References Bostock, M. G., Anisotropic upper-mantle stratigraphy and architecture of the Slave craton, Nature, 390, 393-395, 1997. Bostock, M. G., Mantle stratigraphy and the evolution of the Slave province, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 21183-21200, 1998. Collins-John-A; Vernon-F-L; Orcutt-J-A; Stephen-R-A; Peal-K-R; Wooding-F-B; Spiess-F-N; Hildebrand-J-A, Broadband seismology in the oceans; lessons from the ocean seismic network pilot experiment, Geophysical Research Letters. 28; 1, Pages 49-52. 2001a. Collins, J.A., F. L. Vernon, J. A. Orcutt, and R. A. Stephen, Upper mantle structure beneath the Hawaiian swell: constraints from the Ocean Seismic network Pilot Experiment, submitted to Geophys. Res. Lett. April, 2001b Dueker-Kenneth-G; Sheehan-Anne-F, Mantle discontinuity structure from midpoint stacks of converted P to S waves across the Yellowstone hotspot track, Journal of Geophysical Research, B, Solid Earth and Planets. 102; 4, Pages 8313-8327. 1997. Forsyth-Donald-W; Webb-Spahr-C; Dorman-LeRoy-M; Shen-Yang, Phase velocities of Rayleigh waves in the MELT experiment on the East Pacific Rise. Science.280; 5367, Pages 1235-1238. 1998. Fouch-M-J; Fischer-K-M; Parmentier-E-M; Wysession-M-E; Clarke-T-J, Shear wave splitting, continental keels, and patterns of mantle flow: J. Geophys. Res. 105; 3, Pages 6255-6275. 2000. Freybourger-Marion; Gaherty-James-B; Jordan-Thomas-H, Structure of the Kaapvaal craton from surface waves, In: The Kaapvaal Project; formation and evolution of cratons, Geophysical Research Letters. 28; 13, Pages 2489-2492. 2001. Gaherty-James-B; Jordan-Thomas-H. Lehmann discontinuity as the base of an anisotropic layer beneath continents., Science. 268; 5216, Pages 1468-1471. 1995. Gaherty-James-B; Kato-Mamoru; Jordan-Thomas-H, Seismological structure of the upper mantle; a regional comparison of seismic layering. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 110; 1-2, Pages 2141. 1999. Gaherty, J.B., Seismic evidence for hotspot-induced buoyant upwelling beneath the Reykjanes Ridge, Science, 293, 1645-1647, 2001. Grand, S.P. and D.V. Helmberger, Upper mantle shear structure beneath the northwest Atlantic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 89: 11,465-11,475, 1984. Gupta, P. and J.B. Gaherty, Upper-mantle anisotropy beneath California and the surrounding region, EOS Trans, 81, fall meeting supplement, 2000. Grow, J, and R Sheridan, US Atlantic Continental Margin: A typical Atlantic-type or passive continental margin, in The Geology of North America I-2, R Sheridan, ed., Geol. Soc. Am. 1-12, 1988. Hennet, C, J Luetgert, and R Phinney, The crustal structure in central Maine from coherency processed refraction data, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 12023-12037, 1991. Holbrook-W-Steven; Purdy-G-M; Collins-J-A; Sheridan-R-E; Musser-D-L; Glover-Lynn III; Talwani-M; Ewing-J-I; Hawman-R; Smithson-S-B, Deep velocity structure of rifted continental crust, U.S. MidD-1 Atlantic margin, from wide-angle reflection/ refraction data, Geophysical Research Letters 19; 16, Pages 1699-1702. 1992. Holbrook-W-Steven; Reiter-E-C; Purdy-G-M; Sawyer-D; Stoffa-P-L; Austin-J-A Jr.; Oh-J; Makris-J, Deep structure of the U.S. Atlantic continental margin, offshore South Carolina, from coincident ocean bottom and multichannel seismic data, Journal of Geophysical Research, B, Solid Earth and Planets. 99; 5, Pages 9155-9178. 1994. Hughes S, and J Luetgert, Crustal structure of the southeastern Grenville province, northern New York and Eastern Ontario, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 17455-17479, 1992. Keen C, and D Barrett, Thinned and subsided continental crust on the rifted margin of eastern Canada, crustal structure, thermal evolution and subsidence history, Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc. 65, 443-465, 1981. Kelemen-Peter-B; Holbrook-W-Steven, Origin of thick, high-velocity igneous crust along the U. S. East Coast margin, Journal of Geophysical Research, B, Solid Earth and Planets. 100; 6, Pages 10,077-10,094. 1995. Kosarev-G; Kind-R; Sobolev-S-V; Yuan-X; Hanka-W; Oreshin-S, Seismic evidence for a detached Indian lithospheric mantle beneath Tibet, Science. 283; 5406, Pages 1306-1309. 1999. Laske-G; Phipps-Morgan-J; Orcutt-J-A First results from the Hawaiian SWELL Pilot Experiment Geophysical Research Letters.26; 22, Pages 3397-3400. 1999. Levin V; Lerner Lam A; Menke W, Anomalous mantle structure at the Proterozoic-Paleozoic boundary in northeastern US, Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 121-124, 1995. Levin, V., W. Menke, and J. Park, Shear wave splitting in the Appalachians and the Urals: A case for multilayered anisotropy, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 17975-17987, 1999. Levin, V., W. Menke and J. Park, No regional anisotropic domains in the northeastern U.S. Appalachians J. Geophys. Res. Vol. 105 , No. B8 , p. 19,029, 2000. Levin, V., and J. Park, P-SH conversions in a flat-layered medium with anisotropy of arbitrary orientation, Geophys. J. Int., 131, 253-266, 1997. Levin-V; Park-J, Quasi-Love phases between Tonga and Hawaii: Observations, simulations and explanations, JGR v. 103, pp 24321-24331, 1998. Levin-Vadim; Park-Jeffrey, Shear zones in the Proterozoic lithosphere of the Arabian Shield and the nature of the Hales discontinuity, Tectonophysics. 323; 3-4, Pages 131-148. 2000a. Park-Jeffrey; Levin-Vadim, Receiver functions from multiple-taper spectral correlation estimates, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 90; 6, Pages 1507-1520. 2000b. Li, Aibing, Ph.D. Thesis, Brown University, 2000. Li, A., K. Fischer, S. Van der Lee aand M. Wysession, Crust and upper mantle discontinuity structure beneath eastern North America, in press in J. Geophys. Res., 2002. Lizarralde-Daniel; Holbrook-W-Steven, U.S. mid-Atlantic margin structure and early thermal evolution, Journal of Geophysical Research, B, Solid Earth and Planets. 102; 10, Pages 22,855-22,875. 1997. Mahoney, J, and M Coffin (eds), Large igneous provinces : continental, oceanic, and planetary flood D-2 volcanism, Geophysical monograph 100, American Geophysical Union, 1997. Menke-W; Levin-V and Sethi-R, Seismic attenuation in the crust at the mid-Atlantic plate boundary in south-west Iceland, Geophys. J. Int. 122, 175-182, 1995. Menke-W; Levin-V, Anomalous seaward dip of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary beneath northeastern US detected using differential-array measurements of Rayleigh waves, Geophys. J. Int. 149, 413-421, 2002. Morris, E, R Detrick, T Minshull, J Mutter, R White W Su and P Buhl, Seismic structure of oceanic crust in the western north Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 13879-13909, 1993. Park-Jeffrey; Yu-Yang. Seismic determination of elastic anisotropy and mantle flow. Science.261; 5125, Pages 1159-1162. 1993. Pavlenkova-N-I; Pogrebitskiy-Yu-Ye; Romanyuk-T-V, Seismic-density model of crust and upper mantle in South Atlantic along Angolan-Brazilian Geotraverse, Izvestiya - Russian Academy of Sciences. Physics of the Solid Earth. 29; 10, Pages 847-858. 1994. Pavlenkova, N. I., 1996. General features of the uppermost mantle stratification from long-range seismic profiles, Tectonophysics, 264, 261-278. Revenaugh, J., and T. H. Jordan, Mantle layering from ScS reverberations, 3. The upper mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 19,781-19,810, 1991. Sheridan, R., D. Musse, S. Holbrook, L. Glover, Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain and continental margin; basement and mantle structure and continent-ocean transition, in Centennial continent/ ocean transect. 19; 1995. Sleep, N, Monteregian Hotspot Track, a long lived mantle plume, Geophys. Res. Lett. 95, 21983-21900, 1990. Speed-Robert-C, North American continent-ocean transitions over Phanerozoic time. Phanerozoic evolution of North American continent-ocean transitions, Speed-Robert-C (editor) Pages 1-86. 1994. Van-der-Lee-S; Nolet-G, Upper mantle S velocity structure of North America, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 22815-22838, 1997. van-der-Lee-Suzan, Deep below North America, Science. 294; 5545, Pages 1297-1298. 2001. Van-der-Lee-S, High resolution estimates of lithospheric thickness from Missouri to Massachusetts, USA, submitted to Elsevier Science, 2002. Webb-Spahr-C, Broadband seismology and noise under the ocean, Reviews of Geophysics. 36; 1, Pages 105-142. 1998. Webb, S. and D. Forsyth, Seismic structure of the upper mantle of the East Pacific Rise from waveform inversion of MELT regional events, Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union. 79; 17, Suppl., Pages 232. 1998. Wiens-Douglas-A; Shore-Patrick-J; McGuire-Jeffrey-J; Roth-Erich; Bevis-Michael-G; DraunidaloKitione. The Southwest Pacific Seismic Experiment. IRIS Newsletter (Arlington) 14; 1, Pages 1-4. 1995. Wolfe-C; Solomon-S, Shear-wave splitting and implications for mantle flow beneath the MELT region of D-3 the East Pacific Rise, Science 280, 1230-1232, 1998. Yu, Y., J. Park, and F. Wu, Mantle anisotropy beneath the Tibetan Plateau: Evidence from long-period surface waves, Phys. Earth Planet. Int., v87, 231-246, 1995. Yuan, H., J. Park and V. Levin, 2002. Skidmarks of trench-parallel terrane migration: Subduction-zone anisotropy structure under Corvallis, Oregon, in review in JGR. (Preprint available at http://www.geology.yale.edu/~park/cor.pdf) D-4