Biography of Julius S. Chang Born: October 5, 1940 Home Address: College of Earth Sciences National Central University Chung-li 320, Taiwan Phone:0926141031 Office Address: College of Earth Sciences National Central University Chung-li 320, Taiwan Phone:886-3-427-8878 FAX:886-3-427-9026 E-mail:julius@cc.ncu.edu.tw Current Positions: Dean, College of Earth Sciences, National Central University Professor, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University Professor Emeritus, Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University at Albany, State University of New York Education: Ph.D. in applied mathematics and statistics State University of New York, Stony Brook, 1969-1971 M.S. in physics, 1964 and M.A. in mathematics, 1967 University of California, Berkeley, California, 1962-1967 B.S. in physics with highest distinction University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 1958-1962 Honors and Awards: Outstanding Scholar Awards, Taiwan Alexander von Humboldt Research Award, Germany NASA Group Achievement Award Department of Transportation Certificate of Commendation Phi Beta Kappa, Phi Kappa Phi 1 Professional Experiences: Professor of Applied Science and Head, Atmospheric Modeling Section, Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University at Albany, SUNY, 1986-2003 Senior Scientist, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Karlsruhl Research Center, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, 2000-2003 Principal Consultant, Southern Taiwan Air Quality Project, 1997-2001 Division Director for Numerical Modeling Fraunhofer Institute for Atmospheric Environmental Research Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, 1998-2000 Director, Acid Deposition Modeling Project, Atmospheric Sciences Research Center University at Albany, SUNY, 1997 - 2000 Concurrent Professor of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China, 1988 Lectureship of the National Science Council , hosted by National Taiwan University, Taiwan, 1988 Director, Acid Deposition Modeling Project, National Center for Atmospheric Research, 1983-January 1987 Deputy Division Leader for Theoretical Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 1979-1983 Visiting Scientist, National Center for Atmospheric Research, 1978-1979 Group Leader for Computational Physics, Theoretical Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, 1976-1979 Group Leader for Geophysics, Theoretical Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, 1974-1976 Senior Physicist, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, 1972-1987 Consultant, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, 1969-1972 Staff member, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, 1966--1969 Academic Activities: President, International Ozone Commission/IAMAP, 1984-1988 Science Review Committee, Southern Oxidant Study, University Cooperation of Atmospheric Research, 1991-1994 Reviewer, NOx/VOC Science Program, Atmospheric Environment Service, Environment Canada, 1993 Review Panel Chairperson, AREAL/EPA Cooperative Proposal Review, 1993 Consultant, Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 1990-2002 Consultant, Schlumberger-Doll Research, 1988-1991 Consultant, Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, 1988 -1991 Science Review Committee, Schlumberger-Doll Research, 1990 Member of the Executive Committee of the International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics (IAMAP), 1984-1988 Editorial Board, Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 1987-present Editorial Board, Chinese Physics, 1988-1992 Associate Editor, Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 1986-1996 2 Associate Editor, Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 1984-present Member, International Ozone Commission/IAMAP, 1980-1992 Member, International Commission on the Meteorology of the Upper Atmosphere/IAMAP, 1979-1991 Consultant on stratospheric modeling and chemistry, Atmospheric Sciences Division, World Meteorological Organization, 1977-1987 U. S. Delegate to the Coordinating Committee on Ozone Layer, United National Environmental Program, 1980, 1981, 1983 Member, Committee on Causes and Effects of Changes in Stratospheric Ozone: Update 1983, National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council, 1983 Science Advisory Committee, Federal Aviation Administration, 1978-1982 Member, Panel on Atmospheric Chemistry and Transport, National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council, 1975-1982 3 Professional Experience of Professor Julius S. Chang Professor Chang is a professor in the Department of Atmospheric Sciences and serves as Dean of the College of Earth Sciences at National Central University, Chung-li, Taiwan. In order to devote his full attention to these positions and to demonstrate his commitment to NCU he took early retirement from the University at Albany, State University of New York. In recognition of his past contribution and service, he was awarded the title of Professor Emeritus by University at Albany, SUNY. Professor Chang started his professional career as student researcher at two of the foremost national research laboratories in the US, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LASL) and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). Starting as student research assistant and then junior research staff and finally various senior and management positions. Early works were in the area of computational physics and modeling. Because of national security requirements, many works from this period of his career are still not available in the open literature. During the early phase of this period only selected works on computational techniques were published in the open literature. In early 1970s Prof. Chang participated in the Climatic Impact Assessment Program (CIAP) of the US Department of Transportation. CIAP was mandated by US Congress to study the potential environmental impact on stratospheric ozone from a hypothetical fleet of civilian supersonic aircrafts operating in the stratosphere. By 1975 he had become one of the leading researcher in stratospheric chemistry and transport modeling. He was the principal author in interpreting model findings on protecting stratospheric ozone layer. He led the writing of a major volume of findings for CIAP. In recognition of his work he was invited to serve as a member of the Panel on Atmospheric Chemistry and Transport of the US National Academy of Sciences from 1975 to 1982. And then in 1983 he also served on the Committee on Causes and Effects of Changes in Stratospheric Ozone of the US National Academy of Sciences. While serving on these committees he coauthored all the reports of findings contributing to review of models and interpretation of modeling results. In particular, he was a coauthor of the first definitive review and assessment report on the impact of anthropological release of chlorofluoromethanes (CFMs) in the atmosphere on stratospheric ozone. During this period he also served as members of three US delegations to the Coordinating Committee on Ozone Layer of the United Nations Environmental Program. In that capacity he led the modeling interpretation and assessment groups and the drafting of principal findings for UNEP for three separate reports. Over a ten-year period he also served as consultant to the Atmospheric Sciences Division of the World Meteorological Organization. He was elected to serve on the International Commission of the Meteorology of the Upper Atmosphere of the International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics (IAMAP). He was also elected to serve on the International Ozone Commission (IOC) of IAMAP. He served on the IOC for over 16 years and was elected to be its President in 1984. He also served on the Scientific Advisory Committee of the US Federal Aviation Administration and awarded the US Department of Transportation Certificate of Commendation. He also was member of the organizational committee for three NASA assessment reports on the State of the Stratosphere for which he received a NASA Group Achievement Award. 4 While at LLNL Prof. Chang served as group leader of Geophysics Group and then Computational Physics Group of the Theoretical Physics Division. Each of these groups had over 10 researchers with Ph. D. degrees and a number of support scientists. As head of Geophysics Group he oversaw works in atmospheric sciences, hydrological modeling, underground coal gasification modeling, and solid earth fluid mechanical modeling. As head of Computational Physics Group he was associated with various high pressure and high temperature hydrodynamic modeling works. He was also instrumental in developing a new research area in combustion modeling which eventually became an internationally recognized research group. After serving for 8 years as group leaders he then was promoted to the position of Deputy Division Leader for Theoretical Physics. This division has over 70 Ph. D. researcher and another 30-40 support computational scientists and junior physicists. He participated in the fiscal and technical management of the division and in the annual review of performances of all the staff. In addition, he continued with his work in stratospheric modeling and led another group of researchers from the Atmospheric Sciences Division conducting research of his own interest. In 1982 a major reassessment of the state of science for numerical computational modeling for acid deposition in North America was commissioned by USEPA to be conducted by the National Center of Atmospheric Research (NCAR). NCAR invited Prof. Chang to plan, organize and lead this study with the support of over 30 NCAR scientists. The final report with Prof. Chang as the principal author concluded that sufficient new scientific achievements justify the funding of a new model development. He then was invited by NCAR to lead this interdisciplinary project. He initiated the Acid Deposition Modeling Project (ADMP) at NCAR in 1983. It became the critical central project of the National Acid Precipitation and Assessment Program (NAPAP), a 10-year long national study. As Director of ADMP he served directly under the Director of NCAR over seeing the works of over 20 Ph. D. scientists and another 20 supporting professionals at NCAR and over 40 internationally recognized consultants covering all scientific processes involved in atmospheric transport, transformation and deposition of acidic materials and precursors. He was also responsible for technology transfer of the ADMP model to USEPA. The resulting model, RADM, became the core model of NAPAP and eventually the reference USEPA Agency acid deposition model and ozone pollution model, Models-3/CMAQ. It is also the origin of the European standard model, EURAD and the widely used air quality model in Taiwan, TAQM. Parts of RADM are used in other models and the direct descendant of RADM, SAQM is one of the standard models used in California, New York, Hong Kong and Australia. The ADMP project was moved to University at Albany, State University of New York in 1987. The final ADMP model RADM2 was completed there. With this move Prof. Chang assumed his present position of Professor of Applied Sciences, a university wide professorship. After completion of ADMP project Prof. Chang then led the development of a new air quality model for the State of California. The new model, SAQM, incorporated many advances in air quality modeling. Some of which are adapted by the USEPA version of the model, Models-3/CMAQ. All these works were done in early 1990s. Starting in 1989 Prof. Chang devoted much of his attention to air quality modeling in Taiwan. He hosted the Ph. D. research of two students from National Taiwan University and participated in many of the major studies in Taiwan, such as the Acid Rain Research Project of Taiwan EPA, the Southern Taiwan Air Quality Study, and the Central Taiwan Air quality Study. The works of these students as applied to these studies led to the general acceptance of 5 TAQM by the environmental modeling community in Taiwan. At the height of the critical environmental dispute on the potential damage of Lin-Kou Power Station on surrounding area Prof. Chang developed the methodology and analysis that conclusively resolved the dispute. Prof. Chang professional association with a number of groups in Taiwan is continuing. In 1988, He received a National Science Council Lectureship at the Department of Atmospheric Sciences of the National Taiwan University. In 1994 he was awarded the distinguished Alexander von Humboldt Research Award by the German government, the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. Since 1973 Prof. Chang has worked with a number of major research institutes in Germany. That led to his effort in helping University of Cologne establish the EUMAC modeling program, which then developed the EURAD model, a descendant of RADM2. For the past 10 years EURAD has been a major model in Europe. Other Institute had also adopted versions or parts of RADM2 modeling system in their own works. In 1995 the Fraunhofer Institute for Environment Research (IFU) in Germany started negotiation with Prof. Chang to seek his assistance in redirecting, monitoring and reviewing the works of IFU numerical modeling division. Eventually he agreed to serve as the Division Director for Numerical Modeling on a part-time basis for two years. This is a division of over 15 researchers with 10 Ph. D. level scientists. He led the identification of new goals and eventually the creation of a new air quality model, MCCM. He ahs worked with IFU staff for several years in testing and improving this model. In 2004 Prof. Chang was awarded the Outstanding Scholar Award from the Foundation established by Academician Yuan-Tseh Lee in Taiwan. Prof. Chang is currently devoting his attention to developing a world class environmental modeling system to bring Taiwan research in this area to the attention of worldwide environmental research community. In summary, Prof. Chang has collaborated with scientists from over 20 countries, and has been responsible for several nationally (US) important research programs. He has developed new interdisciplinary projects and has experience in managing large research groups. In addition, over the years, he has served on a number of high-level review committees for major industrial corporations and national and international bodies. A more detailed listing of his past positions and professional activities is in the attached biography. 6 Publication list of Professor Julius S. Chang 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. Chang, J. S. and G. Cooper, "A Practical Difference Scheme for Fokker-Planck Equations," J. Comp. Phys., 6, 1, 1970. Chen, Y. M. and J. S. Chang, "An Iterative Approach to Nonlinear Dynamic Stability Problems," SIAM J. Appl. Math., 23, p. 411, 1972. Chang, J. and J. S. Chang, "The Effect of Satellite Waves on the Resonant Three-Wave Coupling," Phys. Fluids, 16, 706, 1973. Chang, J. S., "Comments on the Possible Effect of NOx Injection in the Stratosphere Due to Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests," Proceedings of the Second Conference on the Climatic Impact Assessment Program, p. 338, 1973. Chang, J. S., A. C. Hindmarsh and N. K. Madsen, "Simulation of Chemical Kinetics Transport in the Stratosphere," in Stiff Differential Systems, edited by R. A. Willoughby, pp. 51-65, Plenum, New York, 1974. Chang, J. S. and H. S. Johnston, "The Effect of NOx Effluents on Ozone," Proceedings of the Third Conference on the Climatic Impact Assessment Program, Rept. DOT-TSC-OST-74-15, pp. 323-329, US. Dept. Transp., Washington, D.C., 1974. Chang, J. S., "Simulations, Perturbations and Interpretations," Proceedings of the Third Conference on the Climatic Impact Assessment Program, Rept. DOT-TSC-OST-74-15, pp. 330-341, US. Dept. Transp., Washington, D.C., 1974. Wuebbles, D. J. and J. S. Chang, "Sensitivity of Time-Varying Parameters in Stratospheric Modeling," J. Geophys. Res., 80, pp. 2637-2642, 1975. Chang, J. S., "Uncertainties in the Validation of Parameterized Transport in 1-D Models of the Stratosphere," Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on the Climatic Impact Assessment Program, Rept. DOT-TSC-OST-75-38, pp. 175-182, US. Dept. Transp., Washington, D.C., 1975. Contributing author to the following monographs from the Climatic Impact Assessment Program, Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., U. S. A., 1975:CIAP Monograph I, The Natural Stratosphere of 1974, CIAP Monograph II, The Stratosphere Perturbed by Propulsion Effluents. National Research Council, Long-term Worldwide Effect of Multiple Nuclear Weapons, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1975 (contributing author). National Research Council, Halocarbons: Effects on Stratospheric Ozone, National Academy of Science, Washington, D.C., 1976 (co-author). Duewer, W. H., D. J. Wuebbles, H. W. Ellsaesser, and J. S. Chang, "NOx Catalytic Ozone Destruction: Sensitivity to Rate Coefficients," J. Geophys. Res., 82, pp. 935-942, 1977. Duewer, W. H., D. J. Wuebbles, H. E. Ellsaesser, and J. S. Chang, "Authors Reply to Comment by Johnston and Nelson," J. Geophys. Res., 82, pp. 2599-2605, 1977. Duewer, W. H., D. J. Wuebbles, and J. S. Chang, "Effect of NO Photolysis on NOx Mixing Ratios, " Nature, 265, p. 523, 1977. Luther, F. M., D. J. Wuebbles, and J. S. Chang, "Temperature Feedback in a Stratospheric Model," J. Geophys. Res., 82, pp. 4935-4942, 1977. Hudson, R. D. (Ed.), Chlorofluoromethanes and the Stratosphere, Ref. Publ. 1010, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md., 1977 (contributing author). Chang, J. S. (Ed.), General Circulation Models of the Atmosphere, Vol. 17 of Methods in Computational Physics, Series eds., B. Alder, S. Fernbach, and M. Rotenberg, Academic Press, NY., 1977. Now translated into Russian, 1982 and into Chinese, 1985. Luther, F. M., D. J. Wuebbles, W. H. Duewer, and J. S. Chang, "Effect of 7 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. Multiple Scattering on Species Concentrations and Model Sensitivity," J. Geophys. Res., 83, pp. 3563-3570, 1978. Chang, J. S. and J. E. Penner, "Analysis of Global Budgets of Halocarbons," Atmos. Environ., 12, pp. 1867-1873, 1978. Penner, J. E. and J. S. Chang, "Possible Variations in Atmospheric Ozone Related to the Eleven Year Solar Cycle," Geophys. Res. Letters, 5, pp. 817-820, 1978. Chang, J. S., W. H. Duewer, and D. J. Wuebbles, "The Atmospheric Nuclear Tests of the 50's and 60's: A Possible Test of Ozone Depletion Theories," J. Geophys. Res., 84, p. 1755-1765, 1979. Wuebbles, D. J. and J. S. Chang, "A Theoretical Study of Stratospheric Trace Species Variations During a Solar Eclipse," Geophys. Res. Letters, 6, p. 179-182, 1979. Chang, J. S. and W. H. Duewer, "Modeling Chemical Processes in the Stratosphere," Annual Reviews of Physical Chemistry, v. 30, pp. 443-469, 1979. Ehhalt, D. H., J. S. Chang, and D. M. Butler, "The Probability Distribution of Ozone Changes Predicted from Anthropogenic Activities," J. Geophys. Res., 84, pp. 7889-7894, 1979. National Research Council, Stratospheric Ozone Depletion by Halocarbons: Chemistry and Transport, National Academy of Science, Washington, D.C., 1979 (co-author). Hudson, R. D. and E. I. Reed (Ed.), The Stratosphere: Present and Future, NASA Ref. Publ. 1049, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 1979 (contributing author). Penner, J. E., and J. S. Chang, "The Relation Between Atmospheric Trace Species Variabilities and Solar UV Variability," J. Geophys. Res., 85, pp. 5523-5528, 1980. Chang, J. S. and D. E. Wuebbles, "One-Dimensional Coupled Transport and Chemical Kinetics Models of the Stratosphere," Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Report UCRL-83790. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Atmospheric Ozone: Its Variations and Human Influences, 1980. WMO, Assessment of Performance Characteristics of Various Ozone Observing Systems, WMO Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Report #7, 1981. (Contributing author). Wuebbles, D. J. and J. S. Chang, "A Study of the Effectiveness of the ClX Catalytic Ozone Loss Mechanisms," J. Geophys. Res., 86, pp. 9869-9872, 1981. Rasmussen, R. A., M. A. K. Khalil, and J. S. Chang, "Atmospheric Trace Gases over China," Environ. Sci. and Tech., 16, pp. 124-126, 1982. Hudson, et. al. (Ed.), The Stratosphere 1981: THEORY AND MEASUREMENTS, WMO Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Report #11, 1982. (co-editor, co-author). WMO, Sources of Errors in Detection of Ozone Trends, WMO Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Report #12, 1982 (contributing author). WMO, Potential Climatic Effects of Ozone and Other Minor Trace Gases, WMO Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Report #14, 1983 (contributing author). NCAR, Regional Acid Deposition: Models and Physical Processes, National Center for Atmospheric Research, 1983, 616 pages (co-author). NCAR, Regional Acid Deposition: Design and Management Plan for a Comprehensive Modeling System, National Center for Atmospheric Research, 1983, 57 pages (co-author). Chang, J. S. and P. Middleton, 1984, "Development of an Eulerian Acid Deposition Model," Environmental Impact of Natural Emissions (V. P. Aneja, Ed.), Air Pollution Control Association, Pittsburgh, Pa., pp. 300-307, 1984. 8 39. Chang, J. S. and D. J. Wuebbles, "Nuclear Explosions and Atmospheric Ozone," The Environmental Effects of Nuclear War" (J. London and G. White, Eds.), Westview Press, Boulder, Colo., pp. 79-95, 1984. 40. Kuo, Y.-H., M. Skumanich, P. L. Haagenson, and J. S. Chang, "The Accuracy of Trajectory Models as Revealed by the Observing System Simulation Experiments," Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, pp. 1852-1867, 1985. 41. Connell, P. S., D. J. Wuebbles, and J. S. Chang, "Stratospheric Hydrogen Peroxide: The Relationship of Theory and Observation," J. Geophys. Res., 90, pp. 10726-10732, 1985. 42. NCAR, "The NCAR Eulerian Regional Acid Deposition Model," NCAR/TN-256+STR, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado (J. S. Chang, Ed. and co-author), 1985. 43. Walcek, C. J., R. A. Brost, J. S. Chang, and M. L. Wesely, "SO2 sulfate and HNO3 deposition velocities computed using regional land use and meteorological data," Atmos. Environ., 20, 949-964, 1986. 44. Samson, P. J. and J. S. Chang, "On Extrapolation of Data Subsets to Long-term Deposition Estimates," in Proc. World Meteorological Organization Conference on Air Pollution Modeling and Its Applications, Leningrad, USSR, 19-24 May 1986. 45. Middleton, P., J. S. Chang, and R. A. Brost, "Database Priorities Identified by Regional Modeling Studies," Proc. Air Pollution Control Association 79th Annual Meeting and Exhibition. Minneapolis, Minn., June 1986. 46. Chang, J. S., "On the Development of a Three-dimensional Regional Acid Deposition Model," in Proc. of Power Magazine Third International Conference on Clean-Coal Technologies and Acid Rain, Washington, D.C., October 16, 1986. 47. NCAR, "Preliminary evaluation studies with the Regional Acid Deposition Model (RADM)", NCAR/TN-265 + STR, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado (J. S. Chang, Ed. and co-author), 1986. 48. Chang, J. S., D. Hopkins, H. Lansford, J. Rosinski, "The ADMP Engineering Model, Version 1 (EM1): User's Guide and Report on Test and Evaluation," Environmental Protection Agency, 1987. 49. Calvert, J., J. S. Chang, H. Lansford, S. Madronich, W. Stockwell, and C. Walcek, "Development and Implementation of Chemical Mechanisms for the Regional Acid Deposition Model (RADM)," Environmental Protection Agency, 1987. 50. Walcek, C. J. and J. S. Chang, "A Theoretical Assessment of Pollutant Deposition to Individual Land Types During a Regional-scale Acid Deposition Episode," Atmos. Environ., 21, 1107-1113, 1987. 51. Hsu, H. and J. S. Chang, "On the Eulerian Source-receptor Relationship," J. Atmos. Chem, 5, 103-124, 1987. 52. Chang, J. S., R. A. Brost, I. S. A. Isaksen, P. Middleton, W. R. Stockwell, and C. J. Walcek, "RADM, a Three-dimensional Eulerian Acid Deposition Model. Part I: Physical Concepts and Model Formulation," J. Geophy. Res., 92, 14681-1470 1987. 53. Middleton, P., J. Chang, J. del Corral, H. Geiss, J. Rosinski, "Comparison of RADM and OSCAR Precipitation Chemistry Data," Atmos. Environ., 22, 1195-1208, 1988. 54. Stockwell, W. R., J. B. Milford, G. J. McRae, P. Middleton, and J. S. Chang, "Nonlinear Coupling in the NOx-SOx-Reactive Organic System," Atmos. Environ., 22, 2481-2490, 1988. 55. Walcek, C. J., and J. S. Chang, "Modeling the Formation and Deposition of Acidic Pollutants," Atmospheric Deposition (Proc. of the IAHS Baltimore Symposium, May 1989), 21-26, 1989. 56. Middleton, P., and J. S. Chang, "Analysis of RADM Gas Concentration 9 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. Predictions Using OSCAR and NEROS Monitoring Data," Atmos. Environ., 24A, 2113-2125, 1990. Walcek, C. J., W. R. Stockwell, and J. S. Chang, "Theoretical Estimates of the Dynamic, Radiative and Chemical Effects of Clouds on Tropospheric Trace Gases," Atmos. Res., 25, 53-69, 1990. Stockwell, W. R. , P. Middleton, J. S. Chang, and X. Tang, "The RADM2.0 Chemical Mechanism for Regional Air Quality Modeling," J. Geophys. Res., 95, 16343-16367, 1990. Chang, J. S., P. Middleton, and L. Hash, "Simulation of Regional Sulfate Distributions with RADM," Visibility and Fine Particles, a Trans. of AWMA/EPA, Edit by C. V. Mathai, 724-737, 1990. Middleton, P., J. S. Chang, M. Beauharnois, L. Hash, and F. S. Binkowski, " The Role of Nitrogen Oxides in Oxidant Production as Predicted by RADM," (Accepted by Water, Air, and Soil Poll. J.), 1990. Chang, J. S., P. B. Middleton, W. R. Stockwell, C. J. Walcek, J. E. Pleim, H. H. Lansford, S. Madronich, F. S. Binkowski, N. L. Seaman, D. R. Stauffer, D. Byun, J. N. McHenry, H. Hass, and P. J. Samson, The Regional Acid Deposition Model and Engineering Model, NAPAP SOS/T Report 4, 1991. Binkowski, F. S., J. S. Chang, R. L. Dennis, S. Reynolds, P. J. Samson, J. D. Shannon, Regional Acid Deposition Modeling, NAPAP SOS/T Report 3, 1991. Pleim, J., J. S. Chang, and K. Zhang, "A Nested Grid Mesoscale Atmospheric Chemistry Model," J. Geophys. Res. 96, 3065- 3084, 1991. Dennis, R. L, J. N. McHenry, S. K. Seilkop, and J. S. Chang, "Characterization of the Nonlinear Change in Annual Sulphur Deposition for a Change in Emissions," Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application VIII, Edited by H. van Dop and D. G. Steyn, Plenum Press, 135-143, 1991. Barry, R. J., and J. S. Chang, "Theoretical Prediction of Local Ozone Maxima Associated with the Passage of Cold Fronts," Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application VIII, Edited by H. van Dop and D. G. Steyn, Plenum Press, 161-168, 1991. Hass, H., H. J. Jakobs, M. Memmesheimer, A. Ebel, J. S. Chang, "Simulation of a Wet Deposition Case in Europe Using the European Acid Deposition Model (EURAD)," Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application VIII, Edited by H. van Dop and D. G. Steyn, Plenum Press, 105-213, 1991. Binkowski, F., J. S. Chang, J. McHenry, S. D. Reynolds and R. D. Cohn, "Estimation of the Annual Contribution of US Emissions to Canadian Acidic Deposition and Vice Versa," Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application VIII, Edited by H. van Dop and D. G. Steyn, Plenum Press, 233-240, 1991. Pleim, J. and J. S. Chang, "A Non-local Closure Model for Vertical Mixing in the Convective Boundary Layer," Atmos. Environ. 26A, 965-981, 1992. McHenry, J. N., F. S. Binkowski, R. L. Dennis, J. S. Chang, The tagged species engineering model (TSEM), Atmos. Environ., 1427-1443, 1992. Wang, C. and J. S. Chang, "A Three-dimensional Numerical Model of Cloud Dynamics, Microphysics and Chemistry I: Concepts and Formulation," J. Geophys. Res., 98, 14827-14844, 1993. Wang, C. and J. S. Chang, "A Three-dimensional Numerical Model of Cloud Dynamics, Microphysics and Chemistry II: A Case Study of the Dynamics and Microphysics of a Severe Local Storm," J. Geophys. Res., 98, 14845-14862, 1993. Wang, C. and J. S. Chang, "A Three-dimensional Numerical Model of Cloud Dynamics, Microphysics and Chemistry III: Redistribution Features of Pollutants," J. Geophys. Res., 98, 16787-16798, 1993. Wang, C. and J. S. Chang, "A Three-dimensional Numerical Model of Cloud Dynamics, Microphysics and Chemistry IV: Cloud Chemistry and Precipitation 10 Chemistry," J. Geophys. Res., 98, 16799-16808, 1993. 74. Li, Y., and J.S. Chang, “A mass-conservative, positive definite, and efficient Eulerian advection scheme for spherical geometry and on non-uniform grid system,” J. Appl. Meteorol., 35, 1897-1913, 1996. 75. Li, Y., and J.S. Chang, “A three-dimensional global episodic tracer transport model: 1. Evaluation of its transport processes by radon 222 simulations,” J. Geophys. Res., 101, 25931-25947, 1996. 76. Li, Y., and J. S. Chang, "A practical finite difference scheme for advection on a sphere," Next Generation Environmental Models and Computational Methods, ed. G. Delic and M. Wheeler, SIAM, 31-44, 1997. 77. Wojcik G. and J. S. Chang, "A re-evaluation of sulfur budgets, lifetimes, and scavenging ratios for eastern North America," Int. J. of Atmos. Chem., 26: 109-145, 1997. 78. Chang, J. S., C.-H. Lu, and G. S. Wojcik, “ An Exploration of the Robustness of Some Common Statistical Measures for Evaluating Air Quality Models,” Proceeding of Pollution 97 International Conference, 1997. 79. Chang, J. S., Y. Li, M. Beauharnois, H. C. Huang, C.-H. Lu and G. Wojcik, "SAQM User's Guide," Part 2 of SAQM Final Report to the California Air Resources Board, November, 500p., 1996. 80. Li, Y., M. Beauharnois, J. S. Chang, H.-C. Huang, C.-H. Lu, and G. Wojcik, "SAQM Source Code," Part 3 of SAQM Final Report to the California Air Resources Board, May, 310p., 1996. 81. Li, Y., J. S. Chang, "SAQM Meteorology Preprocessor (SMPP)," Part 4 of SAQM Final Report to the California Air Resources Board, July, 186p., 1996. 82. Chang, J. S., S. Jin, Y. Li, M. Beauharnois, K.-H. Chang, C.-H. Lu, H.-C. Huang, S. Tanrikulu and J. DaMassa, The SARMAP Air Quality Model,” Part 1 of SAQM Final Report to the California Air Resources Board, May, 85p., 1997. 83. Lu, C.-H. and J. S. Chang, “On the Indicator-based Approach to Assess Ozone Sensitivities and Emissions Features,” J. Geophys. Res., 103, D3, 3453-3462, 1998. 84. Berge, E., H.-C. Huang, J. Chang, and T.-H. Liu, “A study of the importance of initial conditions for photochemical oxidant modeling,” J. Geophys. Res., 106, D1, 1347-1363, 2001. 85. Andreani-Aksoyoglu, S., S.-H. Lu, J. Keller, A. S. H. Prevot, J. S. Chang, “Variability of indicator values for ozone production sensitivity: a model study in Switzerland and San Joaquin valley (California),” Atmos. Environ., 35, 5593-5604, 2001. 86. Liu, T.-H., F.-T. Jeng, H.-C. Huang, E. Berge, J. S. Chang, “Influence of initial conditions and boundary conditions on regional and urban scale eulerian air quality transport model simulations,” Chemosphere-global change Science, 3, 175-183, 2001. 87. Huang, H.-C., J. S. Chang, “On the performance of numerical solvers for a chemistry submodel in three-dimensional air quality models, 1. Box model simulations,” J. Geophys. Res., 106, D17, 20175-20188, 2001. 11