Industrial Growth and Water Pollution: Implications and
Challenges in Swaziland
By
Thulile. M. Zwane
University of Swaziland
December, 2003
Research in progress
Industrial Growth and Water Pollution: Implications and
Challenges on Swaziland
Introduction
Waste generation due to the expansion of industrial activity in Swaziland has a serious
negative impact on the water resource base. Rivers not far from the industries continue to
be seen dirty and contaminated and this results in the decline of the quality of the water.
This problem is persisting and cannot be ignored given that it can have a serious longterm impact on the national economy. Water like any other natural resource is most
important for the future of humans, animals and plants. It is essential for both
consumptive and non-consumptive uses.
The problem of water pollution is more evident in the Matsapha industrial site1 within the
Manzini urban area where the problem of urbanisation is visible and serious. A large
number of people migrate from the rural areas to urban areas in search for jobs. This is
perpetuated by the growth of industries in the urban centres. However, the rural–urban
migration is a problem in itself. It leads to unplanned settlements in the cities,
accompanied by limitations such as poor sanitation. Consequently, waste is generated and
discharged by the residential activities and this ends up polluting the rivers nearby.
The Usushwana river 2 is the only river next to the industrial site. It continues to be
contaminated by the waste discharged by the various industries within the site. This
threatens the lives of downstream users. Agricultural activities (both crop production and
livestock farming) and domestic rural supplies depend largely on this river. Furthermore,
the river is the only inhabitant for some animals and plants along its course. Therefore,
failure to protect the river by reducing, controlling and preventing the pollution can lead
to the loss of the humans, animals and plants.
The government in collaboration with interested and affected parties and stakeholders is
faced with the task of finding urgent strict measures of controlling waste discharges
especially at source. Some environmental laws and regulations have been put into place;
however, the pollution is seen to be persisting. This is an indicator that the negligent
industries are not complying with these laws and regulations. They are faced with the
question of what the compliance will cost their businesses as profit maximisation is their
major goal.
The paper focuses on the activities of various industries in the Matsapha industrial site
located not far from Usushwana River. It investigates the effects of the pollution on the
activities of farmers and households located next to the river. A small case of interviews
with a number of industries in Matsapha and relevant ministries will also be carried out.
This will assist the researcher in critically analysing the effect of the present
1
2
Matsapha industrial site is the biggest industrial site in Swaziland.
Usushwana river is one of the major rivers in Swaziland.
environmental policy design and what the future holds for Swaziland given this
challenge.
Households downstream were visited and interviewed using open and closed-ended
questionnaires. Basically, they were asked about the problems they encounter resulting
from the use of the polluted water from the Usushwana River, and what they think should
be done to minimise the impact of industrial activity on the water resource.
Effects of water Pollution on Households
All interviewed households depend largely on the water from the Usushwana River
mainly for domestic purposes such as drinking and cooking. They have been using the
water for more than five (5) years. This period is long enough to compare the situation
today with that in the past successfully. Below is the distribution of the responses
presented in a table.
Table 1
Response by the respondents in Nhlambeni and Ngonini Communities
Decline in water quality
Better water quality in the past
Water treated before use
High and escalating water treatment
costs
Water affect health condition
Poor health results in no work and no
school
High and escalating medical costs
Recreational activities affected i.e.
swimming and fishing
Income generating projects effected
Government Aid
Non-Government Aid
Urgent action should be taken
Have the communities done
something
Frequency
Yes
30
30
20
30
Frequency
No
0
0
10
0
Percentage
Yes
100
100
66.7
100
Percentage
No
0
0
33.3
0
30
24
0
6
100
80
0
20
30
30
0
0
100
100
0
0
21
6
2
30
27
9
24
28
0
3
70
10
7
100
90
30
90
93
0
10
Source: Interviews with households in Ngonini and Nhlambeni communities
Water Quality
All respondents indicated that the quality of the water in the Usushwana River has
declined. The problem is worsening year after year since all respondents admitted that the
water quality was better in the past before the growth of the industrial activities upstream
in Matsapha. Today the situation is unbearable; toilet paper and other pollutants can be
seen floating on the water, and the water has a very bad smell. They further complained
that even the drinks and food they prepare smell of the dirty water.
Bathing and doing laundry using the water is very disappointing to all respondents, since
the water is also sticky. They have also noted that the water affects the quality and colour
of the clothes. They strongly feel it is no-longer safe and healthy to continue using the
water. The dirt in the river is now in piles due to that the water has lost velocity.
Water Treatment
66.7% of the respondents do treat the water before use. This is done by either boiling the
water or using Jik chemical that is sold in the community shops. All respondents
including the 33.3% indicated that although it helps to treat the water, the problem is the
cost associated with treating the water. 33.3% admitted that they do not treat the water
mainly because it is time consuming and very tiresome if the family size is big. Another
problem is that they cannot afford the amount to buy the Jik chemical since the prices are
escalating in the shops and their income is very low.
Health Status
All respondents in the two communities expressed concern for their health. They relate
some sicknesses to the polluted water since they fall sick immediately after using the
water from the river. The respondents have been in and out of hospitals, and one
respondent indicated that she and her daughter have just been discharged from hospital
due to polluted water related sicknesses. The water in-take leads to stomach aches and
diarrhoea cases. Respondents also complained of irritating itching skin rash that develops
after using the water. Feet infection is also a common problem when crossing the river
since there are no bridges in the areas.
All 30 respondents complained of the huge amounts of money they spend in the
hospitals, with the addition of the transport costs. 80% of the respondents indicated that
the period of time they spend away from school and work because of illness is too long
and unaccepted in some work places. As a result some respondents have lost their jobs,
and the performance of children at school is very poor due to the high rate of
absenteeism.
.
Recreational activities
All interviewees have raised concern about how the water has affected swimming and
fishing activities. They used to enjoy swimming in the river in the past, especially in hot
days. However, today there is no freedom to swimming since it is hazardous to their
health.
Fishing is still done, but the respondents indicated that they are not happy with the
quantity and quality of fish in the river. The fish is for home consumption and the surplus
is sold in the community local markets. The fish is sometimes seen dead floating on the
water as a result of the pollutants, thus the fish stock in the river is in decline. Some
respondents admitted that they do collect the dead fish for cooking despite the fact that
the fish is poisonous and not safe for their health. They admitted that sometimes they do
suffer from stomach aches after eating the fish. The fishing activity is continuing
although the residents complain that the fish fetch very low prices from the markets
because of their bad smell and bad taste.
Income-generating Projects
80% of the respondents pointed out that the polluted water has crippled a lot of incomegenerating projects in the communities. In the past, they used to supplement their income
with the money generated from pottery and mat making businesses. However, the
polluted water has destroyed the special type of grass and mud that was found in the
river. The remaining 20% of the respondents were not engaged in the above mentioned
businesses. However, they complained of the decline in the quality of river sand due to
the dirty and sticky water.
Government Aid
80% of the respondents denied that there had been any help from the government. They
admitted that they have in many occasions seen government officials visiting the river for
inspection, taking photos of the river, but nothing has been done yet. The other 20%
indicated that they do get help from the government through the Ministry of Health.
People from the Ministry sometimes provide their children with some medication and
educate them on how to take necessary precautions before using the polluted water.
All the respondents feel that the government is neglecting them. For instance, next to the
river a sewage plant is being constructed and this confirms the feelings of the
respondents. They fear this may worsen the situation as the dirt from the sewage works
will find its way into the river. They feel that if the government really cared about their
health she should have provided them with clean water before allowing the sewage plant
to be constructed.
Non-Government Aid
93% claim that there have not received any assistance from any of the non-governmental
organisations. However, 7% of the respondents claim that they do get financial assistance
from religious organisations. As a result, they are able to buy the Jik chemical for treating
the water and cover part of the medical costs.
Proposed Alternatives
All respondents strongly feel that they need clean water and bridges in their communities.
In an attempt to deal with the problem community members once approached one of the
major pollutants in the Matsapha industrial site for a solution to the water problem. They
advised the pollutant to provide boreholes for the communities following its failure to
control the waste it discharges into the river. However, the industry has not done anything
so far despite its promise to provide clean water as per the request of the communities.
Control of Water Pollution
Given the continual threat of water pollution to the lives of downstream users, the
government is seen to be making a determined real effort to control the pollution. A new
Water Act, 2003 has been enacted by the King and parliament. Industries that propose to
discharge waste directly into the rivers without further treatment are compelled to apply
for a waste control permit. The holder of the permit would be expected to comply with
the terms and conditions under the waste control permit. The applicant should submit
plans for the waste disposal, specifying most importantly the estimated process to be used
to treat the water, estimated daily and annual volumes of waste to be discharged, location
of the point of discharge and the nature of the receiving water.
Industries are compelled to do the Environmental Impact assessment (EIA) before they
begin to operate. The major aim of this assessment is to assess the type of chemical,
biological constituents and temperature of the waste to be discharged and the degree of
the pollution that the industry will cause once it has started operating.
The government also carries the burden of providing treatment plants in each industry.
However, the problem today is that these plants are not properly managed by the
industries; hence the waste ends up in the rivers before being treated.
In its continued effort, the government regulates the amount of waste discharged into the
river by each industry. Permit holders are, therefore, bounded to keep the law not to
dispose amounts of waste that exceed the permitted limits. Normal disposal (small
amount of waste) in the rivers is allowed since it is easier to manage. Furthermore, there
are limitations to the time or hours of day when the waste maybe discharged.
Industries are invited to workshops meant to raise awareness and educate the industries
on the severe effects of the polluted water. It has been learned that the workshops are
effective but to a certain extent. Industries normally stop their incautious behaviour and
practise normal disposal of waste for a short time and would eventually start exceeding
the permitted limits again.
Despite the effort put by the government in controlling the pollution, industries fail to
adhere to the laws and continue with their careless actions. This is largely due to that
industries are faced with the challenge of weighing up the costs and benefits of
complying with the environmental laws and regulations. They fear the waste treatment
costs, charges for the discharge of waste into the rivers and that limiting the amounts of
waste disposed in the rivers might cripple their production.
According to the new Water Act 2003, if any industry fails for three (3) successive years
to comply with the any regulation under the waste control permit, the permit may
cancelled (a notice is given before the cancellation). If an emergency exists that poses a
threat to health of the people, the permit may be suspended for a period considered
necessary.
In case of cancellation and suspension of permits, the permit holder has to cease
discharge of the waste or otherwise comply with the Act. However, if the industry
continues to discharge the waste into the river it may be forced to stop its activity which
is a source of pollution.
Conclusion and Policy Recommendation
It is evident from all the responses that the water pollution crisis is worsening year after
year due to the growth of the industrial activity. All respondents strongly feel that urgent
action need to be taken to arrest the situation. They suggest that they should be provided
with water tanks, boreholes and tap water so as to have access to clean water, since they
believe the government has failed to manage and control the problem at source.
Income generating projects meant to supplement incomes of the people have collapsed as
a result of the polluted water. All respondents further complain of the huge costs incurred
if they treat the water before use, plus escalating medical costs due to water polluted
related sicknesses. These sicknesses (i.e. diarrhoea) make them very weak physically
hence they cannot go to work or to school. This implies that the polluted water is making
the people in these communities poorer. Water pollution, therefore, should be recognised
as one of the major factors that perpetuate poverty in the country.
The polluted water has also led to the loss of animals and plants downstream. The
majority of the respondents have admitted that dead fish are seen floating on the river,
and the grass that was used in making mats for sale no-longer grows in the river because
the water is now sticky and dirty.
80% of those interviewed feel that the government is not taking any initiative to solve the
water crisis. They claim that they have not received any kind of assistance from the
government since the beginning of the problem. On the other hand, the government is
seen to be concerned to control the pollution. A new Water Act, 2003 has been enacted to
replace the Water Act, 1967 which was not focussed and effective.
However, the communities are not aware of this new Act. This indicates the importance
of involving the communities in pollution and waste management related decisionmaking. Confer powers at community level to allow them to contribute in finding
solutions to pollution problems since they are the ones who know the problem better.
This would be a cornerstone for development of a focussed and effective policy. This
aspect is currently lacking and urgently required in order to make waste management
easier.
Furthermore, the government should organise educational programmes on this pollution
problem through workshops and seminars etc. Communication and educational activities
are very important aspects that need to be improved in order to increase the people’s
awareness of the water pollution. These may lead to the success of the communities to
combat the effects of the pollution.
The sources of pollution and the receiving environment should be monitored. The
government should undertake regular inspections and audits to ensure that the waste
control permit holder is undertaking the necessary compliance monitoring.
NB: The research is still in progress. The complete paper will include the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Responses from the industries
Responses from farmers
Summary of the results
Policy recommendations
Please note that the study is policy oriented.
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