ISRAEL JOURNAL OF
VETERINARY MEDICINE
VOLUME 55 (3), 2000
BIOCHEMICAL BLOOD PROFILE OF ANGONI CATTLE IN
MOZAMBIQUE
F. Otto1, F. Vilela2, M. Harun2, G. Taylor3, P. Baggasse4 and E. Bogin5
1. Faculdade de Veterin‡ria, UEM-C.P.257-Maputo-Mozambique
2. Estacao ZootŽ cnica de Angonia-Tete-Mozambique
3. Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bloenfontein-South Africa
4. Germany Society for Thecnical Co-operation-Maputo-Mozambique
5. Kimron Veterinary Institute-Tel Aviv University, School of Medicine Bet Dagan, Israel
Summary
The normal reference values of serum proteins, metabolites and minerals of Angoni cattle in
Angonia Mozambique and the effects of age, sex and physiological state were determined. These
indigo animals, which proved to be more adaptable to the harsh climatic conditions and common
diseases, are relative free genetically of the “imported genes” for better production from outside Africa.
Eighty-four young and mature, males and females at different physiological states were used for this
study. Blood was taken, transported to the analyzing laboratory, serum was obtained and analyzed in a
"Cobas Bio" blood analyzer and specific electrodes.
The following analytes and parameters were analyzed: AST, ALT, ALP, CK, GGT, LDH, total
serum proteins, albumin, globulin, albumin-globulin ratio, glucose, cholesterol, urea, creatinine,
bilirubin, uric acid, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, calcium-phosphorus ratio, sodium, potassium,
chloride and hematocrit. The values obtained were statistically analyzed, the mean and standard
deviations were calculated and set as the reference values.
No significant differences were seen between the males and females. Significant
differences however, were seen between young and mature animals. With lower ALP,
calcium, calcium to phosphorus ratio, chlorine and potassium, and higher values total
proteins, globulin and urea, in the mature animals.
Significant differences were also seen between pregnant, non-pregnant and lactating cows with
ALP, LDH, glucose and calcium being the highest in the non-pregnant cows. In lactating cows globulin
and cholesterol were the highest and albumin-to-globulin ratio was the lowest. Pregnant cows showed
the highest hematocrit and the lowest potassium in comparison to the other groups.
Highly significant negative correlation were seen between age and ALP, glucose, potassium, and
phosphorus and positive correlation were seen between age, globulin and total proteins. Significant
correlations were also seen between body weight/age ratio to glucose, ALP, total proteins and
phosphorus.
Some significant differences were also seen in the blood levels of various analytes in
comparison to cattle in other countries, which are a result of genetic, climatic, nutritional and
environmental conditions.
* online version note: All the tables are found at the bottom of the page, you may scroll there or click hyperlinks from the
paragraphs they are presented.
Introduction
With the ever-increasing interest in indigenous livestock as a possible solution to
increased efficiency of production in harsh conditions, several studies have been published
on various livestock species in southern Africa (1,2,3,4).
Many of the indigenous breeds in southern Africa are giving way to the exotic and crossbreeds. This has led to a situation where European breeds (Friesian-Holstein, Guernsey,
Jersey, Ayrshire, Gelbvieh, Hereford, Limousin, Simmental, South Devon and Sussex),
African breeds (Afrikaner and Boran) and the Indo-American Zebu (Brahman) are now
predominant in East African livestock, The local indigenous breeds have been reduced to
small herds.
The only cattle to receive serious consideration are the Nguni Sanga and the Afrikaner,
both of them admittedly widespread and flourishing, while the Afrikaner in particular being the
main ranching breed throughout southern Africa and the Nguni are becoming one of the most
thoroughly researched breeds in the region and considered ripe for improvement.
The only Zebu types in Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique, are the Angoni with an isolated population
in Madagascar (1,3). As in most of Africa, cattle are closely identified with tribes and most of the
names are those of tribes rather than geographical areas, though they are often synonymous.
The Angoni are mainly African zebu and belong to the East African short-horned group, though their
horns are of medium length and are well built. They are all-purpose cattle living in areas to the south
and west of Lake Malawi, where there is a largely dry tropical environment with extensive grazing
lands, with a short growing season, and almost surrounded by pockets of tsetse infested regions. They
are fairly small (122-127/112-120 cm, 350-570/250-475 kg) for male and female respectively and like
other zebu, have a variety of coat colors. It is more than likely that they have been crossed to some
extent with Sanga types: The semi-pastoral Angoni people (who are traditional cattle owners and a
mixture of Mamitic, Bantu and Bushman stock) lost most of their cattle to tsetse-borne diseases in the
latter part of the nineteenth century and built up new herds by rustling from other tribes in typical cattle
culture fashion. Their cattle are mainly used for milk and meat production as well as being bridewealth
stock.
Most of southern Africa's grazing area is subject to periodic drought, seasonal dry periods,
low-nutrition winter grazing, cattle diseases and other major environmental stress factors.
Indigenous cattle have demonstrated their ability to survive in such conditions, yet, although it
has been proved that exotic breeds are unable to cope, there has been a long history of the
persistent large-scale use of unsuitable breeds. Today, the farmers of southern Africa are
looking much more closely at the half-despised native cattle and realize that, though their
productivity seems low, many have the potential for much higher yields given appropriate
management and selective breeding from within the breed rather than crossbreeding.
Maule (2) noted that Angoni compared favorably with other more productive breeds like
Barotse, Mashona, Afrikaner and Boran cattle in calving and weaning rates. Very few
publications deal especially with reference to the Angoni in Mozambique, where the Angoni
breed is primarilly located in the district of Angonia, near the Malawi border. These indigenous
animals proved to be more adaptable to the harsh climatic conditions and common diseases
such as theileriosis, fascioliapsis and gastrointestinal parasites (4).These animals have little
or no mixed genes from cattle imported into Africa (4).
The objectives of the present study were to establish the normal blood composition and
reference values in relation to the above mentioned acquired characteristics and to compare
the blood profile with other African breeds and to learn about deficiencies and possible ways
to improve their production.
Materials and Methods
Eighty-four young, less than 1 year and mature, (2 years and more) males
and females at different physiological states (pregnant, non-pregnant and lactating)
Angoni cattle were used for this study. The cattle was grazed on naturally growing
grass and showed no clinical signs of disease.
Animals:
Blood was taken from the jugular vein, allowed to clot, serum was obtained following a
centrifugation at 600 g for 10 minutes, stored at 4-60C and transported to the laboratory for
analysis. Enzymes were analyzed within 48 hours from its withdrawal and the rest was kept
frozen at -180C until analyzed. Enzymes, metabolites, proteins and minerals were determined
using "Cobas-Bio" blood analyzer (H. LaRoche, Switzerland) and electrolytes were
determined using specific electrodes, according to methods described in table 1 (5-21).
Statistics: Means, standard deviations, degree of significance and correlations were
done using the SPSS program (22).
Results
The means and standard deviations of enzymes, proteins, metabolites, minerals and
electrolytes in the blood of healthy Angoni cattle in Mozambique Africa is given in table 2.
The values of the above blood analytes classified according to sex is shown in table 3. There were
significant differences between female and male Angoni cattle with gamma-glutamyltransferase,
potassium and glucose being higher in the male group, and urea and calcium to phosphorus ratio higher
in the female group. No significant difference were seen in the rest of the measured analytes.
The levels of blood analytes divided according to age are shown in table 4. Significant differences
between young and mature cattle were seen. The analytes, alkaline phosphatase, total calcium, albumin
to globulin ratio, inorganic phosphate, potassium and chlorine were higher in the young group, while
total proteins, globulin and urea were lower than in the mature group.
The levels of blood analytes in cows classified according to their lactation and/or physiological state
are shown in table 5. Cows were divided into 3 groups: pregnant, non-pregnant and lactating cows.
Significant differences were seen in the levels of alkaline phosphatase and lactic dehydrogenase (higher
in non-pregnant cows), total proteins, (being the lowest in the non-pregnant group), globulin and
cholesterol (highest in the lactating cows) and albumin to globulin ratio (lowest in the lactating cows),
potassium (lowest) and hematocrit (highest in the pregnant cows).
Table 1. Methodologies and References for the Determinations of Blood Analytes
Analyte
Method
Reference
spectrophotometric
“
“
“
“
“
5
6
7
8
9
10
calorimetric
11
12
-
ENZYMES
asparate aminotransferase AST EC 2.6.11
alanine aminotransferase ALT EC 2.6.12
alkaline phosphatase ALP EC 3.1.3.1
creatine kinase CK 2.7.3.2
gama glutamyltransferase GGT EC 2.3.2.2
lactic dehydrogenase LDH EC 1.1.1.27
PROTEINS
total protiens
albumin
globulin
albumin-globulin ratio
calculated
METABOLITES
glucose
cholesterol
urea
creatinine
bilirubine
uric acid
MINERALS and ELECTROLYTES
spectrophotometric
“
“
“
“
“
13
14
15
16
17
18
calcium total
calcium/phosphorus
phosphorus-inorganic
sodium
potassium
chlorine
calorimetric
calculated
calorimetric
specific electrode
19
20
21
21
21
HEMATOLOGY
Hematocrit
Centrifugation
There were highly significant correlations between age and the enzyme alkaline phosphatase (r=0.649; p<0.001), age and blood glucose (r=0.734; p<0.001), age and serum potassium (r=-0.538;
p<0.001), age and serum inorganic phosphorus (r=-0.654; p<0.001), and age and serum total proteins
(r=-0.577; p<0.001) (Table 6). In calculating the correlation and significance between the animals'
weight gain, there was only one correlation with creatinine(r=-0.544; p<0.001). However, whenever
the calculation was done with body weight to age ratio and the various blood analytes, representing the
entire life period, an in-between number of analytes showing significant correlation were seen with
alkaline phosphatase, glucose, globulin and total proteins. (r=-0.548; p<0.001), (r=-0.723; p<0.001),
(r=-0.531; p<0.001), (r=-0.505; p<0.001) respectively.
Discussion
The present communication describes the blood composition of the relatively genetically
pure indigenous Angoni cattle in southern Africa, and compares it to other local mixed breed
cattle. Furthermore, the blood profiles of subgroups divided according to age, sex and
physiological state were established.
Nutritional deficiencies, metabolic disorders and diseases, can be detected by analysis
and monitoring of blood and other body fluids (23-28), using clinical chemistry and clinical
pathology procedures. This, however, requires the establishment of normal reference values.
By definition, pathological values are considered as those deviating from the normal reference
values (23,24). Evaluation and interpretation of the results obtained depend on the reference
values for each animal species, in different regions and under existing environmental
conditions.
Since the animals used in this study showed no clinical signs or pathological symptoms,
they were considered “healthy” and the data obtained can serve as reference values for future
use of these animals in veterinary medicine and animal production (23,24). The data given in
this communication can serve as reference values for Angoni cattle grown in Mozambique
and other African countries having similar climatic and nutritional conditions.
By dividing the animals according to sex, age and physiological status, the range of the
reference values narrowed, thus making it more defined, leading to a more sensitive
diagnosis (23).
Comparing the reference values of the Angoni cattle with other cattle showed higher blood
levels of the enzymes CK, ALT, AST and LDH, indicating the more active muscle mass
resulting from a greater and more active grazing and search for food (23-28). There were no
significant differences in the blood concentrations of most analytes measured. Of interest is
the fact that serum globulin levels were not much higher, especially since the region is fraught
with many parasites and pathogens, which may lead to a chronic stimulation of the immune
system and the production of gamma globulin. This data support the notion that Angoni cattle
are naturally selected for resistance to existing pathogens and environmental conditions of
the region.
Very small and insignificant variations between male and female Angoni cattle were seen
in the levels of the various blood analytes. Differences were seen between young and mature
animals. Among the enzymes measured only ALP showed a significant difference, being
much higher in young animals. This difference is seen in other species and is the result of the
faster growth rate in young animals, and leakage of the enzyme from the growing bones and
intestines into the blood (23,24). The significant differences between young and mature
Angoni cattle in serum proteins is due to longer exposure to the various antigens and
pathogens and production of antibodies. The higher globulin concentrations led to higher total
serum proteins and lower albumin to globulin ratio (23,24). Among the metabolites measured
the only significant difference seen was in serum urea which was higher in the mature
animals. This could be a result of the greater efficiency of converting nitrogenous substances
to amino acids and proteins, leading to a faster growth rate in young animals. The reason for
the significantly lower levels of calcium and potassium levels seen in mature Angoni is not
clear. As for calcium, it may be a result of continuous suckling by the young cattle, calciumrich milk and lactating by mature females losing calcium in the milk.
The physiological status of the cows significantly affected the serum levels of some blood
constituents. Differences were seen in serum LDH, ALP, glucose and calcium, which were
highest in the non-pregnant, non-lactating cows and total proteins which were the lowest in
the 3 groups. Highest globulin and cholesterol levels were seen in the lactating cows. All
these differences could be related to the differences in the animals metabolism, needs for
milk production and metabolic changes related to the development of the fetus.
There were some interesting relationships between serum analytes. One was seen
between serum glucose and ALP (r=0.8064, p=<0.01) and is probably due to the fact that
both ALP and glucose are higher in young animals (23,24). This also explains the negative
correlation seen between glucose and age (r=-0.6840, p=<0.01). The positive relationship
between glucose and inorganic phosphate (r=0.7714, p=<0.01), could be both nutritional and
metabolic. Poor or insufficient nutrition can lead to both lower glucose and phosphate and
vice versa. Metabolically, since these two analytes are interrelated via the phosphorylation of
glucose, the trend of both analytes is similar. Higher levels of metabolism leads to lower
serum level of both analytes.
The general pattern of changes seen with aging was lower K (-0.5221; p=<0.01), lower
glucose (-0.6840; p=<0.01), higher globulin (-0.5870; p=<0.01), which could be due to longer
time exposure to various antigens and pathogens which leads to greater production of
globulin. Of interest is the observation that the greatest increase of globulin concentration
took place during the first 3 years of life after which time it levels with only small and
increases with time.
The number of animals used in the entire group and subgroups, although not very large
was greater than the minimal number of 8 recommended for statistical evaluation and
establishment of reference values (28).
In conclusion, the present communication describes the normal reference values of a
unique cattle breed, characterized by relative low cross breeding with foreign cattle breeds
and adapted to the existing environmental, nutritional and pathogenic exposures. These
special conditions are expressed in the blood composition, which is somewhat different from
that of cattle grown under different conditions.
References
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List of tables:

Table 1. Methodologies and References for the Determinations of Blood
Analytes
Table 2. Enzyme Activities and Concentrations of Proteins, Metabolites,
Minerals, Electrolytes and Hematocrit in Blood of Angoni Cattle
Table 3. Enzyme Activities and Concentrations of Proteins, Metabolites, Minerals,
Electrolytes and Hematocrit in the Blood of Male vs. Female Angoni Cattle



Enzyme Activities and Concentrations of Proteins, Metabolites,
Minerals, Electrolytes and Hematocrit in the Blood of Young and Mature
Angoni Cattle
Table 5. Enzyme Activities and Concentrations of Proteins, Metabolites,
Minerals, and Electrolytes in Serum of Pregnant, Non-pregnant and
Lactating Angoni Cows
Table 6. Correlations Between Blood Analytes and Physiological
Parameters (p<0.01 in all correlations).
Table 4.


Table 2. Enzyme Activities and Concentrations of Proteins, Metabolites, Minerals,
Electrolytes and Hematocrit in Blood of Angoni Cattle
Analyte
Activity/Concentration
ENZYMES
alanine aminotransferase (U/l)
asparate aminotransferase (U/l)
Alkaline phosphatase (U/l)
Gamma glutamyltransferase (U/l)
Creatine kinase (U/l)
lactic dehydrogenase (U/l)
36.9±14.5
84.1±18.1
261.9±157.3
17.5±8.9
213.4±154.1
2322±359
PROTEINS
total proteins (g/l)
Albumin (g/l)
Globulin (g/l)
Albumin-globulin ratio
77.0±3.6
39.3±3.0
39.5±7.4
1.1±0.3
METABOLITES
Glucose (mol/l)
cholesterol (mol/l)
creatinine (µmol/l)
urea (mmol/l)
bilirubine (µmol/1)
uric acid (µmol/l)
3.1±1.6
4.8±1.3
98.7±14.7
4.5±1.1
2.7±1.4
53.3±14.5
MINERALS and ELECTROLITES
total calcium (mmol/l)
Calcium/phosphorus
phosphorus-inorganic (µmol/l)
Sodium (meq/l)
Potassium (meq/l)
Chlorine (meq/l)
Hematocrit
(N=84)
(%)
2.1±0.3
1.0±0.3
2.2±0.6
144.3±3.6
5.2±0.8
109.3±3.9
32.4±5.7
Table 3. Enzyme Activities and Concentrations of Proteins, Metabolites, Minerals, Electrolytes and
Hematocrit in the Blood of Male vs. Female Angoni Cattle
Analyte
Sex
Female
Male
37.0±8.6
83.2±15.0
241.8±142.6
17.5±8.9
213.4±154.1
2322±359
36.9±14.5
36.9±14.5
84.1±18.1
261.9±157.3
17.5±8.9
213.4±154.1
2322±359
ENZYMES
alanine aminotransferase (U/l)
asparate aminotransferase (U/l)
Alkaline phosphatase (U/l)
Gamma glutamyltransferase (U/l)
Creatine kinase (U/l)
lactic dehydrogenase (U/l)
PROTEINS
total proteins (g/l)
Albumin (g/l)
Globulin (g/l)
Albumin-globulin ratio
77.0±3.6
39.3±3.0
39.5±7.4
1.1±0.3
77.0±3.6
39.3±3.0
39.5±7.4
1.1±0.3
METABOLITES
Glucose (mol/l)
cholesterol (mol/l)
creatinine (µmol/l)
urea (mmol/l)
bilirubine (µmol/1)
uric acid (µmol/l)
3.1±1.6
4.8±1.3
98.7±14.7
4.5±1.1
2.7±1.4
53.3±14.5
3.1±1.6
4.8±1.3
98.7±14.7
4.5±1.1
2.7±1.4
53.3±14.5
MINERALS and ELECTROLITES
total calcium (mmol/l)
Calcium/phosphorus
phosphorus-inorganic (µmol/l)
Sodium (meq/l)
Potassium (meq/l)
Chlorine (meq/l)
Hematocrit
2.1±0.3
1.0±0.3
2.2±0.6
144.3±3.6
5.2±0.8
109.3±3.9
2.1±0.3
1.0±0.3
2.2±0.6
144.3±3.6
5.2±0.8
109.3±3.9
(%)
N=14-35; p<0.05
Enzyme Activities and Concentrations of Proteins, Metabolites, Minerals,
Electrolytes and Hematocrit in the Blood of Young and Mature Angoni Cattle
Table 4.
Analyte
Analyte
Age
Young
Mature
36.3±10.0
81.5±20.1
305.8±166.9
15.6±6.4
246.8±181.2
2346±399
37.8±8.1
84.1±18.1
160.7±58.0*
17.5±8.9
213.5±154.1
2322±357
72.6±9.7
83.8±7.5*
ENZYMES
alanine aminotransferase (U/l)
asparate aminotransferase (U/l)
Alkaline phosphatase (U/l)
Gamma glutamyltransferase (U/l)
Creatine kinase (U/l)
lactic dehydrogenase (U/l)
PROTEINS
total proteins (g/l)
Albumin (g/l)
Globulin (g/l)
Albumin-globulin ratio
39.3±2.8
33.3±6.9
1.2±0.3
39.3±3.4
44.4±4.9*
0.9±0.2*
3.8±1.6
4.6±1.1
98.1±11.3
4.1±1.1
2.6±1.4
51.7±15.9
1.9±0.6
5.0±1.6
99.6±19.7
5.0±0.8*
3.0±1.6
55.4±14.5
2.2±0.2
0.9±0.3
2.5±0.6
145.1±2.3
5.4±0.7
110±2.6
32.7±6.6
2.0±0.2*
1.2±0.4
1.9±0.4*
143.2±4.7
4.8±0.7*
107.3±5.0*
32.0±4.2
METABOLITES
Glucose (mol/l)
cholesterol (mol/l)
creatinine (µmol/l)
urea (mmol/l)
bilirubine (µmol/1)
uric acid (µmol/l)
MINERALS and ELECTROLITES
total calcium (mmol/l)
Calcium/phosphorus
phosphorus-inorganic (µmol/l)
Sodium (meq/l)
Potassium (meq/l)
Chlorine (meq/l)
Hematocrit
(%)
N=23-51 *p<0.05
Enzyme Activities and Concentrations of Proteins, Metabolites, Minerals, and
Electrolytes in Serum of Pregnant, Non-pregnant and Lactating Angoni Cows
Table 5.
Analyte
Physiological State
Pregnant
Non-Pregnant
Lactating
35.9±7.7
86.2±12.5
127±56.1
15.3±1.7
150±32
2020±124
49.8±13.2
84.6±16.5
221.3±59.2*
14.6±7.1
318±120
2517±402*
56.6±12.6
87.2±13.2
137.9±54.1
17.4±3.2
144±41
2212±182
82.8±4.9
42.3±2.2
40.5±3.6
1.1±0.1
77.3±7.5*
39.3±1.6
39.3±4.8
1.1±0.2
85.0±8.7
39.4±2.8
44.3±4.6*
0.9±0.1*
2.0±0.8
4.3±1.5
95.1±39.1
4.7±0.3
2.9±2.2
47.2±7.7
3.0±0.8*
4.5±0.9
101.6±12.8
5.2±0.9
2.1±0.9
49.5±18.2
1.6±0.5
5.6±1.7*
99.7±16.5
4.8±0.6
3.1±1.3
56.6±12.6
2.1±0.2
1.3±0.3
1.7±0.3
143.9±1.4
4.2±0.2*
111.9±7.0
2.3±0.3*
1.1±0.2
2.1±0.3
145.5±2.1
5.1±0.4
110.4±2.7*
2.0±02
1.2±0.5
1.9±0.5
134.2±4.7
4.8±0.9
106.4±4.3
ENZYMES
alanine aminotransferase (U/l)
asparate aminotransferase (U/l)
Alkaline phosphatase (U/l)
Gamma glutamyltransferase (U/l)
Creatine kinase (U/l)
lactic dehydrogenase (U/l)
PROTEINS
total proteins (g/l)
Albumin (g/l)
Globulin (g/l)
Albumin-globulin ratio
METABOLITES
Glucose (mol/l)
cholesterol (mol/l)
creatinine (µmol/l)
urea (mmol/l)
bilirubine (µmol/1)
uric acid (µmol/l)
MINERALS and ELECTROLITES
total calcium (mmol/l)
Calcium/phosphorus
phosphorus-inorganic (µmol/l)
Sodium (meq/l)
Potassium (meq/l)
Chlorine (meq/l)
Hematocrit
(%)
36.8±5.5*
29.6±3.9
32.0±3.3
N=11-23 *p<0.05
Correlations Between Blood Analytes and Physiological Parameters (p<0.01
in all correlations).
Table 6.
Correlation between
r
Age and ALP
-0.649
Age and glucose
-0.734
Age and globulin
0.621
Age and potassium
-0.538
Age and phosphorus
-0.654
Age and Total proteins
0.577
Daily Weight gain and creatinine
0.544
Body weight/age and ALP
0.548
Body weight/age and glucose
0.723
Body weight/age and globulin
-0.531
Body weight/age and phosphorus
0.472
Body weight/age and cholesterol
Body weight/age and Total proteins
-0.402
N=39-84
0.505