5
HOUSEHOLDS
related to one another as husband and wife,
as an unmarried couple, or as parent and
child. Thus, a family can be only a couple, a
couple with children (in various age groups,
defined by the age of the youngest child) or
a single parent with children.
A “family” also includes a family of
grandparents with grandchildren aged 15
and over without parents, or only siblings
aged 15 and over who live together without
spouses or children.
The data according to this variable have
been published since 1997.
Other persons - are people without a family
of their own, who belong to a household
together with a “family”.
Religion and Population Group: The head
of the household is the only household
member who is questioned regarding his
religion. The head of the household’s
religion is registered as the religion of all the
members
of
the
household.
The
classification according to religion includes:
Jews, Moslems, Christians, Druze and other
religions (other religions also include no
religion or religion unknown).
The category “Other Religions” includes all
those who replied that they are not Jews. As
of 2002, this group was divided into two
population groups:
- “Arabs”: a. live in Arab localities (nonJewish localities), or b. live in Jewish or
mixed localities, were born in Israel or
arrived in Israel before 1990.
- “Others”: live in Jewish or mixed localities,
and arrived in Israel in 1990 and after.
The data for the “Others” group are included
in the total number of households, but due to
their low numbers, do not appear separately.
Immigrant household - in Table 5.4 an
immigrant household is defined as a
household with at least one immigrant. In
Tables 5.18 and 5.24 an immigrant
household is defined as a household with
an economic head of household who is an
immigrant.
Continent of origin. For those born abroad,
the continent of birth was recorded; for those
born in Israel - the father’s continent of birth.
LABOUR FORCE SURVEYS
HOUSEHOLDS DEMOGRAPHIC
CHARACTERISTICS
(Tables 5.1-5.13)
The households and families estimates are
obtained from current Labour Force
Surveys.
For a description of the survey, see the
Introduction to Chapter 12 - Labour and
Wages.
DEFINITIONS
Population of households - the tables
refer to all households, with the exception of
households in kibbutzim, institutions,
students’ dormitories and people living
outside localities (Bedouins in the South and
others).
A household is defined as a group of
persons living in one dwelling on a
permanent basis most of the week and
having a common expense budget for food.
A household may include one person or
more, or persons who are not relatives.
Size of household is determined by the
number of persons in the household,
according to the above definition.
Type of household is determined by the
relationship to the household representative
as reported by the interviewee in the field
and by other demographic variables.
Type of household includes family
households and non-family households.
The data according to this variable have
been published since 1997.
A non-family household includes one
person only or a group of persons
without a family relationship.
Family household - is a household that
contains at least one “family”.
A “family household” can include: one
family, one family with other persons, or
two families or more.
Family - is defined as two persons or more
who share the same household and are
(41)
The highest diploma - see definition in the
Introduction to Chapter 12 - Labour and
Wages.
The type of locality by which data are
classified is the permanent type of locality
(see definitions in “Geographical Distribution
of the Population” in the introduction to
Chapter 2).
Since 2002, localities were classified
according to the type of locality as
determined
according
to
population
estimates at the end of 2001.
LABOUR FORCE SURVEYS
HOUSEHOLDS ECONOMIC
CHARACTERISTICS AND
HOUSING
(Tables 5.14-5.27)
DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS
The investigation unit is a household.
Household : see above definition.
Size of household: see above definition.
Wage earner: a person belonging to the
civilian labour force, i.e., “employed” or
“unemployed” person, or soldiers in the
permanent army.
Characteristics of the Labour Force
The labour force includes persons aged 15
and over who were employed (incl.
permanent army) or unemployed during the
determinant week.
In this chapter, employed persons are
divided according to the extent to which they
usually work:
- Usually employed full time: Employed
persons usually working 35+ hours a week,
including those who belong to the
permanent army.
- Usually employed part time: Employed
persons usually working up to 34 hours a
week.
For further details, see the Introduction to
Chapter 12 - Labour and Wages.
Head of household is the economic head
of household. As of 1995, the definition of
head of household was changed and
determined by the degree of belonging to
the labour force, without regard of age or
sex.
- The head of household is the main wages
earner of the household, i.e., an
employed person who usually works 35 or
more hours per week (including soldiers
in the permanent army), and precedes an
employed person who works up to 34
hours a week, who precedes an
unemployed person.
- If more than one person in the household
fits the definition of head of household,
the head is determined by the
interviewee.
- If there is no wage earner in the
household, the head of household is
determined by the interviewee.
Development localities - see definition in
the Introduction to Chapter 12 - Labour and
Wages.
ESTIMATION
For each of the estimates presented here,
an “weighting coefficient” was determined
for each household participating in the
sample. This coefficient reflects the number
of units in the survey population represented
by each unit in the sample.
The “weighting coefficient” was identical for
each of the “households” “families”,
“couples”, and “persons” in the same
household. The “weighting coefficient”
system is determined through an iterative
process, so that after the “weighting” there is
a correlation between the distribution of
persons in the sample households by
primary variables and the corresponding
distribution
of
persons
by
current
demographic estimates.
In 2002 a number of changes were effected
in defining the weighting groups. The main
change was to break the weighting group of
the immigrants, which now includes only
immigrants residing up to 4 years in the
country, see Introduction to Chapter 12 Labour and Wages.
More details about methods of collecting,
processing and estimation, see Chapter 12 Labour and Wages.
(42)
Note: the head of household is a person
aged 18 or over (except households where
the only wages earner is aged 15-17 and
households where there are only 15-17 year
old persons).
Number of rooms in the dwelling: all
rooms used by the household as living
quarters. The following were not included in
the number of rooms: kitchens, bathrooms,
toilets, verandas, rooms used for business
purposes or for work only and rooms let to
tenants. Until 1979, half a room was counted
as a room. In January 1980, a full registration
of rooms and half rooms was made, and
consequently, 1980 data were processed
twice.
Number of persons per room (housing
density) was calculated by dividing the
number of persons who live in the
household by the total number of rooms
occupied by members of the household.
Religion and population group: see above
definition.
Type of locality: see above definition.
Development
localities: see above
definition.
HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE
SURVEY
2002
(Tables 5.28-5.31 and 5.35-5.37)
The purposes and the uses of the survey
are to obtain the components of household
budget and additional data used for
characterizing the living conditions of
households
in
aspects
such
as:
consumption
patterns,
standard
and
composition of nutrition, income level and its
composition, housing conditions, models for
forecasting consumer behavior, and the
incidence of the indirect tax on various
groups in the population. One of the most
important purposes of the survey is to
determine the “weights” for the basket of the
consumer price index.
The survey was first conducted at the
beginning of the 1950s, and until 1997 was
conducted approximately every five years.
Since 1997, the survey has been conducted
annually.
The population: includes, as of 1997, the
entire urban and non-urban population,
excluding kibbutzim, collective moshavim,
Bedouins living outside localities and
residents of institutions.
SOURCES
Data on households
by economic
characteristics and housing are annual
averages obtained from the current
investigations of the Labour Force Surveys,
and they relate to all of the households in
the
country
(excluding
kibbutzim,
institutions, students’ dormitories, and
people living outside localities (Bedouins in
the South and others). Data on housing excl.
also absorption centers.
DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS
Household: See definition above.
Components of the budget in the
Household Expenditure Survey: all the
products and services are divided into ten
main items: food (excl. fruit, vegetables);
vegetables and fruit; housing; dwelling and
household maintenance; furniture and
household
equipment;
clothing
and
footwear; health; education, culture and
entertainment;
transport
and
communications; miscellaneous goods and
services. Within each item there is a
division into sub-groups, and in each subgroup there are the products and services
as reported by the households. E.g., the
Health item is divided into 4 sub-groups:
health insurance, dental treatment, health
services and other health expenditures, with
each such sub-group containing single
products. E.g., the health insurance group
includes all the supplementary insurance in
all the various health funds, as well as other
health insurance policies.
Earner: A person who worked at least one
week during the three months preceding the
As of 1999, population estimates obtained
from the Labour Force Surveys have been
based on the results of the 1995 Census of
Population and Housing. In addition, a new
weighting method has been implemented.
Data for 1998 were processed according to
the new system in order to enable
comparison with the 1999 data.
As of 2002, a number of changes have been
made in the weighting groups. The data for
2001 were processed according to the “new”
method, in order to make it possible to
compare them with data from 2002. For
additional details, see Introduction to
Chapter 12, Labour and Wages.
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survey. It should be mentioned that this
definition differs from the one presented in
the section on economic and housing
characteristics of labour force surveys.
Deciles: See definition below in the
explanations on income surveys.
Standard person: see definition below in
the explanations on income surveys.
Net income per standard person: the total
current financial income of a household,
after deduction of compulsory payments;
and the total “in kind” income which the
household has, as a result of ownership of a
dwelling or vehicle; divided by the number
of standard persons in the household.
Compulsory payments: Direct taxes
imposed on current income, i.e., Income
Tax, National Insurance and National Health
Insurance. These payments were calculated
according to the tax rules and were not
obtained directly from households.
Gross Consumption Expenditure: all
household payments for the purchase of
products or services, as well as the
imputation
of
expenditure
on
the
consumption of housing services and
vehicles (the purchase of which is defined
as investment and not as consumption).
Expenditures on housing services were
calculated by imputation of alternative rent
payments for dwellings of the same size in a
locality or region. The imputation data for
rent were obtained from three sources:
(1) The current rent survey conducted
in the framework of the Consumer
Price Index;
(2) Rent data for households residing
in rented dwellings, from the
household expenditure survey
itself;
(3) External sources.
For key money dwellings, the difference
between the actual rent paid and the full rent
value was imputed, on the basis of the
values obtained from the sources mentioned
above.
Expenditures for vehicle services were
estimated according to the value of the
services deriving from the asset. For
example, for every household that owns a
car, the value of services deriving from the
asset is estimated according to the value of
its depreciation and the alternative interest
that was imputed also as income for that
household.
Purchase of products: A product is
considered purchased according to the day
in which it was received and the full sum of
purchase is considered an expenditure on
product when the product reaches the
dwelling, even if it was only partially paid for
at the time. Therefore, money paid in
advance by the household for a product or a
service not yet received or debts paid for a
product that is already in the dwelling are
not
considered
as
consumption
expenditures but as an increase in savings.
Compulsory payments are not included,
because they don’t represent direct
purchase of a given product or service.
Money
Consumption
Expenditures:
consumption expenditures as defined
above, without imputation of services on
housing and vehicles.
Ownership of durable goods: the
percentage of households in a given group
that own or have at their disposal durable
goods such as: the percentage of
households in Jerusalem that have a
washing machine, color TV, personal
computer, car, cellular phone, etc.
SOURCES
The survey data on expenditures were
obtained from the investigation of a sample
of 6,227 households in 169 localities which
were investigated for a year, in the period
between January 2002 and January 2003.
Data on income are based on the combined
sample of the income survey and household
expenditures survey (an explanation of the
income survey sample is presented below).
Sampling framework: Arnona [municipal
property tax] lists of the local authorities
were used as the framework for drawing the
sample. Completion was made from a
framework of new building.
Sampling unit: residential dwelling.
Investigation unit: a ‘household’ (see
definition above.
METHOD OF INVESTIGATION AND
PROCESSING
Three questionnaires were filled in for each
household investigated:
1. A questionnaire on the composition of
the household which was filled in by
the enumerator. The questionnaire
contains demographic and basic
economic data for each household
member.
2. A biweekly ledger in which the
(44)
household
recorded
the
daily
expenditures
of
all
household
members for two weeks.
3. A summary questionnaire in
which the enumerator recorded
details
of
household
expenditures over the last
three months or 12 months
preceding the interview.
In this questionnaire data on all
household incomes were also obtained.
All the budget components for each
household were expressed in terms of a
common denominator: a monthly estimate at
a uniform price level reflecting the average
for the 2002 survey period. That average was
121.67 points, according to the base
in the section on Economic Characteristics
and Housing.
Households of employees: households
where the head of the household is an
employee or member of a cooperative.
Households where the head of the
household is not working: households
where the head of the household did not
work for even one day over the three months
preceding the visit of the enumerator.
Employee: Any survey participant who had
some salaried income over the three months
preceding the visit of the enumerator.
Gross money income of households: The
total current money income of the household
before deduction of compulsory payments
(income tax, National Insurance, and Health
Insurance). Gross money income includes
income of all household members from
salaried or self employed, property, interest,
dividends, current income from support and
pensions, or any other income. Gross
money income does not include nonrecurrent payments (e.g., inheritance,
severance pay from the place of work,
restitution from Germany, etc). Nor does it
include imputations for income from use of
own dwelling or other types of income in
kind.
Net money income: Gross money income
after deduction of compulsory payments.
Data on net income were not obtained
directly from the households surveyed, but
were calculated on the basis of gross
income and the tax rules as applied in
Israel.
Standard person: the size of a household
affects the level of living that can be
maintained on a given income. In order to
provide a basis for comparing the level of
living of households with varying numbers of
members, they are usually classified by
income per person. It is also assumed that
the number of household members does not
have a uniform impact on the potential level
of living that can be attained from a given
income. Accordingly, there are advantages
to a large household. Therefore the number
of household members was transformed into
a uniform scale. The scale establishes the
two-person household as a base unit. The
larger the number of household members,
the smaller the marginal influence of each
additional person. Based on this scale, the
number of persons in a household is
expressed in terms of standard persons
1998=100.
Estimation: The survey used weighting
coefficients in order to minimize, to the
extent possible, sampling errors, as well as
biases that may result from the fact that the
characteristics of households that did not
participate in the survey may differ from
those of the participating households. For an
explanation of the weighting coefficients,
see the above section on demographic
characteristics.
INCOME SURVEYS
(Tables 5.32 -5.34)
The data presented here were obtained from
the income surveys conducted regularly
since 1965 as part of the Labour Force
Survey and since 1997 based also on
income data obtained from the Household
Expenditure Survey. The findings relate to
the income of households, where the head
of the household was an employee, selfemployed, or not working.
More detailed results of the Income Surveys
and a comprehensive description of the
methods and definitions used can be found
in Publication no. 1220, Income Survey 2002.
Details on the Household Expenditures
Survey can be found in Publication no. 1217,
Household Expenditures Survey 2002,
General Summary (see the list below).
DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS
Household: See definition above, in the
section on Demographic Characteristics of
Housholds.
Earner: See definition above, in the section
on Household Expenditure Survey.
Head of household: See definition above,
(45)
per household. The full scale is presented in
the following table.
Actual number of
persons in
household
1 person
2 persons
3 persons
4 persons
5 persons
6 persons
7 persons
8 persons
9+ persons
(1)
Marginal
Weight per
Person
1.25
0.75
0.65
0.55
0.55
0.50
0.50
0.45
0.40(1)
The income survey was conducted
together with the regular Labour
Force Survey (for details on the
sampling procedures, see Chapter
12, “Labour and Wages”, and see
publication no. 1199 of the Central
Bureau of Statistics series Labour
Force Surveys 2001). One-fourth of
the participants in the labour force
survey sample that are included in
the definition of the Income Survey
were asked about their income.
2. Household expenditures survey
(details of the sampling procedure
appear also in Publication no. 1201,
Household Expenditures Survey
2001,
General
Summary
Jerusalem, April 2003) - conducted
annually as of 1997. In the survey,
household members are asked
about their expenditures as well as
their income.
In both surveys, the sample unit is a
dwelling. In each dwelling selected for the
sample, all of the households residing in the
same dwelling were surveyed (in most
cases, there was one household per
dwelling).
In general, the samples of both surveys
were drawn in two stages: in the first stage,
a stratified sample of localities was drawn. In
the second stage, a systematic random
sample of households was drawn in each of
the localities selected for the sample. The
main source for drawing the sample of
dwellings was the municipal property tax file
of the local authority. The main dwelling
samples were supplemented by samples of
dwelling units in student dormitories,
absorption centers, and sheltered housing
for the elderly. In addition, the samples were
updated during the course of the survey
year, as new apartments were selected for
the sample were added from a special
framework of new construction.
In 2002, the data were based on a sample of
14,201 households - 7,974 were taken from
the income survey, and 6,227 were taken
from the household expenditures survey.
The survey period: The income survey
examines the income of each individual
aged 15 and over during the three months
preceding the enumerator’s visit. In this
way, every annual survey examines the
quarterly income of the survey population
over a period of 15 months.
1.
No. of
Standard
Persons
1.25
2.00
2.65
3.20
3.75
4.25
4.75
5.20
For each additional person.
Net income per standard person: The net
household income is divided by the number
of standard persons in the household.
Decile: A decile is a group including 10
percent of all households, arranged by
income level (the classifying income), from
households with the lowest income levels to
households with the highest income levels
(the top decile).
The income used to classify households can
be either gross or net, per household, per
capita, or per standard person.
Gini coefficient: A measure of inequality in
income distribution, ranging from 0
(“complete equality”) to 1 (“maximum
inequality”).
SOURCES
The population: The combined survey
conducted as of 1997 comprises most of the
residents of Israel in Jewish localities
(including residents of East Jerusalem),
Arab localities, and mixed localities excluding kibbutzim, cooperative moshavim,
and Bedouins living outside of localities. In
1995-96, only urban populations (all localities
numbering over 2000 inhabitants) were
surveyed. In 2000-2001, there were problems
investigating the population of East
Jerusalem. Therefore, the latest data do not
include that population. In order to enable
comparison with previous years, this
population was eliminated from the 1999
survey as well, and data for that year appear
twice.
The sample: As of 1997, the income survey
is based on income data collected both in
the income survey and in the of Household
Expenditure Survey:
(46)
The “Household Expenditure Survey” is
conducted for a period of 13 months, during
which data are collected on the income of
every household member aged 15 and over,
and on the income of each household. Here,
too, the survey examines income of each
household during the three months
preceding the month of the enumerator’s
visit, and the income data collected over the
entire survey for each household over a
period of 15 months.
Adjustment of prices: All of the income
data are presented according to the average
level of prices during the survey year.
Estimation: See above, in the section on
demographic characteristics of households.
SELECTED PUBLICATIONS
CENSUS OF POPULATION AND
HOUSING 1995
1
Population and Household Provisional Results
8A
Socio-Economic
Characteristics of Population
and Households in Localities
with 2,000 Inhabitants and More
- Selected Findings (Hebrew
only)
TECHNICAL SERIES
73
Typology of Households and
Families in Israel, 1999
SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS
1062 The Families in Israel, 1995
1079 Households in Israel, 1996
1118 Characteristics and Ranking of
Local Authorities, according to
the
Population’s
SocioEconomic Level in 1999
1122 Housing Density in Households
in Israel 1997-1998
1199 Labour Force Surveys, 2001
1217 Household Expenditure Survey,
2002, General Summaries
1220 Income Survey, 2002
CURRENT BRIEFINGS IN STATISTICS
11, 2001 Income Survey, 2000 - Additional
Findings
13, 2001 Labour Force Surveys, 2000
5, 2002 Income Survey, 2000
(47)