Hormonal Contraception and Cancer Risks BREAST CANCER 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Lancet. Jun 22 1996;347(9017):1713-1727. Link to PubMed Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: further results. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Contraception. Sep 1996;54(3 Suppl):1S-106S. Link to PubMed Contraceptive methods and breast cancer risk: an update. Contracept Rep. Jul 2000;11(2):9-11. Link to PubMed Long-term oral contraceptive use and the risk of breast cancer. The centers for Disease Control Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study. Jama. Mar 25 1983;249(12):1591-1595. Link to Article Althuis MD, Brogan DR, Coates RJ, et al. Hormonal content and potency of oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk among young women. Br J Cancer. Jan 13 2003;88(1):50-57. Link to PubMed Bailie R, Katzenellenbogen J, Hoffman M, et al. A case control study of breast cancer risk and exposure to injectable progestogen contraceptives. Methods and patterns of use among controls. S Afr Med J. Mar 1997;87(3):302-305. Link to PubMed Baird DT, Glasier AF. Hormonal contraception. N Engl J Med. May 27 1993;328(21):1543-1549. Link to PubMed Beral V, Hermon C, Kay C, Hannaford P, Darby S, Reeves G. Mortality associated with oral contraceptive use: 25 year follow up of cohort of 46 000 women from Royal College of General Practitioners' oral contraception study. Bmj. Jan 9 1999;318(7176):96-100. Link to PDF Borgelt-Hansen L. Oral contraceptives: an update on health benefits and risks. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). Nov-Dec 2001;41(6):875-886; quiz 925876. Link to PubMed Caygill CP, Hill MJ. Trends in European breast cancer incidence and possible etiology. Tumori. Apr 30 1991;77(2):126-129. Link to PubMed Hormonal Contraception and Cancer Risks 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Colditz GA, Rosner BA, Speizer FE. Risk factors for breast cancer according to family history of breast cancer.For the Nurses' Health Study Research Group. J Natl Cancer Inst. Mar 20 1996;88(6):365-371. Link to PubMed Fowke JH, Shu XO, Dai Q, et al. Oral contraceptive use and breast cancer risk: modification by NAD(P)H:quinone oxoreductase (NQO1) genetic polymorphisms. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. Aug 2004;13(8):1308-1315. Link to PDF Gadducci A, Biglia N, Sismondi P, Genazzani AR. Breast cancer and sex steroids: critical review of epidemiological, experimental and clinical investigations on etiopathogenesis, chemoprevention and endocrine treatment of breast cancer. Gynecol Endocrinol. Jun 2005;20(6):343-360. Link to PubMed Gast K, Snyder T. Combination oral contraceptives and cancer risk. Kans Med. Jul 1990;91(7):201-208. Link to PubMed Gay JW, Cardwell MS. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer. Mo Med. Oct 1990;87(10):763-767. Link to PubMed Grabrick DM, Hartmann LC, Cerhan JR, et al. Risk of breast cancer with oral contraceptive use in women with a family history of breast cancer. Jama. Oct 11 2000;284(14):1791-1798. Link to PubMed Hannaford PC, Kay CR. The risk of serious illness among oral contraceptive users: evidence from the RCGP's oral contraceptive study. Br J Gen Pract. Oct 1998;48(435):1657-1662. Link to PubMed Herbst AL, Berek JS. Impact of contraception on gynecologic cancers. Am J Obstet Gynecol. Jun 1993;168(6 Pt 2):1980-1985. Link to PubMed Isaksson E, von Schoultz E, Odlind V, et al. Effects of oral contraceptives on breast epithelial proliferation. Breast Cancer Res Treat. Jan 2001;65(2):163-169. Link to PubMed Johnson KH, Millard PS. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer. J Fam Pract. Oct 1996;43(4):340-341. Link to PubMed Kumle M, Weiderpass E, Braaten T, Persson I, Adami HO, Lund E. Use of oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk: The Norwegian-Swedish Women's Lifestyle and Health Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. Nov 2002;11(11):1375-1381. Link to PDF Hormonal Contraception and Cancer Risks 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. Lee NC, Rosero-Bixby L, Oberle MW, Grimaldo C, Whatley AS, Rovira EZ. A case-control study of breast cancer and hormonal contraception in Costa Rica. J Natl Cancer Inst. Dec 1987;79(6):1247-1254. Link to PubMed Lipnick RJ, Buring JE, Hennekens CH, et al. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer. A prospective cohort study. Jama. Jan 3 1986;255(1):5861. Link to PubMed Murray PP, Stadel BV, Schlesselman JJ. Oral contraceptive use in women with a family history of breast cancer. Obstet Gynecol. Jun 1989;73(6):977-983. Link to PubMed Paul C, Skegg DC, Spears GF. Oral contraceptives and risk of breast cancer. Int J Cancer. Sep 15 1990;46(3):366-373. Link to PubMed Schlesselman JJ. Cancer of the breast and reproductive tract in relation to use of oral contraceptives. Contraception. Jul 1989;40(1):1-38. Link to PubMed Schlesselman JJ. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol. Oct 1990;163(4 Pt 2):1379-1387. Link to PubMed Schlesselman JJ. Net effect of oral contraceptive use on the risk of cancer in women in the United States. Obstet Gynecol. May 1995;85(5 Pt 1):793801. Link to PubMed Schlesselman JJ, Stadel BV, Korper M, Yu W, Wingo PA. Breast cancer detection in relation to oral contraception. J Clin Epidemiol. May 1992;45(5):449-459. Link to PubMed Shulman LP. Oral contraceptives. Risks. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. Dec 2000;27(4):695-704, v-vi. Link to PubMed Skegg DC. Safety and efficacy of fertility-regulating methods: a decade of research. Bull World Health Organ. 1999;77(9):713-721. Link to PubMed Skegg DC. Evaluating the safety of medicines, with particular reference to contraception. Stat Med. Dec 15 2001;20(23):3557-3569. Link to PubMed Tzingounis V, Cardamakis E, Ginopoulos P, Argiropoulos G. Incidence of benign and malignant breast disorders in women taking hormones (contraceptive pill or hormonal replacement therapy). Anticancer Res. Nov-Dec 1996;16(6C):3997-4000. Link to PubMed Wile AG, DiSaia PJ. Hormones and breast cancer. Am J Surg. Apr 1989;157(4):438-442. Link to PubMed Hormonal Contraception and Cancer Risks CERVICAL CANCER 1. Bertram CC. Evidence for practice: oral contraception and risk of cervical cancer. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. Oct 2004;16(10):455-461. Link to PubMed 2. Smith JS, Green J, Berrington de Gonzalez A, et al. Cervical cancer and use of hormonal contraceptives: a systematic review. Lancet. Apr 5 2003;361(9364):1159-1167. Link to PubMed 3. Stewart FH, Harper CC, Ellertson CE, Grimes DA, Sawaya GF, Trussell J. Clinical breast and pelvic examination requirements for hormonal contraception: Current practice vs evidence. Jama. May 2 2001;285(17):2232-2239. Link to PubMed OVARIAN and ENDOMETRIAL CANCERS (RISK REDUCTION) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Backman T, Rauramo I, Jaakkola K, et al. Use of the levonorgestrelreleasing intrauterine system and breast cancer. Obstet Gynecol. Oct 2005;106(4):813-817. Link to PubMed Burkman RT, Collins JA, Shulman LP, Williams JK. Current perspectives on oral contraceptive use. Am J Obstet Gynecol. Aug 2001;185(2 Suppl):S4-12. Link to PubMed Chiaffarino F, Pelucchi C, Parazzini F, et al. Reproductive and hormonal factors and ovarian cancer. Ann Oncol. Mar 2001;12(3):337-341. Link to PubMed Deligeoroglou E, Michailidis E, Creatsas G. Oral contraceptives and reproductive system cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Nov 2003;997:199-208. Link to PubMed Friedenson B. A current perspective on genetic testing for breast and ovarian cancer: the oral contraceptive decision. MedGenMed. Nov 2 2001;3(6):2. Link to PubMed Gast K, Snyder T. Combination oral contraceptives and cancer risk. Kans Med. Jul 1990;91(7):201-208. Link to PubMed Narod SA, Risch H, Moslehi R, et al. Oral contraceptives and the risk of hereditary ovarian cancer. Hereditary Ovarian Cancer Clinical Study Group. N Engl J Med. Aug 13 1998;339(7):424-428. Link to PubMed Ness RB, Grisso JA, Cottreau C, et al. Factors related to inflammation of the ovarian epithelium and risk of ovarian cancer. Epidemiology. Mar 2000;11(2):111-117. Link to PubMed Hormonal Contraception and Cancer Risks 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Ness RB, Grisso JA, Klapper J, et al. Risk of ovarian cancer in relation to estrogen and progestin dose and use characteristics of oral contraceptives. SHARE Study Group. Steroid Hormones and Reproductions. Am J Epidemiol. Aug 1 2000;152(3):233-241. Link to PubMed Ness RB, Grisso JA, Vergona R, Klapper J, Morgan M, Wheeler JE. Oral contraceptives, other methods of contraception, and risk reduction for ovarian cancer. Epidemiology. May 2001;12(3):307-312. Link to PubMed Pike MC, Pearce CL, Peters R, Cozen W, Wan P, Wu AH. Hormonal factors and the risk of invasive ovarian cancer: a population-based casecontrol study. Fertil Steril. Jul 2004;82(1):186-195. Link to PubMed Pike MC, Spicer DV. Hormonal contraception and chemoprevention of female cancers. Endocr Relat Cancer. Jun 2000;7(2):73-83. Link to PDF Sanderson M, Williams MA, Weiss NS, Hendrix NW, Chauhan SP. Oral contraceptives and epithelial ovarian cancer. Does dose matter? J Reprod Med. Sep 2000;45(9):720-726. Link to PubMed Sturridge F, Guillebaud J. A risk-benefit assessment of the levonorgestrelreleasing intrauterine system. Drug Saf. Dec 1996;15(6):430-440. Link to PubMed Walker GR, Schlesselman JJ, Ness RB. Family history of cancer, oral contraceptive use, and ovarian cancer risk. Am J Obstet Gynecol. Jan 2002;186(1):8-14. Link to PubMed