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Dental Medicine – 3rd year
Topographic Anatomy – examination topics
1. Maxilla
(anatomy of the maxilla; maxillary sinus – its shape and relationship to the nasal
cavity, orbit, ethmoidal sinuses and upper teeth).
2. Mandible
(anatomy of the mandible; relationship of the mandibular canal to the lower teeth;
thickness of the cortical bone at the different parts of the mandible and its inluence
on local anaesthesia).
3. Typical fracture sites of the bones of the face
(maxilla and mandible – the weakest parts of the bones, buttresses).
4. Mandibular fractures – influence of the muscles on dislocation
(which muscles are involved in dislocation of the fragments and to which direction; favourable and
unfavoruable fracture lines).
5. Anatomy of the TMJ. Mandibular movements and TMJ
(normal TMJ anatomy; chewing - movements of the head of the mandible and discus).
6. Muscles of mastication – abductors and adductors, protrusion, retrusion and
lateropulsion of the mandible
(normal anatomy of masticatory muscles; involvement of the individual muscles in adduction,
abduction, lateropulsion, and retropulsion of the mandible).
7. Muscles of facial expression
(normal anatomy of the muscles of facial expression and function of the individual muscles).
8. Blood suply of the orofacial region
(arteries and veins of the orofacial region; sites in which they may be punctured by needle during
anaesthesia; sites of compression to stop the bleeding in orofacial region).
9. Lymphatics of the head and neck
(lymphatic veins and lymph nodes of the head and neck; regional lymph nodes groups and what they
drain).
10. Maxillary nerve
(normal anatomy of the maxillary nerv and its branches; importance of branches to anaesthesia of
upper molars, premolars, frontal teeth, and palate).
11. Mandibular nerve
(normal anatomy of the mandibular nerv and its branches; importance of branches to anaesthesia of
lower molars, premolars and frontal teeth).
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12. Facial nerve
(normal anatomy of the facial nerv and its branches; relationship between facial nerve and parotid
gland; facial nerve and facial expression).
13. Placement of incisions on the skin of the face
(cleavage and wrinkle lines of the face; placement of incisions to maintain aesthetics of the face and
to preserve the blood vessels and nerve branches).
14. Mouth (vestibule of the mouth and the mouth itself – proper oral cavity)
(anatomical structures of the vestibule and proper oral cavity; function of the individual anatomical
structures; speech and chewing – importance of mouth).
15. Hard and soft palates
(normal anatomy of the hard and soft palates – muscles, innervation, blood suply, small salivary
glands; function of the palates).
16. Tongue
(normal anatomy of the tongue; muscles, innervation, blood suply, papillae; movements and function
of the tongue).
17. Major salivary glands
(location; anatomy of the glands and ducts; innervation, blood suply; production of saliva; placement
of intraoral incisions to preserve the ducts).
18. Sublingual space
(borders of the space; content of the space; spread of infection into and from the space; placement of
incision to reach the space for evacuation of the pus).
19. Submental space
(borders of the space; content of the space; spread of infection into and from the space; placement of
incision to reach the space for evacuation of the pus).
20. Parotid, submasseteric, and buccal spaces
(borders of the spaces; content of the spaces; spread of infection into and from the spaces; placement
of incisions to reach the spaces for evacuation of the pus).
21. Submandibular space
(borders of the space; content of the space; spread of infection into and from the space; placement of
incision to reach the space for evacuation of the pus).
22. Infratemporal space
(borders of the space; content of the space; spread of infection into and from the space; placement of
incision to reach the space for evacuation of the pus).
23. Parapharyngeal space
(borders of the space; content of the space; spread of infection into and from the space; placement of
incision to reach the space for evacuation of the pus).
24. Pterygomandibular space
(borders of the space; content of the space; spread of infection into and from the space; placement of
incision to reach the space for evacuation of the pus).