QUESTIONS
for the exam in Neurology for the students of the 4th year of study
Medicine Faculty, 2013 – 2014 academic year
1. Semiology
1. The contributions of the scientists I. Charcot, G. Marinescu, I. Pavlov in the
development of Neurology.
2. B. I. Sharapov – the founder of the Moldavian neurological school.
3. Milestones and activity of Professor N. Testemitanu in the development of
autochthonous medicine.
4. Pathways mediating the superficial sensation. Forms of sensation disturbances.
Neurological examination.
5. Pain: complex neurological phenomenon. Nocioceptive and antinociceptive system.
The theory of “gate control”.
6. Pathways mediating deep sensation. Types of sensation disturbances. Neurological
examination.
7. Pyramidal pathway: anatomical and physiological peculiarities, signs of affection.
8. Peripheral motor neurone: anatomy, lesions of the peripheral motor neurones.
9. Peripheral nerve: anatomy, physiology, lesions of the peripheral nerves.
10. Signs of Spinal Cord lesions at different levels: cervical, thoracic, lumbar.
11. Hemisection of the Spinal Cord (Brown-Sequard Syndrome).
12. Sphincter disturbances of neurologic origin.
13. Extrapyramidal system: anatomy, physiology, syndromes of affection.
14. Semiology of involuntary movements: tremor (parkinsonian, attitude, action), chorea,
athetosis, dystonia, iatrogenic dyskinesias, tics, facial hemispasm, myoclonia,
hemibalism.
15. The cerebellum: anatomy, physiology, signs of affection, method of clinical
examination.
16. Semiology of the cerebellum affection: ataxia, dysmetria, asynergy,
dysdiadochokinesis, intention tremor, speech and impairments.
17. Semiology of gait disturbances. Clinical peculiarities of topic and etiologic diagnosis.
18. Midbrain: anatomical – physiological peculiarities, signs of affection. Alternating
syndromes.
19. Pons of Varoli: anatomical – physiological peculiarities, signs of affection.
Alternating syndromes.
20. Medulla: anatomical – physiological peculiarities, signs of affection. Alternating
syndromes.
21. Olfactory nerve: anatomical and physiological peculiarities, signs of impairment.
22. Optic nerve: anatomical and physiological peculiarities, signs of impairment.
23. Oculomotor nerves (III,IV,VI): anatomical – physiological peculiarities, signs of
impairment.
24. Trigemenal nerve: anatomical – physiological peculiarities, signs of impairment.
25. Facial nerve: anatomical – physiological peculiarities, signs of impairment.
26. The group of bulbar nerves (IX, X, XII): anatomical – physiological peculiarities,
signs of impairment.
27. Autonomic nervous system: anatomical – physiological peculiarities and signs of
impairment. Clinical examination and additional investigations.
28. Anatomical – physiological peculiarities of the hypothalamic region.
Syndromes of hypothalamic dysfunction. Clinical criteria of the hypothalamic
syndromes.
29. Reticular formation of the brain stem: anatomical – physiological peculiarities, signs
of impairment (narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnia, dyssomnia).
30. Frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex: signs of impairment.
31. Speech disturbances in the cerebral cortex lesions. Semiology of aphasia.
32. Temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex: signs of impairment.
33. Parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex: signs of impairment. Semiology of apraxias.
34. Occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex: signs of impairment. Agnosias.
35. Limbic system: syndromes of impairment.
36. Internal capsule: anatomy and signs of lesions.
37. Neurologic diagnostic tests: with the use of ultrasound, electrophysiological (EEG,
EMG, Doppler ultrasonography of the cervico-cerebral vessels).
38. X-ray and neuro-imagery methods with the use of contrast substances:
pneumoencephalography, ventriculography, angiography, myelography. Computerised
tomography, magnetic resonance imaging. Positron emission tomography.
39. Lumbar puncture. Indications and contraindications. Cerebrospinal fluid. Liquidian
syndromes.
II.
Neurological diseases
1.Polyneuropathies: aetiology, classification, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and
treatment.
2. Paralysis of the median n., ulnar n., radial n.: aetiology, clinical manifestations,
diagnosis, treatment.
3. Paralysis of the peroneal n., tibial n.: aetiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis,
treatment.
4. Risk factors of vertebral osteochondrosis. Radiological signs of vertebral
osteochondrosis.
5. Lumbosacral radiculopathy: clinical manifestations, conservative and surgical
treatment. Complications of the discogenic lumbosacral radiculopathy.
6. Cervico-brahial plexopathy: aetiology, clinical forms, treatment.
7. Guillain-Barre syndrome, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment.
8. Structure of cerebral meninges. Meningitis and meningism (definitions), meningitis
triad.
9. Primary and secondary serous meningitis. Armstrong lymphocytar meningitis,
enterovirotic meningitis, aetiology, clinical manifestations, treatment.
10. Tuberculoses meningitis: clinical forms, principles of treatment.
11. Septic (pyogenic) meningitis, primary and secondary: aetiology, clinical
manifestations and treatment.
12. Acute myelitis: aetiology, clinical manifestations, and intensive treatment.
13. Poliomyelitis: aetiology, clinical manifestations, treatment and prophilaxy.
14. Spinal ischemic stroke: aetiology, clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis,
treatment.
15. Chronic vascular myelopathy: aetiology, clinical forms, and treatment.
16. Coma states: classification, aetiology, differential diagnosis, Glasgow coma scale.
17. “Primary” (neurogenic) and “Secondary” (metabolic, somatic etc.) coma. Aetiology,
differential diagnosis.
18. The peculiarities of examination of the patient in coma state. Supplementary
investigations and treatment principles of states with impaired consciousness.
19. Definition, causes, pathological physiology of vegetative status, akinetic mutism,
deafferentation (locked-in) syndrome, brain death.
20. Disturbances of the nervous system in influenza. Influenza encephalitis: Clinical
manifestations, diagnosis, treatment.
21. Classification of encephalitis. Differential diagnosis. Principles of treatment.
22. Herpes Simplex encephalitis. Aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations,
diagnosis, treatment.
23. Neuroborreliosis. Aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis,
treatment.
24. Encephalic reaction in children. Definition, clinical manifestations, treatment.
25. Sydenham chorea. Aetiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment.
Huntington's disease.
26. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations,
diagnosis, treatment.
27. Multiple sclerosis: Aetiology, clinical manifestations, clinical forms, diagnosis,
treatment.
28. Disturbances of the nervous system in syphilis: clinical forms, diagnosis.
29. Disturbances of the nervous system in AIDS: clinical forms, diagnosis.
30. Clinical manifestations of Stroke and Transient ischemic attack. Pathophysiology of
cerebral infarction and cerebral hemorrhage.
31. Epidemiology of stroke, stroke risk factors and measures of prevention. Management
of hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and atrial fibrillation. Rare causes of stroke.
32. The importance of complementary diagnostic methods in the diagnosis of stroke: CT,
MRI, angio-CT, angio-MRI, conventional angiography, carotid ultrasonography. Stroke
treatment. Thrombolysis.
33. Classification, symptoms, differential diagnosis and management of vascular and
degenerative dementia.
34. Etiology and pathophysiology of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Clinical manifestations.
Interventional treatment.
35. Clinical manifestations, complementary investigations and treatment of intracranial
venous thrombosis.
36. Parkinsonism: pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, treatment.
37. Vegetative (autonomic) dystonia: aetiology, diagnostic criteria, treatment. Autonomic
(panic) attacks, neurogenic syncope.
38. Peripheral autonomic insufficiency. Aetiology, clinical manifestations in different
systems, diagnostic tests.
39. Classification of epilepsy and epileptic seizures.
40. Clinical and electrophysiological manifestations of generalised epileptic seizures.
41. Clinical and electrophysiological manifestations of partial epileptic seizures.
42. Temporal lobe epilepsy. Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment.
43. Principles of treatment of epilepsy and the treatment algorithm.
44. Epileptic status. Intensive treatment.
45. Cerebral infantile palsy (aetiology, clinical forms, treatment).
46. Disturbances of the nervous system in the pathology of internal organs
(cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal and liver).
47. Disturbances of the nervous system in the pathology of the endocrine system and
haematological diseases.
48. Paraneoplastic syndromes. Definition, pathogenesis, neurological manifestations,
diagnosis.
49. Disturbances of the nervous system in alcoholism.
50. Disturbances of the nervous system caused by toxic substances (pesticides,
herbicides).
51. Headache. International classification. Primary and secondary headaches. Specificity
of taking history in a patient with headache.
52. Migraine. Classification. Diagnostic criteria, clinical manifestations, treatment.
53. Tension type headache: clinical manifestations, treatment.
54. Cluster headache: clinical manifestations, treatment.
55. Neurosis: aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical forms, treatment.
56. Syndrome of the intracranial hypertension: aetiology, clinical manifestations,
treatment.
57. Supratentorial brain tumors. General and focal signs, clinical peculiarities, diagnosis,
treatment.
58. Infratentorial brain tumors. General and focal signs, clinical peculiarities, diagnosis,
treatment.
59. Brain herniation syndromes.
60. Extra- and intramedullary tumours. Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment.
61. Classification of the traumatic head injuries. Commotion, cerebral contusion and
compression: clinical manifestations, treatment.
62. Complications of the head injuries.
63. Traumatic intracranial hematomas: clinical manifestations, diagnosis.
64.Vertebro-medullary traumatic injuries. Clinical manifestations, treatment.
65. Progressive muscular dystrophies: Duchenne and girdle Erb forms.
66. Hepato-lenticulare degeneration (Wilson disease). Clinical forms, diagnosis.
67. Myasthenia: clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment. Myasthenic crisis.
Emergency treatment.
68. Neural amyotrophy: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, Strumpell familial spastic
Paraplegia.
69. Heredodegenerative ataxia’s of the nervous system: Friedreich disease, Pierre-Marie
cerebellar ataxia.
70. Myotonia: pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment.
Head of the Department,
Professor
Mihail GAVRILIUC