin EA, Alves, J, Huard T, Lada CJ. 2002. N2H+ and C18O depletion in a cold dark
cloud. ApJ. 570:L101-L104.
Bettens RPA, Lee H-H, Herbst E. 1995. The importance of classes of neutral-neutral
reactions in the production of complex interstellar molecules. ApJ. 443:664-674
Bhat NDR, Gupta Y,Rao AP. 1998. Pulsar Scintillation and the Local Bubble. ApJ.
500:262-279
Bhat NDR, Gupta Y, Rao AP. 1999. Long-Term Scintillation Studies of Pulsars. II.
Refractive Effects and the Spectrum of Plasma Density Fluctuations. ApJ. 514:249-271
Bhat NDR, Rao AP, Gupta Y. 1999. Long-Term Scintillation Studies of Pulsars. I.
Observations and Basic Results. ApJS. 121:483-513
Bhat NDR, Gupta Y. 2002. Pulsar Scintillation in the Local Interstellar Medium: Loop I
and Beyond. ApJ. 567:342-353
Bieber JW, Wanner W, Matthaeus WH. 1996. Dominant two-dimensional solar wind
turbulence with implications for cosmic ray transport. J. Geophys. Res. 101:2511-2522
Bieber JW, Matthaeus WH. 1997. Perpendicular Diffusion and Drift at Intermediate
Cosmic-Ray Energies. ApJ. 485:655-659
Black JH, van Dishoeck EF. 1991. Chemistry and Small-Scale Structure of Diffuse and
Translucent Clouds. In Fragmentation of Molecular Clouds and Star Formation. ed. E
Falgarone, F Boulanger, G. Duvert, pp. 139-150. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Blackman EG, Field GB. 2002. New Dynamical Mean-Field Dynamo Theory and
Closure Approach. Phys. Rev. Lett. 89:265007-265007-4
Blackman EG, Field GB. 2003. A New Approach to Turbulent Transport of a Mean
Scalar. Phys. Fluids. 15:L53-6
Blandford RD. Ostriker JP. 1980. Supernova shock acceleration of cosmic rays in the
Galaxy. ApJ. 237:793-808
Blandford R, Narayan R. 1985. Low-frequency variability of pulsars. MNRAS. 213:591611
Blandford R, Eichler D. 1987. Particle Acceleration at Astrophysical Shocks - a Theory
of Cosmic-Ray Origin. Phys. Rep. 154:1-75
Boesgaard AM. 1989. Metallicity in galactic clusters from high signal-to-noise
spectroscopy. ApJ. 336:798-807
Boffetta G, Celani A, Cristani A, Vulpiani A. 1999. Pair dispersion in synthetic fully
developed turbulence. Phys. Rev. E. 60:6734-6741
Boffetta G, Sokolov IM. 2002. Add to article collection Relative Dispersion in Fully
Developed Turbulence: The Richardson's Law and Intermittency Corrections. Phys. Rev.
Lett. 88:094501-094501-1
Boland W, deJong T. 1982. Carbon depletion in turbulent molecular cloud cores. ApJ.
261:110-114
Boldyrev S, Gwinn C. 2003. Scintillations and LÈvy Flights through the Interstellar
Medium. ApJ. 584:791-796
Bracco A, Chavanis PH, Provenzale A. 1999. Particle aggregation in a turbulent
Keplerian flow. Phys. Fluids, 11:2280Brandenburg A, Kapyla P, Mohammed A. 2003. Non-Fickian diffusion and tauapproximation from numerical turbulence. Phys. Fluids 16:1020-27
Burke JR, Silk J. 1976. The dynamical interaction of a newly formed protostar with
infalling matter - The origin of interstellar grains. ApJ. 210:341-364
Bykov AM, Toptygin IN. 1985. Shock Generation of Turbulence and Cosmic-Ray
Diffusion in the Interstellar Medium. Sov.Ast.Lett. 11:75-78
Bykov AM, Toptygin IN. 1993. Kinetics of particles in strongly turbulent plasmas. Soviet
Phys.óUspekhi. 36:1020-1052
Cameron AGW. 1973. Accumulation processes in the primitive solar nebula. Icarus.
18:407-450
Caputo F, Marconi M, Musella I, Pont F. 2001. Pulsational constraints to the metallicity
gradient in the Galactic disk. A&A. 263:413-422
Cartledge SIB, Meyer DM, Lauroesch JT. 2003. The Homogeneity of Interstellar
Krypton in the Galactic Disk. ApJ. 597:408-413
Carraro G, Ng, YK, Portinari L. 1998. On the Galactic disc age-metallicity relation.
MNRAS. 296:1045-1056
Casse F, Lemoine M, Pelletier G. 2002. Transport of cosmic rays in chaotic magnetic
fields. Phys. Rev. D. 65:23002-23016
Cesarsky CJ. 1980. Cosmic ray confinement in the Galaxy. ARAA. 18:289-319
Chandran BDG. 2000a. Scattering of Energetic Particles by Anisotropic
Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence with a Goldreich-Sridhar Power Spectrum. Phy. Rev.
Lett. 85:4656-4659
Chandran BDG. 2000b. Confinement and Isotropization of Galactic Cosmic Rays by
Molecular-Cloud Magnetic Mirrors When Turbulent Scattering Is Weak. ApJ. 529:513535
Chandran BDG. 2001. The importance of anisotropic interstellar turbulence and
molecular-cloud magnetic mirrors for galactic cosmic-ray propagation. Space Sci. Rev.
99:271-280
Chandran BDG, Backer DC. 2002. Radio Wave Propagation through a Medium
Containing Electron Density Fluctuations Described by an Anisotropic Goldreich-Sridhar
Spectrum. ApJ. 576:176-187
Chandran BDG, Maron JL. 2004a. Thermal conduction in galaxy-cluster plasmas and the
divergence of neighboring magnetic field lines in strong magnetohydrodynamic
turbulence. ApJ. ApJ 602:170-80
Chandran BDG, Maron JL. 2004b. Acceleration of energetic particles by large-scale
compressible magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. ApJ. 603:23-7
Charnley SB. 1998. The chemical signature of magnetohydrodynamic waves in
molecular clouds. MNRAS. 298:L25-L28
Charnley SB, Markwick AJ. 2003. Complex bifurcations in interstellar chemistry? A&A.
399. 583-587
Chen H, Chen S, Kraichnan RH. 1989. Probability distribution of a stochastically
advected scalar field. Phys. Rev. Lett. 63:2657-2660
Chen J-Y, Kollman W. 1994. In Turbulent Reacting Flows. ed. PA Libby, FA Williams.
pp. 211-308. New York:Springer-Verlag. 474 pp.
Chen J, Bieber JW. 1993. Cosmic-ray anisotropies and gradients in three dimensions.
ApJ. 405:375-389
Chen YQ, Nissen PE, Zhao G, Zhang HW, Benoni T. 2000. Chemical composition of 90
F and G disk dwarfs. A&AS, 141:491-506
Chiappini C, Matteucci F, Romano D. 2001. Abundance Gradients and the Formation of
the Milky Way. ApJ. 554:1044-1058
Chuvilgin LG, Ptuskin VS. 1993. Anomalous diffusion of cosmic rays across the
magnetic field. A&A. 279:278-297
Clegg AW, Fey AL, Lazio TJW. 1998. The Gaussian Plasma Lens in Astrophysics:
Refraction. ApJ. 496:253-266
Cordes, JM. 1986. Space velocities of radio pulsars from interstellar scintillations. ApJ.
311:183-196
Cordes JM, Weisberg JM, Boriakoff V. 1985. Small-scale electron density turbulence in
the interstellar medium. ApJ. 288:221-247
Cordes JM, Wolszczan A. 1986. Multiple imaging of pulsars by refraction in the
interstellar medium. ApJ. 307:L27-L31
Cordes JM, Pidwerbetsky A, Lovelace RVE. 1986. Refractive and diffractive scattering
in the interstellar medium. ApJ. 310:737-767
Cordes JM, Rickett BJ, Backer DC. eds., 1988, Radio Wave Scattering in the Interstellar
Medium, American Institute of Physics Conference Report (New York: American
Institute of Physics).
Cordes JM, Rickett BJ. 1998. Diffractive Interstellar Scintillation Timescales and
Velocities. ApJ. 507:846-860
Cunha K, Lambert DL. 1994. Chemical evolution of the Orion association. 2: The
carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, and iron abundances of main-sequence B stars. ApJ.
426:170-191
Cutler DJ, Groom DE. 1991. Mayflower Mine 1500 GV detector - Cosmic-ray anisotropy
and search for Cygnus X-3. ApJ. 376:322-334
de Avillez MA, Mac Low M-M. 2002. ApJ. Mixing Timescales in a Supernova-driven
Interstellar Medium. 581:1047-1060
Decamp N, Le Bourlot J. 2002. Interstellar turbulent velocity fields: Scaling properties,
synthesis and effects on chemistry. A&A. 389:1055-1067
Deharveng L, Pena M, Caplan J, Costero R. 2000. Oxygen and helium abundances in
Galactic HII regions - II. Abundance gradients. MNRAS. 311:329-345
Desai KM, et al. 1992. A speckle hologram of the interstellar plasma. ApJ. 393:L75-L78
Desai KM, Fey AL. 2001. Anisotropic Interstellar Scattering toward the Cygnus Region.
ApJS. 133:395-411
Dolginov AZ, Silant'ev NA. 1990. Diffusion and acceleration of charged particles in a
compressible turbulent medium. A&A. 236:519-526
Dopazo C. 1994. Recent developments in pdf methods. In Turbulent Reacting Flows, ed.
PA Libby, FA Williams pp. 375-473. New York:Academic Press
Dopazo C, Valino L, Fueyo N. 1997. Statistical description of the turbulent mixing of
scalar fields. Intern. J. Mod. Phys. B. 11:2975-3014
Doty SD, van Dishoeck EF, van der Tak FFS, Boonman AMS. 2002. Chemistry as a
probe of the structures and evolution of massive star-forming regions. A&A. 389. 446463
Draine BT. 1985. Grain evolution in dark clouds. In Protostars and Planets II. ed. D.
Black, M. Mathews. pp. 621-640. Tucson: Univ. Ariz. Press
Draine BT, Katz N. 1986. Magnetohydrodynamic shocks in diffuse clouds. II. Production
of CH+, OH, CH, and other species. ApJ. 310:392-407
Droge, W. 1994. Transport of solar energetic particles. ApJS. 90:567-576
Drury LO'C, Ellison DE, Aharonian FA, Berezhko E, Bykov A, Decourchelle A, Diehl
R, Meynet G, Parizot E, Raymond J, Reynolds S, Spangler S. 2001. Test of galactic
cosmic-ray source models - Working Group Report. Space Sci. Rev. 99:329-352
Duffy P, Kirk JG, Gallant YA, Dendy RO. 1995. Anomalous transport and particle
acceleration at shocks. A&A. 302:L21-L24
Edmunds MG. 1975. Is the galactic disk well mixed. Ap&SS. 32:483-491
Edvardsson B, Andersen J, Gustafsson B, Lambert DL, Nissen PE, Tomkin J. 1993. The
Chemical Evolution of the Galactic Disk - Part One - Analysis and Results. A&A.
275:101-152
Elitzur M, Watson WD. 1980. Interstellar shocks and molecular CH/+/ in diffuse clouds.
ApJ. 236:172-181
Elliot FW, Majda AJ. 1996. Pair dispersion over an inertial range spanning many
decades. Phys. Fluids. 8:1052-1060
Ellison DC, Baring MG, Jones FC. 1995. Acceleration Rates and Injection Efficiencies in
Oblique Shocks. ApJ. 453:873-882
Elmegreen BG. 1998. Small-Scale Mixing of the Elements. In Abundance Profiles:
Diagnostic Tools for Galaxy History, ASP Conf. Ser. Vol. 147. ed. D Friedli, MG
Edmunds, C Robert, L Drissen. pp. 278-286.
Engelmann JJ, Ferrando P, Soutoul A, Goret P, Juliusson E. 1990. Charge composition
and energy spectra of cosmic-ray nuclei for elements from Be to NI - Results from
HEAO-3-C2. A&A. 233:96-111
Erlykin AD, Lagutin AA, Wolfendale AW. 2003. Properties of the interstellar medium
and the propagation of cosmic rays in the Galaxy. Astrophys. Particles, 19:351-362
Falgarone E, Puget J-L. 1995. Intermittency of turbulence in interstellar clouds:
implications for the gas temperature and decoupling of heavy particles from the gas
motions. A&A. 293:840-852
Falgarone E, Pineau des Forets G, Roueff E. 1995. Chemical signatures of the
intermittency of turbulence in low density interstellar clouds. A&A. 300:870-880
Falkovich G, Gawedzki K, Vergassola M. 2001. Particles and fields in fluid turbulence.
Rev. Mod. Phys. 73:913-976
Fedorov YuI, Kats MF, Kichatinov LL, Stehlik M. 1992. Cosmic-ray kinetics in a
random anisotropic reflective non-invariant magnetic field. A&A. 260:499-509
Felice GM, Kulsrud RM, 2001. Cosmic-Ray Pitch-Angle Scattering through 90. ApJ.
553:198-210
Feltzing S, Gonzalez G. 2001. The nature of super-metal-rich stars. Detailed abundance
analysis of 8 super-metal-rich star candidates. A&A. 367:253-265
Fermi E. 1949. On the Origin of the Cosmic Radiation. Phys. Rev. 75:1169-1174
Fermi E. 1954. Galactic Magnetic Fields and the Origin of Cosmic Radiation. ApJ.
119:1-6
Ferrara A, Pettini M, Shchekinov Y. 2000. Mixing metals in the early Universe.
MNRAS. 319:539-548
Ferrari A, Masani A. 1985. Interstellar and intracluster tunnels - Acceleration of cosmic
rays above $10^{15$ eV. A&A. 152:205-212
Fessler, JR, Kulick JD, Eaton JK 1994. Preferential concentration of heavy particles in a
turbulent channel flow. {|it Phys.Fluids 6:3742-3749
Fiedler, et al. 1987. Daily observations of compact extragalactic radio sources at 2695
and 8085 MHz, 1979-1985. ApJS. 65:319-384
Fiedler R, Dennison B, Johnston KJ, Waltman EB, Simon RS. 1994. A summary of
extreme scattering events and a descriptive model. ApJ. 430:581-594
Fields BD, Turan JW, Cowan JJ. 2002. A Simple Model for r-Process Scatter and Halo
Evolution. ApJ. 575:845-854
Fisk LA. 1976. Solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays. IV - Latitude-dependent
modulation. JGR. 81:4633-4650
Flower DR, Pineau des Forets G. 1998. C-type shocks in the interstellar medium: profiles
of CH$^+$ and CH absorption lines. MNRAS. 297:1182-1188
Foote EA, Kulsrud RM. 1979. Hydromagnetic waves in high Beta plasmas. ApJ.
233:302-316
Fosalba P, Lazarian A, Prunet S, Tauber JA. 2002. Statistical Properties of Galactic
Starlight Polarization. ApJ. 564:762-772
Friel ED, Boesgaard AM. 1992. Chemical composition of open clusters. III - Iron and
carbon in F dwarfs in Coma, Praesepe, and M67. ApJ. 387:170-180
Frail DA, Diamond PJ, Cordes JM, van Langevelde HJ. 1994. Anisotropic scattering of
OH/IR stars toward the Galactic center. ApJ. 427:L43-L46
Frisch U. 1995. Turbulence. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 296
Fung JCH, Vassilicos JC. 1998. Two-particle dispersion in turbulent-like flows. Phys.
Rev. E. 57:1677-1690
Garnett DR, Kobulnicky HA. 2000. Distance Dependence in the Solar Neighborhood
Age-Metallicity Relation. ApJ. 532:1192-1196
Gerola H, Glassgold AE. 1978. Molecular evolution of contracting clouds - Basic
methods and initial results. ApJS. 37:1-25
Getmantsev GG. 1963. On the Isotropy of Primary Cosmic Rays. Sov. Astron. 6:477-479
Giacalone J, Jokipii JR. 1999. The Transport of Cosmic Rays across a Turbulent
Magnetic Field. ApJ. 520:204-214
Ginzburg V, Syrovatskii SI. 1964. The Origin of Cosmic Rays, trans. HSH Massey, D ter
Haar. New York: MacMillan
Goldstein ML, Roberts DA, Matthaeus WH. 1995. Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence In
The Solar Wind. ARAA. 33:283-326
Gredel R. 1997. Interstellar CH$^+$ in southern OB associations. A&A. 320:929-944
Gredel R. 1999. Interstellar C$_2$ absorption lines towards CH+ forming regions. A&A.
351:657-668
Gredel R, Pineau des For${\hat {\rm e$ts G, Federman SR. 2002. Interstellar CN toward
CH+-forming regions. A&A. 389:993-1014
Gupta Y. 1995. On the Correlation between Proper Motion Velocities and Scintillation
Velocities of Radio Pulsars. ApJ. 451:717-723
Gupta Y, Bhat NDR, Rao AP. 1999. Multiple Imaging of PSR B1133+16 by the
Interstellar Medium. ApJ. 520:173-181
Hasselmann K, Wibberenz G. 1968. Scattering of Charged Particles by Random
Electromagnetic Fields. Zs. f. Geophys. 34:353-388
Hall DE, Sturrock PA. 1967. Diffusion, scattering and acceleration of particles by
stochastic electromagnetic fields. Phys. Fluids. 10:2620-2628
Hall AN. 1980. On the origin of long time-scale pulsar scintillations - I. cosmic ray
streaming or the mirror instability? MNRAS. 190:353-369
Harrison PA, Lyne AG. 1993. Pulsar Velocities and the Scaleheight of Scattering in the
Galaxy. MNRAS. 265:778-780
Heiles C. 1996. A Comprehensive View of the Galactic Magnetic Field, Especially near
the Sun. In ASP Conf. Ser. 97, Polarimetry of the Interstellar Medium. ed. WG Roberge,
DCB Whittet. pp.457-474. San Francisco:ASP
Henry RRC, Worthey G. 1999. The Distribution of Heavy Elements in Spiral and
Elliptical Galaxies. PASP. 111:919-945
Herbst E. 1999. Chemical Processes in Interstellar Space. In Millimeter Wave
Astronomy: Molecular Physics. in Space. ed. WF Wall, A Carraminana, L Carrasco. pp.
341-354. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Herr S, Wang L-P, Collins LR. 1996. EDQNM model of a passive scalar with a uniform
mean gradient. Phys. Fluids. 8:1588-1608
Hewish A. 1980. Frequency-time structure of pulsar scintillation. MNRAS. 192:799-804
Hewish A. 1992. Pulsar scintillation as a physical tool. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London.
A341:167-176
Higdon JC, Lingenfelter RE. 2003. The Myriad-Source Model of Cosmic Rays. I. Steady
State Age and Path Length Distributions. ApJ. 582:330-341
Hill AS, Stinebring DR, Barnor HA, Berwick DE, Webber AB. 2003. Pulsar scintillation
arcs. I. frequency dependence. ApJ. 599:457-64
Holman GD, Ionson JA, Scott JS. 1979. Particle streaming - Is the Alfven velocity the
ultimate speed limit. ApJ. 228:576-581
Hollenbach DJ, McKee C. 1979. Molecule formation and infrared emission in fast
interstellar shocks. I. Physical processes. ApJS. 41:555-592
Hollenbach D, McKee CF. 1989. Molecule formation and infrared emission in fast
interstellar shocks. III - Results for J shocks in molecular clouds. ApJ. 342:306-336
Hollenbach DJ, Tielens AGGM. 1999. Photodissociation regions in the interstellar
medium of galaxies. Rev. Mod. Phys. 71:173-230
Hou JL, Prantzos N, Boissier S. 2000. Abundance gradients and their evolution in the
Milky Way disk. A&A. 362:921-936.
Howe JE, Ashby MLN, Bergin EA, Chin G, Erickson NR, et al. 2000. Extended [C I] and
13CO (5$\rightarrow$4) Emission in M17SW. ApJ. 539:L137-L141
Jokipii JR. 1966. Cosmic-Ray Propagation. I. Charged Particles in a Random Magnetic
Field. ApJ. 146:480-487
Jokipii JR. 1987. Rate of energy gain and maximum energy in diffusive shock
acceleration. ApJ. 313:842-846
Jokipii JR. 2001. Acceleration and Transport of Energetic Charged Particles in Space.
Ap&SS. 277:15-26
Jokipii JR, Parker EN. 1969. Stochastic Aspects of Magnetic Lines of Force with
Application to Cosmic-Ray Propagation. ApJ. 155:777-798
Jones FC, Lukasiak A, Ptuskin V, Webber W. 2001. The Modified Weighted Slab
Technique: Models and Results. ApJ. 547:264-271
Joulain K, Falgarone E, Pineau des Forets G, Flower, D. 1998. Non-equilibrium
chemistry in the dissipative structures of interstellar turbulence. A&A. 340:241-256
Jullien M-C, Castiglione P, Tabeling P. 2000. Experimental Observation of Batchelor
Dispersion of Passive Tracers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85:3636-3639
Kang H, Jones TW, Gieseler UDJ. 2002. Numerical studies of cosmic-ray injection and
acceleration. ApJ. 579:337-358
Kato TN, Takahara F. 2003. Probabilistic description of the first-order Fermi acceleration
in shock waves: time-dependent solution by the single-particle approach. MNRAS.
342:639-650
Kaufman M. 1975. Chemical evolution of the galaxy during its contraction. Ap&SS.
33:265-293
Kennicutt RC Jr, Garnett DR. 1996. The Composition Gradient in M101 Revisited. I. H
II Region Spectra and Excitation Properties. ApJ. 456:504-518
Kirk JG, Duffy P, Gallant YA. 1996. Stochastic particle acceleration at shocks in the
presence of braided magnetic fields. A&A. 314:1010-1016
Klepach, EG, Ptuskin VS, Zirakashvili VN. 2000. Cosmic ray acceleration by multiple
spherical shocks. Astroparticle Phys. 13:161-172
Klessen RS, Lin DN. 2003. Diffusion in supersonic turbulent compressible flows. Phys.
Rev. E. 67:046311-046311-10
Kobayakawa K, Honda YS, Samura T. 2002. Acceleration by oblique shocks at
supernova remnants and cosmic ray spectra around the knee region. Phys. Rev. D.
66:083004-083004-11
Korpi MJ, Brandenburg A, Shukurov A, Tuominen I. 1999. Evolution of a superbubble in
a turbulent, multi-phased and magnetized ISM. A&A. 350:230-239
Kota J, Jokipii JR. 2000. Velocity Correlation and the Spatial Diffusion Coefficients of
Cosmic Rays: Compound Diffusion. ApJ. 531:1067-1070
Koyama K, Petre R, Grtthelf EV, Hwang U, Matsuura M, Ozaki M, Holt SS. 1995.
Evidence for Shock Acceleration of High-Energy Electrons in the Supernova Remnant
SN:1006. Nature 378:255-258
Kramer C, Alves J, Lada CJ, Lada EA, Sievers A, Ungerechts H, Walmsley CM. 1999.
Depletion of CO in a cold dense cloud core of IC 5146. A&A. 342:257-270
Krymsky GF. 1977. A regular mechanism for accelerating charged particles at the shock
front. Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 243:1306-1308
Kulsrud R, Pearce WP. 1969. The Effect of Wave-Particle Interactions on the
Propagation of Cosmic Rays. ApJ. 156:445-470
Kulsrud RM, Ferrari A. 1978. The Relativistic Quasilinear Theory of Particle
Acceleration by Hydromagnetic Turbulence. Ap. Sp. Sci. 12:302-318
LaBrecque DR, Rankin JM, Cordes JM. 1994. Long-term intensity variations of 20
pulsars. AJ. 108:1854-1859
Lambert HC, Rickett BJ. 2000. Radio Scintillation due to Discontinuities in the
Interstellar Plasma Density. ApJ. 531:883-901
Langer WD, van Dishoeck EF, Bergin EA, Blake GA, Tielens AGGM, Velusamy T,
Whittet DCB. 2000. Chemical Evolution of Protostellar Matter. In Protostars & Planets
IV. ed. VG Mannings, S Russell. pp. 29-58. Tucson: Univ. of Arizona Press.
Lazarian A, Vishniac ET. 1999. Reconnection in a Weakly Stochastic Field. ApJ.
517:700-718
Lazio TJW, Cordes JM. 1998a. Hyperstrong Radio-Wave Scattering in the Galactic
Center. II. A Likelihood Analysis of Free Electrons in the Galactic Center. ApJ. 505:715731
Lazio TJW, Cordes JM. 1998b. The Radial Extent and Warp of the Ionized Galactic
Disk. II. A Likelihood Analysis of Radio-Wave Scattering toward the Anticenter. ApJ.
497:238-252
Lazio TJW, et al. 2000. The Extreme Scattering Event toward PKS 1741-038: VLBI
Images. ApJ. 534:706-717
Lee LC, Jokipii JR. 1975a. Strong scintillations in astrophysics. I - The Markov
approximation, its validity and application to angular broadening. ApJ. 196:695-707
Lee LC, Jokipii JR. 1975b. Strong scintillations in astrophysics. II - A theory of temporal
broadening of pulses. ApJ. 201:532-543
Lee LC, Jokipii JR. 1975c. Strong scintillations in astrophysics. III - The fluctuations in
intensity. ApJ. 202:439-453
Lee LC, Jokipii JR. 1976. The irregularity spectrum in interstellar space. ApJ. 206:735743
Lee MA, Volk HJ. 1975. Hydromagnetic waves and cosmic-ray diffusion theory. ApJ.
198:485-492
Lerche I. 1966. The Relativistic Gardenhose Instability. ApJ. 145:806-810
Lerche I. 1967. Unstable Magnetosonic Waves in a Relativistic Plasma. ApJ. 147:689696
Lerche I, Schlickeiser R. 2001. Cosmic ray transport in anisotropic
magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. I. Fast magnetosonic waves. A&A. 378:279-294
le Roux JA, Zank GP, Milano LJ, Matthaeus WH. 2002. A Quasi-linear Kinetic Theory
for Charged-Particle Transport in Two-dimensional Turbulence. ApJ. 567:155-L158
Lesieur M. 1990. Turbulence in Fluids. Dordrecht:Kluwer. pp. 412
Lewellen WS. 1977. Handbook of Turbulence. ed. W Frost, TH Moulden. pp. 237-280.
New York:Plenum Press
Lo KY, Backer DC, Kellermann KI, Reid M, Zhao JH, Goss WM, Moran JM. 1993.
High-resolution VLBA imaging of the radio source SGR A* at the Galactic Centre.
Nature. 362:38-40
Lopez C, Puglisi A. 2003. Continuum description of finite-size particles advected by
chaotic flows. The effect of collisions. nlin.CD/0307012.
Lovelace RVE, Salpeter EE, Sharp LE, Harris DE. 1970. Analysis of Observations of
Interplanetary Scintillations. ApJ. 159:1047-1055
Lu JY, Zank GP, Rankin R, Marchand R. 2002. The Transport of Charged Particles in a
Flowing Medium. ApJ. 576:574-586
Lucas R, Liszt HS. 1997. Millimeter-wave observations of diffuse clouds. In Molecules
in Astrophysics: Probes and Processes. IAU Symp. 178. ed. EF van Dishoeck. pp. 421430. Leiden: Kluwer
Luck RE, Gieren WP, Andrievsky SM, Kovtyukh VV, Fouque P, Pont F, Kienzle F.
2003. The galactic abundance gradient from Cepheids. IV. New results for the outer disc.
A&A. 401:939-949
Markiewicz WJ, Mizuno H, Volk HJ. 1991. Turbulence induced relative velocity
between two grains. A&A. 242:286-289
Marscher AP, Moore EM, Bania, TM. 1993. Detection of AU-scale structure in
molecular clouds. ApJ. 419:L101-L104
Matthaeus WH, Goldstein ML, Roberts DA. 1990. Evidence for the presence of quasitwo-dimensional nearly incompressible fluctuations in the solar wind. J. Geophys. Res.
95:20673-20683
McComb WD. 1990. Physics of Fluid Turbulence. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 572
Meyer DM, Jura M, Cardelli JA. 1998. The Definitive Abundance of Interstellar Oxygen.
ApJ. 493:222-229
Michalek G, Ostrowski M. 1998. On the cosmic ray cross field diffusion in the presence
of oblique MHD waves. A&A. 337:558-564
Miller JA. 1997. Electron Acceleration in Solar Flares by Fast Mode Waves: Quasi-linear
Theory and Pitch-Angle Scattering. ApJ. 491:939-951
Minter AH, Spangler SR. 1997. Heating of the Interstellar Diffuse Ionized Gas via the
Dissipation of Turbulence. ApJ. 485:182-194
Moore AP, Marscher AP. 1995. Observational probes of the small-scale structure of
molecular clouds. ApJ. 452:671-679
Moos HW, Sembach KR, Vidal-Madjar A, York DG, Friedman SD, et al. 2002.
Abundances of Deuterium, Nitrogen, and Oxygen in the Local Interstellar Medium:
Overview of First Results from the FUSE Mission. ApJS. 140:3-17
Munakata K, et al. 1997. Large-scale anisotropy of the cosmic-ray muon flux in
Kamiokande. Physics Rev D. 56:23-26
Nejad LAM, Wagenblast R. 1999. Time dependent chemical models of spherical dark
clouds. A&A. 350:204-229
Nicolleau F, Vassilicos JC. 2003. Turbulent Pair Diffusion. Phys.Rev.Letts. 90:024503024503-4
Nicholson DR. 1983. Introduction to Plasma Theory. Wiley:New York
O'Brien EE. 1980. The probability density function (pdf) approach to reacting turbulent
flows. In Turbulent Reacting Flows. ed. PA Libby, FA Williams. pp. 185-218. New
York: Springer-Verlag
Oey MS. 2000. A New Look at Simple Inhomogeneous Chemical Evolution. ApJ.
542:L25-L28
Oey MS. 2003. The number and metallicities of the most metal-poor stars. MNRAS.
339:849-860
Olszewski EW, Schommer RA, Suntzeff NB, Harris HC. 1991. Spectroscopy of giants in
LMC clusters. I - Velocities, abundances, and the age-metallicity relation. AJ. 101:515537
Ostrowski M. 1994. Efficiency of the second-order Fermi acceleration at parallel shock
waves. A&A. 283:344-348
Otsuka F, Hada T. 2003. Cross Field Diffusion of Cosmic Rays in a Two-Dimensional
Magnetic Field Turbulence. Space Sci. Rev. 107:499-502
Padoan P, Zweibel E, Nordlund A. 2000. Ambipolar drift heating in turbulent molecular
clouds. ApJ. 540:332-341
Pan K, Federman SR, Welty DE. 2001. Density variations over subparsec scales in
diffuse molecular gas. ApJ. 558:L105-L108
Parker EN. 1964. The Scattering of Charged Particles by Magnetic Irregularities. J.
Geophys. Res. 69:1755-1758
Paulson DB, Sneden C, Cochran WD. 2003. Searching for Planets in the Hyades. IV.
Differential Abundance Analysis of Hyades Dwarfs. AJ. 125:3185-3195
Pavlovski G, Smith MD, Mac Low M-M, Rosen A. 2002. Hydrodynamical simulations
of the decay of high-speed molecular turbulence - I. Dense molecular regions. MNRAS.
337:477-487
Phillips TG, Huggins PJ. 1981. Abundance of atomic carbon CI in dense interstellar
clouds. ApJ. 251:533-540
Pijpers FP. 1997. The residence time of dust grains in turbulent molecular clouds. A&A.
325:300-304
Piterbarg LI, Ostrovskii AG. 1997. Advection and Diffusion in Random Media.
Dordrecht: Kluwer
Pope SB. 1994. Lagrangian pdf methods for turbulent flows. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech.
26:23-63
Pope SB. 2000. Turbulent Flows. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Prasad SS, Huntress WT. 1980. A model for gas phase chemistry in interstellar clouds. II
- Nonequilibrium effects and effects of temperature and activation energies. ApJ.
239:151-165
Prasad SS, Heere KR, Tarafdar SP. 1991. Dynamical evolution and molecular
abundances of interstellar clouds. ApJ. 373:123-136
Pryadko JM, Petrosian V. 1997. Stochastic Acceleration of Low-Energy Electrons in
Cold Plasmas. ApJ. 482:774-781
Ptuskin VS. 1988. Cosmic-Ray Acceleration by Long-Wave Turbulence. Sov. Astron.
Lett. 14:255-257
Ptuskin VS, 2001. Propagation, Confinement Models, and Large-Scale Dynamical
Effects of Galactic Cosmic Rays. Space Sci. Rev. 99:281-293
Ptuskin VS, Volk HJ, Zirakashvili VN, Breitschwerdt D. 1997. Transport of relativistic
nucleons in a galactic wind driven by cosmic rays.. A&A. 321:434-443
Ptuskin VS, Soutoul A. 1998. Decaying cosmic ray nuclei in the local interstellar
medium. A&A. 337:859-865
Qin G, Matthaeus WH, Bieber JW. 2002. Perpendicular Transport of Charged Particles in
Composite Model Turbulence: Recovery of Diffusion. ApJ. 578:L117-L120
Quillen AC. 2002. Using a Hipparcos-derived Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram to Limit the
Metallicity Scatter of Stars in the Hyades: Are Stars Polluted? AJ. 124:400-403
Ragot BR. 1998. Transport of Dust Grains in Turbulent Molecular Clouds. ApJ. 498:757762
Ragot BR. 1999. Nongyroresonant Pitch Angle Scattering. ApJ. 518:974-984
Ragot BR. 2000. Parallel Mean Free Path of Solar Cosmic Rays. ApJ. 536:455-464
Ragot BR. 2001. Magnetic Field Line Wandering and Shock-Front Acceleration:
Application to the Radio Emission of SN 1987A. ApJ. 547:1010-1023
Rand RJ, Kulkarni SR. 1989. The local Galactic magnetic field. ApJ. 343:760-772
Reddy BE, Tomkin J, Lambert DL, Allende Prieto C. 2003. The chemical compositions
of Galactic disc F and G dwarfs. MNRAS. 340:304-340
Reeves H. 1972. Spatial inhomogeneities of nucleosynthesis. A&A. 19:215-223
Richardson LF. 1926. Atmospheric diffusion shown on a distance-neighbor graph. Proc.
R. Soc. London A. 110:709-737
Rickett BJ. 1977. Interstellar scattering and scintillation of radio waves. ARAA. 15:479504
Rickett BJ. 1990. Radio propagation through the turbulent interstellar plasma. ARAA
28:561-605
Rickett BJ, Coles WA, Bourgois G. 1984. Slow scintillation in the interstellar medium.
A&A. 134:390-395
Rickett BJ, Lyne AG, Gupta Y. 1997. Interstellar Fringes from Pulsar B0834+06.
MNRAS. 287:739-752
Rickett BJ, Kedziora-Chudczer L, Jauncey DL. 2002. Interstellar Scintillation of the
Polarized Flux Density in Quasar PKS 0405-385. ApJ. 581:103-126
Roberts H, Herbst E. 2002. The abundance of gaseous H$_2$O and O$_2$ in cores of
dense interstellar clouds. A&A. 395:233-242
Rocha-Pinto J, Maciel WJ, Scalo J, Flynn C. 2000a. Chemical enrichment and star
formation in the Milky Way disk. I. Sample description and chromospheric agemetallicity relation. A&A. 358:850-868
Rolleston WRJ, Dufton PL, Fitzsimmons A. 1994. The chemical composition at a
galactocentric distance of 13 kpc. A&A. 284:72-81
Rolleston WRJ, Smartt SJ, Dufton PL, Ryans RSI. 2000. The Galactic metallicity
gradient. A&A. 363:537-554
Rollinde E, Boisse P, Federman SR, Pan K. 2003. Small scale structure in molecular gas
from multi-epoch observations of HD 34078. A&A. 401:215-226
Romani RW, Narayan R, Blandford R. 1986. Refractive effects in pulsar scintillation.
MNRAS. 220:19-49
Romani RW, Blandford R, Cordes JM. 1987. Radio caustics from localized interstellar
medium plasma structures. Nature. 328:324-326
Roy J-R, Kunth D. 1995. Dispersal and mixing of oxygen in the interstellar medium of
gas-rich galaxies. A&A. 294:432-442
Salpeter EE. 1969. Pulsar amplitude variations. Nature 221:31-33
Scalo JM. 1977. Grain size control in dense interstellar clouds . A&A. 55:253-260
Schlickeiser R. 1989. Cosmic-ray transport and acceleration. I - Derivation of the kinetic
equation and application to cosmic rays in static cold media. II - Cosmic rays in moving
cold media with application to diffusive shock wave acceleration. ApJ. 336:243-293
Schlickeiser R. 1994. Cosmic-ray transport and acceleration. ApJS. 90:93629
Schlickeiser R. 2002. Cosmic Ray Astrophysics. Berlin:Springer-Verlag. pp. 519
Schlickeiser R, Campeanu A, Lerche L. 1993. Stochastic particle acceleration at parallel
astrophysical shock waves. A&A. 276:614-624
Schlickeiser R, Miller JA. 1998. Quasi-linear Theory of Cosmic-Ray Transport and
Acceleration: The Role of Oblique Magnetohydrodynamic Waves and Transit-Time
Damping. ApJ. 492:352-378
Schlickeiser R, Vainio R. 1999. Recent Developments in Quasilinear Cosmic Ray
Particle Acceleration Theories. Ap.Sp.Sci. 264:457-469
Schneider P. 1993. Diffusive particle acceleration by an ensemble of shock waves. A&A.
278:315-327
Scott JS, Chevalier RA. 1975. Cosmic-ray production in the Cassiopeia A supernova
remnant. ApJ. 197:L5-L8
Shematovich VI, Wiebe DS, Shustov BM, Li, Z-Y. 2003. A Coupled Dynamical and
Chemical Model of Starless Cores of Magnetized Molecular Clouds. II. Chemical
Differentiation. ApJ. 588:894-909
Shishov VI, Smirnova TV, Sieber W, Malofeev VM, Potapov VA, Stinebring D, Kramer
M, Jessner A, Wielebinski R. 2003. Measurements of the interstellar turbulent plasma
spectrum of PSR B0329+54 using multi-frequency observations of interstellar
scintillation. A&A. 404:557-567
Shraiman BI, Siggia ED. 2000. Scalar turbulence. Nature. 405:639-646
Sieber W. 1982. Causal relationship between pulsar long-term intensity variations and the
interstellar medium. A&A. 113:311-313
Sigurgeirsson H, Stuart AM. 2002. A model for preferential concentration. Phys.Fluids
14:4352-4361
Silich SA, Tenorio-Tagle G, Terlevich R, Terlevich E, Netzer H. 2001. Evolution of the
X-ray luminosity and metallicity of starburst blown superbubbles. MNRAS. 324:191-200
Simonetti JM. 1992. Faraday rotation measure irregularities through the supernova
remnant CTA 1 - A site of enhanced interstellar plasma turbulence. ApJ. 386:170-180
Simpson JA, Garcia-Munoz M. 1988. Cosmic-ray lifetime in the Galaxy - Experimental
results and models. Sp.Sci.Rev. 46:205-224
Skilling J. 1975. Cosmic ray streaming. II - Effect of particles on Alfven waves.
MNRAS. 173:245-254
Slavin JD, Shull JM, Begelman MC. 1993. Turbulent mixing layers in the interstellar
medium of galaxies. ApJ. 407:83-99
Spaans M. 1996. Monte Carlo models of the physical and chemical properties of
inhomogeneous interstellar clouds. A&A. 307:271-287
Spangler SR. 1991. The dissipation of magnetohydrodynamic turbulence responsible for
interstellar scintillation and the heating of the interstellar medium. ApJ. 376:540-555
Spangler SR, Mutel RL, Benson JM, Cordes JM. 1986. Interstellar scattering of compact
radio sources near supernova remnants. ApJ. 301:312-319
Spangler SR, Gwinn CR. 1990. Evidence for an inner scale to the density turbulence in
the interstellar medium. ApJ. 353:L29-L32
Spangler SR, Cordes JM. 1998. VLBI Measurements of Plasma Turbulence Associated
with the Cygnus OB1 Association. ApJ. 505:766-783
Stanimirovic S, Weisberg JM, Dickey JM, de la Fuente A, Devine K, Hedden A,
Anderson SB. 2003. Detection of OH absorption against PSR B1849+00. ApJ. 592:953963
Stantcheva T, Herbst E. 2003. Deuterium fractionation on interstellar grains studied with
the direct master equation approach. MNRAS. 340:983-988
Stinebring DR, Condon JJ. 1990. Pulsar flux stability and refractive interstellar
scintillation. ApJ. 352:207-221
Stinebring DR, Smirnova TV, Hankins TH, Hovis JS, Kaspi VM, Kempner JC, Myers E,
Nice DJ. 2000. Five Years of Pulsar Flux Density Monitoring: Refractive Scintillation
and the Interstellar Medium. ApJ. 539:300-316
Stinebring DR, McLaughlin MA, Cordes JM, Becker KM, Espinoza Goodman JE,
Kramer MA, Sheckard JL, Smith CT 2001. Faint Scattering Around Pulsars: Probing the
Interstellar Medium on Solar System Size Scales. ApJ. 549:L97-L100
Strong AW, Moskalenko IV. 1998. Propagation of Cosmic-Ray Nucleons in the Galaxy.
ApJ. 509:212-228
Tademaru E. 1969. Plasma Instabilities of Streaming Cosmic Rays. ApJ. 158:959-979
Taillet R, Maurin D. 2003. Spatial origin of Galactic cosmic rays in diffusion models. I.
Standard sources in the Galactic disk. A&A. 402:971-983
Taylor GI. 1921. The hardness of solid solutions. Proc. London Math. Soc. 20:196-202
Tenorio-Tagle G. 1996. Interstellar Matter Hydrodynamics and the Dispersal and Mixing
of Heavy Elements. AJ. 111:1641-1650
Teufel A, Lerche I, Schlickeiser R. 2003. Cosmic ray transport in anisotropic
magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. II. Shear Alfven waves. A&A. 397:777-788
Thuan TX, Izotov YI, Lipovetsky VA. 1995. Heavy element abundances in a new sample
of low-metallicity blue compact galaxies. ApJ. 445:108-123
Tielens AGGM, Hollenbach D. 1985. Photodissociation regions. I - Basic model. II - A
model for the Orion photodissociation region. ApJ. 291:722-754
Trotter AS, Moran JM, Rodriguez LF. 1998. Anisotropic Radio Scattering of NGC
6334B. ApJ. 493:666-679
Tsap YT. 2000. On the Cascading Acceleration of the Quasi-Thermal Electrons by mhd
Turbulence in Solar Flares. Solar Phys. 194:131-136
Tu CY, Marsch E, Thieme KM. 1989. Basic properties of solar wind MHD turbulence
near 0.3 AU analyzed by means of Elsaesser variables. J. Geophys. Res. 94:11739-11759
Turner BE, Herbst E, Terzieva R. 2000. The Physics and Chemistry of Small Translucent
Molecular Clouds. XIII. The Basic Hydrocarbon Chemistry. ApJS. 126:427-460
Twarog BA, Ashman KM, Anthony-Twarog BA. 1997. Some Revised Observational
Constraints on the Formation and Evolution of the Galactic Disk. AJ. 114:2556-2585
van Dishoeck EF, Hogerheijde MR. 1999. Models and Observations of the Chemistry
Near Young Stellar Objects. In The Origin of Stars and Planetary Systems, ed. CJ Lada,
ND Kylafis. pp. 97-140 Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Vainio R, Schlickeiser R. 1998. Alfven wave transmission and particle acceleration in
parallel shock waves. A&A. 331:793-799
Volk HJ, Jones FC, Morfill GE, Roser S. 1980. Collisions between grains in a turbulent
gas. A&A. 85:316-325
Walker M, Wardle M. 1998. Extreme Scattering Events and Galactic Dark Matter. ApJ.
498:L125-L128
Warhaft Z. 2000. Passive Scalars in Turbulent Flows. Ann. Rev. Fluid. Mech. 32:203240
Webb GM, Ko CM, Zank GP, Jokipii JR. 2003. Diffusive-Compression Acceleration and
Turbulent Diffusion of Cosmic Rays in Quasi-periodic and Turbulent Flows. ApJ.
595:195-226
Wentzel DG. 1968a. Hydromagnetic Waves Excited by Slowly Streaming Cosmic Rays.
ApJ. 152:987-996
Wentzel DG. 1968b. The Growth Rate of the Interstellar Garden-Hose Instability due to
Cosmic Rays. ApJ. 153:331-334
Wentzel DG. 1969a. The Propagation and Anisotropy of Cosmic Rays. I. Theory for
Steady Streaming. ApJ. 156:303-314
Wentzel DG. 1974. Cosmic-ray propagation in the Galaxy - Collective effects. ARAA.
12:71-96
Wielen R, Fuchs B, Dettbarn C. 1996. On the birth-place of the Sun and the places of
formation of other nearby stars. A&A. 314:438-447
Wilkinson PN, Narayan R, Spencer RE. 1994. The Scatter-Broadened Image of
CYGNUS-X-3. MNRAS. 269:67-88
Willacy K, Langer WD, Allen M. 2002. H I: A Chemical Tracer of Turbulent Diffusion
in Molecular Clouds. ApJ. 573:L119-L122
Xie T, Allen M, Langer WD. 1995. Turbulent Diffusion and Its Effects on the Chemistry
of Molecular Clouds. ApJ. 440:674-685
Yan H, Lazarian A. 2002. Scattering of cosmic rays by magnetohydrodynamic interstellar
turbulence. Phys. Rev. Lett. 89:281102-281102-4
Yan H, Lazarian A. 2003a. Cosmic ray scattering by compressible
magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. preprint.
Yan H, Lazarian A. 2003b. Grain Acceleration by MHD Turbulence: Gyroresonance
Mechanism. 592:L33-6
Yanasak NE, Wiedenbeck ME, Mewaldt RA, Davis AJ, Cummings AC, George JS,
Leske RA, Stone EC, Christian ER, von Rosenvinge TT, et al. 2001. ApJ. 563:768-792
Yong D, Grundahl F, Lambert DL, Nissen PE, Shetrone MD. 2003. Mg isotope ratios in
giant stars of the globular cluster NGC 6752. A&A 402:985-1001
Zweibel EG, Ferriere KM, Shull JM. 1988. in Radio Wave Scattering in the Interstellar
Medium. American Institute of Physics Conference Report. pp. 70-73. New York:
American Institute of Physics