Online Appendix for the following July 22 JACC article
TITLE: We Must Prevent Disease, Not Predict Events
AUTHOR: Allan D. Sniderman, MD, FACC
APPENDIX
Supplement References
Prospective and Case-Control Studies That Show ApoB or LDL P Is Superior to
LDL C to Predict Clinical Event
1. Lamarche B, Moorjani S, Lupien PJ, et al. Apoprotein A-1 and B levels and the risk of
ischemic heart disease during a 5 year follow-up of men in the Québec Cardiovascular
Study. Circulation 1996;94:273–8.
2. Moss AJ, Goldstein RE, Marder VJ, et al. Thrombogenic factors and recurrent
coronary events. Circulation 1999;99:2517–22.
3. Walldius G, Jungner I, Holme I, Aastveit AH, Kolar W, Steiner E. High apolipoprotein
B, low apolipoprotein A-1, and improvement in the prediction of fatal myocardial
infarction (AMORIS study): a prospective study. Lancet 2001;358:2026–33.
4. Talmud PJ, Hawe E, Miller GJ, Humphries SE. Non-fasting apolipoprotein B and
triglyceride levels as a useful predictor of coronary heart disease risk in middle-aged UK
men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002;22:1918–23.
5. Shai I, Rimm EB, Hankinson SE, et al. Multivariate assessment of lipid parameters as
predictors of coronary heart disease among postmenopausal women. Potential
implications for clinical guidelines. Circulation 2004;110:2824–30.
6. Jiang R, Schulze MB, Li T, et al. Non-HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B predict
cardiovascular disease events among men with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care
2004;27:1991–7.
7. Pischon T, Girman CJ, Sacks FM, Rifai N, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB. Non-high-density
lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B in the prediction of coronary heart disease in
men. Circulation 2005;112:3375–83.
8. Pedersen TR, Olsson AG, Faergeman O, et al. Lipoprotein changes and reduction in
the incidence of major coronary heart disease events in the Scandinavian simvastatin
survival study (4S). Circulation 1998;97:1453–60.
9. Gotto AM Jr., Whitney E, Stein EA, et al. Relation between baseline and on-treatment
lipid parameters and first acute major coronary events in the Air Force/Texas Coronary
Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (AFCAPS/TexCAPS). Circulation 2000;101:477–84.
10. Simes RJ, Marschner IC, Hunt D, Colquhoun D, Sullivan D, Stewart RAH.
Relationship between lipid levels and clinical outcomes in the long-term intervention
with pravastatin in the ischemic disease (LIPID) trial. To what extent is the reduction in
coronary events with pravastatin explained by on-study lipid levels? Circulation
2002;105:1162–9.
11. St-Pierre A, Cantin B, Dagenais GR, et al. Low-density lipoprotein subfractions and
the long-term risk of ischemic heart disease in men. 13-year follow-up data from the
Quebec Cardiovascular Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005;25:553–9.
12. Bruno G, Merletti F, Biggeri A, et al. Effect of age on the association of non-highdensity-lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B with cardiovascular mortality in a
Mediterranean population with type 2 diabetes: the Casale Monferrato Study.
Diabetologia 2006;49:937–44.
13. Hsia SH, Pan D, Berookim P, Lee M. A population-based, cross-sectional comparison
of lipid-related indexes for symptoms of atherosclerotic disease. Am J Cardiol
2006;98:1047–52.
14. Benn M, Nordestgaard BG, Jensen GB, Tybjaerg-Hansen A. Improving prediction of
ischemic cardiovascular disease in the general population using apolipoprotein B: the
Copenhagen City Heart Study. ATVB 2007;27:661–70.
15. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Cook NR, Bradwin G, Buring JE. Non-HDL cholesterol,
apolipoproteins A-1 and B100, standard lipid measures, lipid ratios, and CRP as risk
factors for cardiovascular disease in women. J Am Med Assoc 2005;294:326–33.
16. Chien KL, Hsu HC, Su TC, Chen MF, Lee YT, Hu FB. Apolipoprotein B and nonhigh density lipoprotein cholesterol and the risk of coronary heart disease in Chinese. J
Lipid Res 2007;48:2499–505.
17. Ingelsson E, Schaefer EJ, Contois JH, et al. Clinical utility of different lipid measures
for prediction of coronary heart disease in men and women. J Am Med Assoc
2007;298:776–85.
LDL P
18. Blake GJ, Otvos JD, Rifai N, Ridker PM. Low-density lipoprotein particle
concentration and size as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as
predictors of cardiovascular disease in women. Circulation 2002;106:1930–7.
19. Kuller L, Arnold A, Tracy R, et al. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of
lipoproteins and risk of coronary heart disease in the cardiovascular health study.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002;22:1175–80.
20. Cromwell WC, Otvos JD, Keyes MJ, et al. LDL particle number and risk of future
cardiovascular disease in the Framingham Offspring Study—Implications for LDL
management. J Clin Lipidology 2007;1:583–92.
Studies of Residual Risk on Statin Treatment That Demonstrate ApoB Predicts
Residual Risk Better Than LDL C
21. Roeters van Lennep JE, Westerveld HT, Roeters van Lennep HWO, Zwinderman
AH, Erkelens DW, van der Wall EE. Apolipoprotein concentrations during treatment and
recurrent coronary artery disease events. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20:2408–
13.
22. Gotto AM, Whitney E, Stein EA, Shapiro DR, Clearfield M, Weis S. Relation
between baseline and on-treatment lipid parameters and first acute major coronary events
in the Air force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (AFCAPS/TexCAPS).
Circulation 2000;101:477–84.
23. Simes RJ, Marschner IC, Hunt D, Colquhoun D, Sullivan D, Stewart RAH.
Relationship between lipid levels and clinical outcomes in the long-term intervention
with pravastatin in the ischemic disease (LIPID) trial. To what extent is the reduction in
coronary events with pravastatin explained by on-study lipid levels? Circulation
2002;105:1162–9.
Prospective Studies or Clinical Trials in Which Non-HDL C Is Equal to ApoB/LDL
P
24. Benn M, Nordestgaard BG, Jensen GB, Tybjaerg-Hansen A. Improving prediction of
ischemic cardiovascular disease in the general population using apolipoprotein B: the
Copenhagen City Heart Study. ATVB 2007;27:661–70.
25. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Cook NR, Bradwin G, Buring JE. Non-HDL cholesterol,
apolipoproteins A-1 and B100, standard lipid measures, lipid ratios, and CRP as risk
factors for cardiovascular disease in women. J Am Med Assoc 2005;294:326–33.
26. Shai I, Rimm EB, Hankinson SE, et al. Multivariate assessment of lipid parameters as
predictors of coronary heart disease among postmenopausal women. Potential
implications for clinical guidelines. Circulation 2004;110:2824–30.
27. Jiang R, Schulze MB, Li T, et al. Non-HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B predict
cardiovascular disease events among men with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care
2004;27:1991–7.
28. El Harchaoui K, Van der Steeg WA, Stroes ESG, et al. Value of low-density
lipoprotein particle number and size as predictors of coronary artery disease in apparently
healthy men and women. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:547–53.
Epidemiological Studies or Clinical Trials in Which ApoB/LDL P Are Superior to
Non-HDL C
29. Sniderman AD, Furberg CD, Keech A, et al. Apolipoproteins versus lipids as indices
of coronary risk and as targets for statin therapy treatment. Lancet 2003;361:777–80.
30. Roeters van Lennep JE, Westerveld HT, Roeters van Lennep HWO, Zwinderman
AH, Erkelens DW, van der Wall EE. Apolipoprotein concentrations during treatment and
recurrent coronary artery disease events. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20:2408–
13.
31. Gotto AM, Whitney E, Stein EA, Shapiro DR, Clearfield M, Weis S. Relation
between baseline and on-treatment lipid parameters and first acute major coronary events
in the Air force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (AFCAPS/TexCAPS).
Circulation 2000;101:477–84.
32. Simes RJ, Marschner IC, Hunt D, Colquhoun D, Sullivan D, Stewart RAH.
Relationship between lipid levels and clinical outcomes in the long-term intervention
with pravastatin in the ischemic disease (LIPID) trial. To what extent is the reduction in
coronary events with pravastatin explained by on-study lipid levels? Circulation
2002;105:1162–9.
33. Bruno G, Merletti F, Biggeri A, et al. Effect of age on the association of non-highdensity-lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B with cardiovascular mortality in a
Mediterranean population with type 2 diabetes: the Casale Monferrato Study.
Diabetologia 2006;49:937–44.
34. Pischon T, Girman CJ, Sacks FM, Rifai N, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB. Non-highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B in the prediction of coronary heart
disease in men. Circulation 2005;112:3375–83.
35. Hsia SH, Pan D, Berookim P, Lee M. A population-based, cross-sectional comparison
of lipid-related indexes for symptoms of atherosclerotic disease. Am J Cardiol
2006;98:1047–52.
36. Chien KL, Hsu HC, Su TC, Chen MF, Lee YT, Hu FB. Apolipoprotein B and nonhigh density lipoprotein cholesterol and the risk of coronary heart disease in Chinese. J
Lipid Res 2007;48:2499–505.
37. Cromwell WC, Otvos JD, Keyes MJ, et al. LDL particle number and risk of future
cardiovascular disease in the Framingham Offspring Study—implications for LDL
management. J Clin Lipidology 2007;1:583–92.
38. Simon A, Chironi G, Gariepy J, Del Pino M, Levenson J. Differences between
markers of atherogenic lipoproteins in predicting high cardiovascular risk and subclinical
atherosclerosis in asymptomatic men. Atherosclerosis 2005;179:339–44.