BONES
COMMON TERM NAME
SCIENTICIFIC TERMS
Skull
Upper jaw
Collar bone
Shoulder blade
Breast bone
Funny bone
Rib cage
Radius
Ulna
Wrist
Hand
Fingers
Back bone
Hip bone
Thigh bone
Kneecap
Shin bone
Outside leg bone
Ankle
Toes
cranium
mandible
clavicle
scapula
sternum
humorous
rib cage
lower outside arm bone
lower inside arm bone
carpal bones
metacarpal
phalanges
vertebrae (spinal column/spine)
pelvis
femur (hardest bone)
patella
tibia (larger bone)
fibula (smaller bone)
metatarsal
phalanges
Twenty-two bones make up the skull. The largest bone in the human body is the femur.
A baby has 300 bones in their body and an adult has 206 bones in their body. A person
has 12 pairs of ribs with only 2 pairs of ribs attached to the spine. A person has 26 bones
in their spine but born with 33. We have 65 joints in the human body.
ALL ABOUT THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Functions of bones are that they provide shape and support for your body. They
also allow movement, produce blood cells, protects tissues and organs and they also store
certain materials. Bones of the human body are living they contain living tissues, nerves,
bone forming cells, and blood vessels. (but like non-living rocks in that they are hard and
strong since they are made of minerals). Bone marrow is a soft material inside the bone.
It can be yellow (fat and blood cells) or red (produces bodies blood cells). An example of
a flat bone is the ribs, a long bone would be the femur or the humorous, and a short bone
would be the carpal or the tarsal. A fracture is a break in the bone, while a compound
fracture breaks through the skin.
A “JOINT” VENTURE
A joint is any place where two bones meet together.
There are five kinds of joints, they are:
JOINT
EXAMPLE
Ball & sockets
shoulder & hip
Gliding
wrist & ankle
Hinge
elbow & knee (back & forth motion)
Pivot
neck
Fixed
skull (immovable- can’t move)
Friction is reduced between bones that are positioned close to each other by cartilage
(floating ribs, ear, nose) at the ends of bones. It reduces friction (acts as a cushion) and
has synovial fluid (joint grease). Bones that meet at a joint are held in place by
ligaments. Ligaments are tough connective tissues that attach bone to bone.
***ligaments attach bone to bone
***tendons attach muscle to bone
WHAT KIND OF JOINT IS THIS?
CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR JOINTS
Ball-and-socket joints: circular motion, free movement in all directions
Fixed joints: immovable
Hinge joints: bending in only one direction, back and forth motion
Pivot joints: rotating motion, side to side movement
Gliding joints: sliding motion of one bone past another
JOINTS IN THE HUMAN BODY
NAME OF JOINT
Ankle joint
Elbow joint
Finger joint
Hip joint
Knee joint
Neck joint
Pelvic joint
Shoulder joint
Skull joint
Toe joint
Wrist joint
TYPE OF JOINT
gliding
hinge
hinge
ball & socket
hinge
pivot
fixed
ball & socket
fixed
hinge
gliding
Joint Movements:
Flexion: Occurs when you bend a joint.
Extension: A movement that occurs when you straighten a bend in a joint.
Abduction: A movement of a body part to a position away from your normal body’s
position.
Adduction: A movement of a part of your body back to its normal position.
MUSCLES
MAJOR MUSCLES of the BODY
BODY MUSCLES
MUSCLE LOCATION
pectoral
bicep
deltoid
trapezius
tricep
rectus abdominus
gluteus maximus
sartorius
quadraceps
hamstring
gastrocnemius
Achilles tendon
chest muscle
front part of upper arm
upper back behind shoulder blade
upper back muscle
arm
abdomen
butt
long thin muscle across quadracep
front of thigh
back of thigh
calf muscle
attaches calf muscle to ankle
MUSCLES
The muscles of the human body make up roughly one-half of its weight. Most of
the muscles are under our control and are called voluntary muscles. Others, over which
we have no control, are called involuntary muscles. Some muscles, such as the eyelids,
are both voluntary and involuntary. Together, both voluntary and involuntary muscles
account for the movement of all body parts and functions.
There are three muscles types, skeletal, cardiac and smooth. Skeletal muscle is
voluntary while both the cardiac and smooth muscles are involuntary.
SKELETAL MUSCLE
Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles attached to bones to create body
movement. Tendons are tough connective tissues that connect muscle to bone. When the
muscle appears striped or bended this is called striation. Ligaments hold bones together
and tendons attach muscle to bones.
CARDIAC MUSCLE
The cardiac muscle is found in the heart, it is involuntary. Contraction of the
cardiac muscle causes the heart to beat. The cardiac muscle is striated.
SMOOTH MUSCLE
Smooth muscles include the digestive system, skin, arteries, veins, bladder, liver,
and the eyelids. It is involuntary control and it is not striated. Smooth muscles react
slower and tires slowly.
MUSCLES IN ACTION
Muscles only do work by contraction. Therefore, muscles must work in pairs,
because every flexion (contraction) must have an extension (opposite contraction) in
order to be used again. Individual muscle fibers shorten and thicken during contraction.
A bicep is a flexor muscle because it causes a flexion (bends) in a joint. A tricep is an
extensor muscle because it causes an extension of the joint. Muscle fatigue is when the
lack of oxygen in the muscle causes a build up of lactic acid. Muscle tone is when
muscles are partially contracted allowing for a quicker response.