Anatomy 30 Lab Exercises 9 & 10
The Appendicular Skeleton and Joints
I. Lab Objectives
A. Identify the bones of the pelvic and pectoral girdle, and their attached limbs.
B. Identify specific bone markings on the bones of the appendicular skeleton
C. Explain how the bones fit together in an articulated skeleton
D. Compare and contrast the features of the pelvic and pectoral girdle, and note how their
structures relate to their functions
E. Differentiate between a male and a female pelvis
F. Identify the structures of a knee joint
Activity 1: Examining & identifying bones of the appendicular skeleton – obtain the bone
box for your lab station and work with a lab partner to identify the following bones and their
markings. Be able to distinguish between left and right for larger bones.
PECTORAL GIRDLE
Clavicle (collar bone) – sternal end (rounded), acromial end (flattened), conoid tubercle
Scapula (shoulder blade)
- Posterior side: spine of scapula, acromion, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa
- Anterior side: coracoid process, subscapular fossa, suprascapular notch, superior angle,
inferior angle, lateral (axillary) border, medial (vertebral) border
- Lateral side: glenoid cavity
UPPER LIMB BONES
Humerus (upper arm)
- Proximal end: head, anatomical and surgical necks, greater and lesser tubercles,
intertubercular (bicipital) groove, deltoid tuberosity
- Distal end: trochlea (medial condyle), capitulum (lateral condyle), medial epicondyle, lateral
epicondyle, olecranon fossa (posterior), coronoid fossa (anterior)
Radius (lateral forearm bone)
- Proximal end: head, neck, radial tuberosity
- Distal end: styloid process, ulnar notch
Ulna (medial forearm bone)
- Proximal end: olecranon process (posterior), coronoid process (anterior), trochlear
(semilunar) notch, radial notch
- Distal end: head, styloid process
Carpals (8 wrist bones)
- Proximal row (lateral to medial): scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform
- Distal row (lateral to medial): trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
Metacarpals (5 hand bones): numbered 1 (base of thumb) to 5 (base of little finger)
Phalanges (14 finger bones): numbered 1 to 5, and named proximal, medial, and distal
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Anatomy 30 Lab 9: Appendicular Skeleton – Upper Appendages
Label the structures listed in the lab handout on the scapula below. You can find the names of
the numbered structures on the Penn State Anatomy website
(http://www.bio.psu.edu/people/faculty/strauss/anatomy/skel/skeletal.htm), as well as the lab
manual, textbook, and our lecture modules. Note that these Penn State Anatomy skeleton
pictures have more structures than I am requiring you to label. You only need to label what’s on
our handout. Have fun!
Scapula (posterior view)
Scapula (lateral view)
Clavicle
3
Anatomy 30 Lab 9: Appendicular Skeleton – Upper Appendages
Label the structures listed in the lab handout on the humerus, ulna, and radius below. You can
find the names of the numbered structures on the Penn State Anatomy website
(http://www.bio.psu.edu/people/faculty/strauss/anatomy/skel/skeletal.htm), as well as the lab
manual, textbook, and our lecture modules. Note that these Penn State Anatomy skeleton
pictures have more structures than I am requiring you to label. You only need to label what’s on
our handout. Have fun!
Humerus distal end, anterior
Humerus proximal end, lateral side
side
Humerus distal end,
posterior side
Radius distal
end, anterior
Ulna
proximal end,
anterior
Ulna distal
end, anterior
Radius
proximal
end, anterior
4
Anatomy 30 Lab 8: Appendicular Skeleton – Upper Appendages
Label the structures listed in the lab handout on the hand below. You can find the names of the
numbered structures on the Penn State Anatomy website
(http://www.bio.psu.edu/people/faculty/strauss/anatomy/skel/skeletal.htm), as well as the lab
manual, textbook, and our lecture modules. Note that these Penn State Anatomy skeleton
pictures have more structures than I am requiring you to label. You only need to label what’s on
our handout. Have fun!
Hand – dorsal side
Hand – palmar side
5
PELVIC GIRDLE – composed of 2 ossa coxae (coxal) bones and the sacrum (axial)
Coxal bones: 3 fused bones – ilium, ishium, & pubis – united at the acetabulum socket
- Ilium (superior): iliac crest, iliac fossa, anterior superior and inferior spines, posterior superior
and inferior spines, greater sciatic notch, auricular surface, arcuate line, anterior, posterior, and
inferior gluteal lines
- Ishium (inferior, posterior): ishial spine, lesser sciatic notch, ishial tuberosity, ishial ramus,
obturator foramen (between ishium and pubis)
- Pubis (inferior, anterior): articular surface (forms pubic symphysis), pubic crest, arcuate line,
superior & inferior pubic ramus,
LOWER LIMB BONES
Femur (thigh bone)
- Proximal end: head, fovea capitus, neck, greater and lesser trochanters, gluteal tuberosity,
intertrochanteric crest (posterior) and line (anterior)
- Shaft: linea aspera (posterior)
- Distal end: lateral condyle and epicondyle, medial condyle and epicondyle, patellar surface
(anterior), intercondylar fossa (posterior)
Patella (knee cap): apex, base, anterior & posterior surfaces
Tibia (medial shin bone): medial and lateral condyles, intercondylar eminence, tibial
tuberosity, anterior border, medial malleolus (medial ankle bulge)
Fibula (lateral lower leg bone): head, lateral malleolus (lateral ankle bulge)
Tarsals (7 ankle bones): tallus (superior), calcaneus (heel), navicular (medial), cuboid (lateral),
cuneiforms (medial, intermediate, lateral)
Metatarsals (foot bones): numbered 1 (base of big toe) to 5 (base of little toe)
Phalanges (14 toe bones): numbered 1-5, and named proximal, medial, and distal
Lab Activities 2 & 5: Palpate the surface regions of your body listed in the lab manual.
Lab Activity 3: Observe the articulated male and female pelvis models, and identify the
following: true pelvis, false pelvis, pelvic inlet (brim), pelvic outlet.
Lab Activity 4: Comparing Male and Female Pelves
Compare the male and female pelvis models. What is the key feature that allows you to
determine whether a pelvis was from a male or a female?
_______________________________________________________________________
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Anatomy 30 Lab 9: Appendicular Skeleton – Lower Appendages
Label the structures listed in the lab handout on the os coxa bone below. You can find the names
of the numbered structures on the Penn State Anatomy website
(http://www.bio.psu.edu/people/faculty/strauss/anatomy/skel/skeletal.htm), as well as the lab
manual, textbook, and our lecture modules. Note that these Penn State Anatomy skeleton
pictures have more structures than I am requiring you to label. You only need to label what’s on
our handout. Have fun!
Os Coxa (lateral view)
Os Coxa (medial view)
7
Anatomy 30 Lab 9: Appendicular Skeleton – Lower Appendages
Label the structures listed in the lab handout on the femur below. You can find the names of the
numbered structures on the Penn State Anatomy website
(http://www.bio.psu.edu/people/faculty/strauss/anatomy/skel/skeletal.htm), as well as the lab
manual, textbook, and our lecture modules. Note that these Penn State Anatomy skeleton
pictures have more structures than I am requiring you to label. You only need to label what’s on
our handout. Have fun!
Femur proximal, anterior view
Femur distal, anterior view
Femur proximal, posterior view
Femur distal, posterior view
8
Anatomy 30 Lab 9: Appendicular Skeleton – Lower Appendages
Label the structures listed in the lab handout on the tibia and fibula below. You can find the
names of the numbered structures on the Penn State Anatomy website
(http://www.bio.psu.edu/people/faculty/strauss/anatomy/skel/skeletal.htm), as well as the lab
manual, textbook, and our lecture modules. Note that these Penn State Anatomy skeleton
pictures have more structures than I am requiring you to label. You only need to label what’s on
our handout. Have fun!
Tibia proximal, anterior view
Tibia distal, anterior view
Fibula proximal, anterior view
Fibula distal, anterior view
9
Anatomy 30 Lab 9: Appendicular Skeleton – Lower Appendages
Label the structures listed in the lab handout on the foot bones below. You can find the names of
the numbered structures on the Penn State Anatomy website
(http://www.bio.psu.edu/people/faculty/strauss/anatomy/skel/skeletal.htm), as well as the lab
manual, textbook, and our lecture modules. Note that these Penn State Anatomy skeleton
pictures have more structures than I am requiring you to label. You only need to label what’s on
our handout. Have fun!
Foot lateral view
Foot superior view
Complete the Lab 9 Review Sheets on pp. 105-108.
10
Lab Exercise 10
Activities 1-3: Use Figure 10.1 to help you identify fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints on
a skeleton.
Activity 5: Identify the different types of synovial joints.
Activity 6: Demonstrate the types of movements allowed at synovial joints, as seen in Fig. 10.4.
Activity 7: Complete the charts on pg. 114 regarding uniaxial, biaxial, and multiaxial joints.
Activity 8: Examining the Knee Joint (substitution)
Obtain a knee model and identify the following structures: medial and lateral collateral
ligaments (MCL & LCL), anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (ACL & PCL), quadriceps
tendon, patellar ligament, medial and lateral menisci.
What 3 bones articulate to form the knee joint? _____________________________________
Knee (anterior)
Knee (posterior)
Complete the Lab 10 Review Sheets on pp. 115-118.