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BACKGROUND LITERATURE ON GROUNDED THEORISING AND
ANALYTIC INDUCTION
Grounded theorising
For Glaser and Strauss’s original rationale for and outline of the approach, see:
Glaser, B. and Strauss, A. (1967) The Discovery of Grounded Theory, Chicago,
Aldine.
Early examples of their empirical work include:
Glaser, B. G. and Strauss, A. L. (1965) Awareness of Dying, Chicago, Aldine.
Glaser, B. G. and Strauss, A. L. (1968) Time for Dying, Chicago, Aldine.
Glaser, B. G. and Strauss, A. L. (1970) Anguish: a case history of a dying trajectory,
London, Martin Robertson.
Glaser, B. G. and Strauss, A. L. (1971) Status Passage, Chicago, Aldine.
Strauss, A. L. and Glaser, B. G. (1975) Chronic Illness and the Quality of Life, Saint
Louis, G. V. Mosby and Co.
For later outlines of the approach by Strauss, see:
Strauss, A. (1970) 'Discovering new theory from previous theory', in T. Shibutani
(ed.), Human Nature and Collective Behaviour: Essays in Honor of Herbert Blumer,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall
Strauss, A. (1987) Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists, New York, Cambridge
University Press.
Strauss, A. and Corbin, J. (1998) Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory
Procedures and Techniques, Second edition, Thousand Oaks CA, Sage. (First edition
published in 1990)
For later outlines and developments by Glaser, including his criticisms of
Strauss and Corbin (Glaser 1992 and 2001):
Glaser, B. G. (1978) Theoretical Sensitivity, Mill Valley CA, Sociology Press.
Glaser, B. G. Basics of Grounded Theory Analysis: Emergence vs Forcing, Mill
Valley, CA, The Sociology Press, 1992.
Glaser, B. G. (1993) Examples of grounded theory: a reader, Mill Valley, CA,
Sociology Press.
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Glaser, B. G. (1994) More Grounded Theory Methodology: a reader, Mill Valley,
CA, Sociology Press.
Glaser, B. G. (1995) Grounded Theory: 1984-1994, Mill Valley, CA, Sociology
Press.
Glaser, B. G. (1996) Gerund Grounded Theory: the basic social process dissertation,
Mill Valley CA, Sociology Press.
Glaser, B. G. (1998) Doing Grounded Theory: issues and discussions, Mill Valley,
CA., Sociology.
Glaser, B. G. (2001) The Grounded Theory Perspective, Volumes I, II, and III, Mill
Valley, CA., Sociology Press.
Glaser, B. G. (2006) Doing Formal Grounded Theory, Mill Valley, CA., Sociology
Press.
For other versions of grounded theory, see:
Charmaz, K. (1995) ‘Grounded theory’, in Smith, J. A. , Harré, R. and van
Langenhove, L. (eds.) Rethinking Methods in Psychology, London, Sage.
Charmaz, K. (2000) ‘Grounded Theory: Objectivist and Constructivist Methods’, in
Denzin, N. K., and Lincoln, Y. S. (eds.) Handbook of Qualitative Methods, Second
edition, Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage.
Charmaz, K. (2004) ‘Grounded theory’ in Lewis-Beck, M., Bryman, A., and Liao, T.
F. (eds.) Sage Encyclopedia of Social Science Research Methods, Volume 2,
Thousand Oaks CA, Sage.
Charmaz, K. (2005) ‘Grounded theory in the 21st century: a qualitative method for
advancing social justice’, in Denzin, N. K., and Lincoln, Y. S. (eds.) Handbook of
Qualitative Methods, Third edition, Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage.
Charmaz, K. (2006) Constructing grounded theory: a practical guide through
qualitative analysis, London, Sage.
Charmaz, K. and Mitchell, R. G. (2001) ‘Grounded theory in ethnography’, in
Atkinson, P., Coffey, A., Delamont, S., Lofland, J., and Lofland, L. (eds.) Handbook
of Ethnography, London, Sage.
Clarke, A. (2005) Situational Analysis: Grounded Theory after the Postmoderen
Turn, Thousand Oaks CA, Sage.
Layder, D. (1993) New Strategies in Social Research, Cambridge, Polity.
See also Bryant, A. and Charmaz, K. (eds.) (2007) The Sage Handbook of Grounded
Theory, London, Sage.
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For Glaser’s response to some of these developments, see:
Glaser, B. G. (2002) ‘Constructivist Grounded Theory?’ Forum: Qualitative Social
Research, 3, 3. There is a reply: Bryant, A. ‘A constructivist response to Glaser’,
Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 4, 1, 2003.
For some useful commentaries on grounded theorising, see:
Brown, G. (1973) Some thoughts on grounded theory’, Sociology, 7, pp1-16.
Dey, I. (1999) Grounding grounded theory: guidelines for qualitative inquiry, San
Diego CA, Academic Press.
Dey, I. (2004) ‘Grounded theory’, in Seale, C., Gobo, G., Gubrium, J., and Silverman,
D. (eds.) Qualitative Research Practice, London, Sage.
Haig, B. D. (1995) Grounded theory as scientific method’, Philosophy of Education
Yearbook, available at (accessed 9.07.08):
http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/EPS/PES-Yearbook/95_docs/haig.html
[Response from Kinach, B. M. available at (accessed 9.07.08):
http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/EPS/PES-Yearbook/95_docs/kinach.html]
Henwood, K. L. and Pidgeon, N. F. (2003) ‘Grounded theory in psychological
research’, in Camic, P., Yardley, L. & J.E., R. (eds.) Qualitative Research in
Psychology: Expanding Perspectives in Methodology and Design. Washington, DC,
APA Publications.
Henwood, K. L. and Pidgeon, N. F. (2006) ‘Grounded Theory’, in Breakwell, G. M.,
Hammond, S., Fife-Schaw, C. & Smith, J. A. (eds.) Research Methods in Psychology.
3rd ed., Thousand Oaks CA, Sage.
Pidgeon, N. (1996) ‘Grounded theory: theoretical background’, in Richardson, J. E.
(ed.) Handbook of Qualitative Research methods for Psychology and the Social
Sciences, Leicester, British Psychological Society.
Pidgeon, N. and Henwood, K. (1996) ‘Grounded theory: practical implementation’, ,
in Richardson, J. E. (ed.) Handbook of Qualitative Research methods for Psychology
and the Social Sciences, Leicester, British Psychological Society.
Pidgeon, N. and Henwood, K. (2004) ‘Grounded theory’ in Hardy, M. and Bryman,
A. (eds.) Handbook of Data Analysis, London, Sage.
Analytic induction
The classic sources and examples are:
Znaniecki, F. (1934) The Method of Sociology, New York, Farrer and Rinehart.
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Lindesmith, A. (1937) The Nature of Opiate Addiction, Chicago, University of
Chicago Libraries.
Lindesmith, A. (1968) Addiction and Opiates, Chicago, Aldine. (Revised, and more
easily available, edition of 1937)
Cressey, D. (1950) 'The criminal violation of financial trust', American Sociological
Review, 15:738-43.
Cressey, D. (1953) Other People’s Money, Glencoe ILL, Free Press.
For Robinson’s critique and responses to it:
Robinson, W. S. (1951) ‘The logical structure of analytic induction’ American
Sociological Review, 16, 6, pp812-18.
Lindesmith, A. (1952) ‘Two comments on W. S. Robinson’s “The logical structure of
analytic induction”’, American Sociological Review, 17, p492-3
Turner, R. H. (1953) ‘The quest for universals in sociological research’, American
Sociological Review, 18, pp604-11. [See also: Turner, R. H. (1948) ‘Statistical logic
in social research’, Sociology and Social Research, 32, pp697-704.]
See also:
Lindesmith, A. (1981) ‘Symbolic interactionism and causality’, Symbolic Interaction,
4, 1, pp87-96.
For some later discussions of analytic induction, see:
Becker, H. S. (1998) Tricks of the Trade: How to think about your research while
doing it, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Denzin, N. K. (2006) ‘Analytic induction’, in Ritzer, G. (ed.) Encyclopedia of
Sociology, New York, Wiley-Blackwell. See online at (accessed 9.07.08):
www.sociologyencyclopedia.com
Hammersley, M. (1989) The Dilemma of Qualitative Research, London, Routledge,
chs7 and 8.
Hammersley, M. (2004) ‘Analytic induction’, in Lewis-Beck, M., Bryman, A., and
Liao, T. F. (eds.) Sage Encyclopedia of Social Science Research Methods, Volume 1,
Thousand Oaks CA, Sage.
Hammersley, M. (2008) Questioning Qualitative Research, London, Sage, ch4.
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Hammersley, M. and Atkinson, P. (2007) Ethnography: principles in practice,
London, Routledge, ch8.
Katz, J. K. (1983) ‘A theory of qualitative methodology: the social system of analytic
fieldwork’, in Emerson, R. M. (ed.) Contemporary Field Research, Boston, Little
Brown. (From Katz, J. K. Poor People’s Lawyers in Transition, New Brunswick NJ,
Rutgers University Press, 1982.)
Katz, J. K. (2001) ‘Analytic induction’, in Smelser, N. and Baltes. P. B. (eds.)
International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Volume 1,
Amsterdam, Elsevier.
Manning, P. K. (1982) ‘Analytic induction’, in Smith, R. B. and Manning, P. K. (ed.)
Handbook of Social Science Methods: Volume 2 Qualitative Methods, Cambridge
MS, Balinger.