THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS HOMEWORK IS THAT YOU BEGIN TO READ TERMS IN ENGLISH THAT WILL PROBABLY BE USEFUL TO
YOU IN THE FUTURE. THE PARTIAL TEST WILL PROBABLY CONTAIN SOME QUESTIONS ABOUT THIS SPECIAL WORK.
TODAY, LIKE NEVER, THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES HAVE ALLOWED TO PROLONG AND TO IMPROVE THE
QUALITY OF HEALTH AND LIFE. THE FOLLOWING ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF THE EFFORT OF SCIENCE TO OBTAIN IT, REASON
WHY THEY ARE:
THE
SUPERDRUGS
1. ANESTHETICS:
FOR AVERAGE CENTURY, THE FEW SURGERIES THAT WERE FEASIBLE TO REALISE WITHOUT ANESTHESIA. IN ORDER TO
AVOID A PAIN, THE DOCTORS SPECIALIZED IN THE SPEED (“FASTEN THE CUT, MINOR THE SUFFERING”). FROM THE
EXTIRPATION OF A CYST TO THE EXTRACTION OF A TOOTH, TO BE PUT UNDER A SURGICAL INTERVENTION REQUIRED A LOT
VALUE, PATIENCE… AND LUCK.
IT WAS INDEED WITH THE EXTRACTION OF A MOLAR AND SO IT GAVE TO BEGINNING A NEW ONE WAS IN THE MEDICINE:
ODONTOLOGIST HORACE WELLS USE BY RECOMMENDATION OF A PHARMACIST THE NITROUS OXIDE, ALSO KNOWN LIKE
THE “GAS THE LAUGHTER” (THE PATIENTS, IN HILARIDAD STATE, NOR FOUND OUT THE PAIN). THE DOCTORS WERE
SPECIALISTIC ALSO IN THE HANDLING AND CLINICAL USE OF THE ETHER AND THE CHLOROFORM.
NASAL APPLICATION OF CHLOROFORM
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AS OF CENTURY XX, ANESTHETIC ONES WERE DEVELOPED OTHER: MORPHINE, IN SPITE OF THE ADDICTION THAT PRODUCES,
CONTINUES BEING ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT; THEIR DERIVATIVES CONTINUE BEING USED TO FIGHT THE PAIN (THAT
IN THE CASE OF PATIENTS WITH BURNS OR SERIOUS WOUNDS UNBEARABLE). THE ANESTHETIC PREMISES ALSO HAVE
ALLEVIATED THE SUFFERING OF MILLION: XILOCAINE, CODEINE, PROCAINE AND MANY OTHERS.
AT THE MOMENT, SCIENCE WORKS IN CREATING OR FINDING ANESTHETIC THAT THEY ALLOW TO A FAST RECOVERY AND A
GREATER “ZONING” (IN THE FUTURE, THE ANESTHETIC WILL BE SO SPECIALIZED THAT CAN TO BE APPLIED TO SPECIFIC
RECEPTORS).
2. ANTIBIOTICS:
IN 1921, PENICILLIN ARRIVED. THE FINDING OF THE ENGLISH SCIENTIST ALEXANDER FLEMING
REPRESENT ANOTHER GREAT REVOLUTION IN THE SCIENCE, THAT FROM CREATE TO AN ACCELERATED
TRAIN OF THE PROGRESS. THIS ANTIBIOTIC (COMING FROM FUNGUS “PENICILIUM NOTATUM”) NOT
ONLY HAS BEEN USED IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIONS, BUT ALSO AGAINST DISEASES OF SEXUAL
TRANSMISSION LIKE THE SYPHILIS (THAT IN EUROPE OF THE POSTWAR PERIOD COULD BECOME THE
PRESENT EQUIVALENT OF AIDS IN AFRICA).
COMMERCIALIZED AS OF 1940, CHANGE ALSO THE FORM IN WHICH THE PEOPLE WERE RELATED TO THE
DISEASES. SALE, TO THE REACH PRACTICALLY OF ALL, PENICILLIN IT CREATE A NEW CULTURE WITH
RESPECT TO THE INFECTIONS.
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3. VACCINES:
THE COALITION OF DEFENSE OF THE VACCINE AGAINST VIH DEFINES GENERALLY TO VACCINES LIKE “INNOCUOUS
SUBSTANCES THAT CREATE A SIMILAR IMMUNE RESPONSE TO WHICH IT IS GENERATED AFTER AN INFECTION, TO CREATE
IMMUNITY OR RESISTANCE TO ANOTHER LATER REAL INFECTION”.
ANGULAR STONE OF THE PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, THE VACCINES CAN BE VIRUS ATTENUATED (AS IN THE CASE OF THE
SMALLPOX, RUBELLA, YELLOW FEVER AND ORAL POLIO VACCINE), INACTIVATED OR “KILLED” VACCINES (CHOLERA,
TOSPHERINE, TYPHOID, TYPHUS,), OR PASIVED, FORMULATED WITH PROTEINS OR POLYSACCHARIDES (DIPHTERIA, RABIES,
BOTULISM, VENOMS OF CERTAIN FISHES, SNAKES OR SPIDERS, AND TETANUS). THE GENETIC ADVANCES HAVE PUT THEIR
SAND GRANITE AND VACCINES AGAINST THE HEPATITIS AND THE HUMAN PAPILLOMA HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED WITH THIS
TECHNOLOGY. IN ORDER TO GIVE AN IDEA OF THE IMPORTANCE OF VACCINES: IN MEXICO, 7.500 CASES OF CHILDREN WITH
POLIO WERE REPORTED IN 1950; ONLY 25 IN 1980; IN 2004, NONE.
THEY ARE TO DISCOVER BOVINE AGAINST THE EBOLA, THE MALARIA, DENGUE, CANCER, AMONG OTHERS. IAVI
(INTERNATIONAL AIDS VACCINE INITIATIVE) REPORTS THAT AT THE MOMENT THEY ARE INVESTIGATED, IN 19 COUNTRIES,
30 POSSIBLES FORMULAS TO PREVENT AIDS.
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4. ANALGESICS:
IN 1915 COME WITH BIG DRUM AND SUBJECT OF GOSSIP IN THE COUNTERS OF ALL THE DRUG STORES JUST THE ARRIVAL
(AND DESTINED TO BECOME MEDICAL SUPERSTAR) “ASPIRINA”.
SINCE THEN, THERE IS NOT PERSON IN THE CIVILIZED WORLD THAT DOES NOT KNOW THE ENCHANTMENTS THIS WHITE
LITTLE PILL, WHOSE USE HELPS TO PREVENT INFARTS, THROMBOSIS AND EMBOLIAS; IT REDUCES THE RISK OF CANCER IN
PANCREAS, OVARIES AND COLON; IT REGENERATES THE ORAL GUM; IN THE OLD PEOPLE IT PREVENTS LOST FROM VISION
AND HEARING; IT LESSEN THE RISK OF UNDERGOING INFECTIONS, REDUCES THE INFLAMMATION… AND ALSO TAKE AWAY
THE PAIN HEAD.
ASPIRINA WAS ORIGINALLY OBTAINED FROM THE CRUST AND THE LEAVES OF A CALLED TREE WILLOW; ITS USE
OVERCOMES TO OLD THE GREEKS: REGISTRIES INDICATE THAT GOING UP TO AROUND THE YEAR 400 A.C., HIPOCRATES USED
THIS DERIVATIVE IN THE TREATMENT AGAINST THE PAIN. AT THE BEGINNING OF CENTURY XIX, ITALIAN SCIENTISTS,
GERMANS AND FRENCH INITIATED A RACE TO ISOLATE THE COMPONENT ASSETS: ACETILSALICILIC ACID.
IN 1853, CHEMIST FRENCH CHARLES FREDERIC GERHARDT WAS THE FIRST IN MANAGING IT BUT SCORN TO
COMMERCIALIZE THEIR DISCOVERY… AN ERROR THAT HIM COST MILLIONS.
FELIX HOFFMAN, GERMAN EMPLOYEE OF LABORATORIES BAYER, CORRESPONDS THE PATENT OF THIS PRODUCT
IN 1889.
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5. CONTRACONCEPTIVE PILL:
LOVED, HATED, CURSED, IDOLIZED… AND THE WORLD ONLY KNOWS IT LIKE “THE PILL”. CARL DJERASSI, CHEMICAL OF THE
STANFORD UNIVERSITY, WRITES THAT NO OTHER DRUG HAS HAD SO MANY SOCIAL REPERCUSSIONS. ITS USE GAVE TO THE
WOMEN THE POWER HIM TO DECIDE NOT TO BECOME PREGNANT; TO ALWAYS FREE THE SEXUAL ACT FROM THE
PROCREATION, CHANGING FOR THE NATURE OF THE HUMAN RELATIONS. IT FORMULATES THIS COMPOSING BY HORMONES
THAT INHIBIT THE OVULATION.
IT WAS THE FIRST MEDICINE CONSUMED BY HEALTHY WOMEN, WHICH CHANGE ALSO THE APPROACH OF THE MEDICAL
PRESCRIPTION IN THE LONG TERM. ALTHOUGH WITH TIME OTHER CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS HAVE ARISEN UNTIL
ARRIVING AT THE EMERGENCY TABLET, BY THEIR SOCIAL IMPACT AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN THE LIFE OF THE WOMEN, “THE
PILL” HAS GAINED THE RIGHT TO BE CONSIDERED LIKE ONE OF IMPORTANT THE MEDICAL ADVANCES OF OUR TIMES.
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6. ORAL SERUM:
END OF THE 70: FIVE MILLION CHILDREN WERE DEAD EVERY YEAR DUE TO THE DEHYDRATION BY DIARRHEA, DATA THAT
REDEFINES THE CONCEPT OF THE WORD “TRAGEDY”.
Salt
+
+
Water
IN 1968, SCIENTIFIC OF INDIA AND BANGLADESH THEY NOTICED THAT TO ADD, IN THE CORRECT PROPORTION, SALT AND
GLUCOSE TO THE WATER ALLOWS THAT THE LIQUID IS ABSORBED BY THE INTESTINAL WALLS, COMING UP, INDEED, THE
DEHYDRATION THAT WHIPPED THEN TO THE CHILDREN OF POOR OR FRANKLY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. AND THIS
DISCOVERY CONVERTED, IN AGREEMENT WITH BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL; IN ONE OF IMPORTANT THE MEDICAL
ADVANCES OF CENTURY XX. IMMEDIATELY, THE UNICEF SENDS A CAMPAIGN OF INFANTILE PROTECTION THAT INCLUDED
THE ORAL SERUM USED LIKE THE BEST METHOD TO TREAT THIS SUFFERING. EGYPT WAS ONE OF THE SUCCESSFUL CASES.
UNTIL 1981, THE DIARRHEA WAS THE MAIN CAUSE OF INFANTILE DEATH IN THIS COUNTRY.
AFTER TO IMPLEMENT AN AMBITIOUS PROGRAM (1983-1988). THE PERCENTAGE OF DECEASES UNDER 58% IN CHILDREN
AMONG ONE AND FOUR YEARS. IN THIS PERIOD ALSO THE WORLDWIDE INDICES OF INFANTILE DEATH IT DOWN
CONSIDERABLY. THE INFANTILE SERUM - SO ECONOMIC AND SIMPLE IN ITS EFFICIENT ELABORATION- LIKE CONTINUOUS
AVOIDING DEATHS BETWEEN YOUNG POPULATIONS OF OUR PLANET. UNTIL NOW, ONE RECOMMENDS HIS USE IN THE
TREATMENT AGAINST THE DIARRHEA AND INFANTILE DEHYDRATION.
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7. INSULINE:
HORMONE SECRETED BY THE PANCREAS, IDENTIFIED IN 1921 BY CANADIAN INVESTIGATORS, WHO ALLOW OUR BODY TO
USE THE GLUCOSE SUITABLY (ORIGINATING SUGAR OF FOODS).
IN A HEALTHFUL ORGANISM, WE EAT AND THE GLUCOSE GOES TO THE BLOOD. THANKS TO THE INSULIN THAT THE
PANCREAS RELEASES, THE CELLS THEY CAN HAVE THAT GLUCOSE, THAT IT IS TRANSFORMED INTO ENERGY FOR THE
ORGANISM. WHEN DIABETES IS HAD, THE CYCLE DOES NOT WORK THUS… WE EAT, AND THE GLUCOSE OF FOODS GOES AWAY
TO THE BLOOD, BUT THE PANCREAS DOES NOT RELEASE SUFFICIENT INSULIN SO THAT SUGAR CAN BE PROCESSED. THUS,
THE CELLS REMAIN WITHOUT ENERGY TO WORK CORRECTLY. THE GLUCOSE REMAINS IN THE BLOOD AND THIS AFFECTS THE
METABOLIC PROCESSES OF THE BODY.
UNLESS AN INSULIN TREATMENT IS ADMINISTERED TO IT OF CHRONIC AND MONITORED FORM, THE
ORGANISM WOULD WORK TO FORCED MARCHES UNTIL THE INVOLVED BODIES BEGIN TO FAIL. THE SYNTHETIC INSULIN
HAS CHANGED THE LIFE OF MORE THAN 190 MILLION PEOPLE IN THE WORLD WHO SUFFER DIABETES, WHICH IS AT THE
MOMENT THE GREAT BLACK CLOUD OF THE MEXICAN LANDSCAPE, SINCE IT OCCUPIES THE FIRST PLACE IN THE RATE OF
MORTALITY IN OUR COUNTRY.
“THE DISEASE IS THE RESULT NOT ONLY OF OUR ACTS BUT ALSO OF OUR THOUGHTS.”
MAHATMA GANDHI, POLITICIAN INDU
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REFERENCES:
1. ANESTHETIC: http://www.iqb.es/anestesia/historia/historia03.htm
2. ANTIBIOTICS:
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A9gnMiE4_oJGbR4BzkSjzbkF/SIG=1226ur9ki/EXP=1183076280/**http%3A//whyfiles.com/shorties/085
fast_evolution
3. VACCINES:
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A9gnMiZm_oJG9d8AiSCjzbkF/SIG=12dau5uce/EXP=1183076326/**http%3A//web.bryant.edu/~ehu/h45
3proj/vaccines1/nature.html
4. ANALGESIC:
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A9gnMijr_oJGhE0AgTejzbkF/SIG=12rs7ok3a/EXP=1183076459/**http%3A//bohr.winthrop.edu/faculty/
owens/link_to_webpages/courses/chem106 5.
5. CONTRACEPTIVE PILL:
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A9gnMiSc_4JGMBQBBD2jzbkF/SIG=11l396g4g/EXP=1183076636/**http%3A//www.camacho.com.mx/en
3dias
6. ORAL SERUM:
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A9gnMiYFAINGleAAg0WjzbkF/SIG=12gmba40q/EXP=1183076741/**http%3A//www.esmas.com/salud/ho
me/tienesquesaberlo/359284.html 7
7. INSULIN:
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A9gnMiR_AINGvRUBJU2jzbkF/SIG=11vqpkf12/EXP=1183076863/**http%3A//www.moorevet.com/Feline
/diabetes.htm
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