Supplementary Table 1. Selected indications and diagnostic value of ultrasonography in the management of rheumatic diseases.
Disease
Clinical focus
Sensitivity
Specificity
Study
Cross-sectional area of median nerve vs clinical and
77.6%
86.8%
1
Musculoskeletal
Carpal tunnel syndrome
electrodiagnostic testing
2
Crystal-arthropathy
Gout
Crystal deposition vs synovial fluid microscopy
86.7-96.0%
73.0-96.4%
3,4
5
Uric acid nephrolithiasis
86.7%
96.4%
6,7
Knee: Effusion or synovitis vs clinics or MR
71.6-75.0%
43.2-45.0%
8-10
Interphalagneal finger joints: Erosive disease vs MR
62-72%
87-100%
11,12
Shoulder: ultrasonography vs diagnosis of PMR
92.9%
99.1%
13
Hip, trochanteric bursitis: ultrasonography vs MR
100%
Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography vs histology
73%
Chondrocalcinosis
Intra-cartilaginous hyperechoic spots vs synovial fluid
Osteoarthritis
microscopy
Polymyalgia rheumatica
Polymyositis
14
91%
15,16,
17
Psoriatic arthritis
Synovitis of hands and feet: ultrasonography vs MR
71%
84-94%
18
Rheumatoid arthritis
Peripheral joints: PDUS vs MR
88.8%
97.9%
19,20
Ultrasonography synovitis in undifferentiated arthritis vs
63%
98%
21
diagnosis (1987 ACR criteria) after 1 year
Spondyloarthritis
22
Peripheral arthritis
Sacroiliitis unenhanced ultrasonography vs. MR
17%
96%
23
Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography vs MR
94%
86%
23
Enthesitis: MASES ≥20 for spondyloarthritis (ASAS
55.8%
89.5%
24
Ultrasonography halo, stenosis or occlusion vs ACR criteria
78%
88%
25
Unilateral ultrasonography halo vs ACR criteria
68%
91%
26
Ultrasonography halo, stenosis or occlusion vs clinical
87%
96%
27
criteria)
Others
Giant cell arteritis
diagnosis
Raynaud syndrome
Differentiation of primary/secondary syndrome
Sjögren syndrome
Involvement of salivary glands vs diagnosis
Takayasu arteritis
Ultrasonography correlates with angiography and MR
28,29
48-90%
93-99%
30,31
32
angiography (agreement in >95%)
Thrombosis (in Behçet or
antiphospholipid syndrome)
Proximal deep vein thrombosis vs angiography (in
96%
98%
33
symptomatic patients)
Abbreviations: ACR, American College of Rheumatology; ASAS, Assessment of Spondyloarthritis Society; CDUS, color Doppler
ultrasonography; MASES, Maastricht Ankylosing Spondylitis Enthesitis Score; MR, magnetic resonance.
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