List of exam questions
for examination in Radiology, Radionuclide Diagnostics and Radiotherapy for
medical students
I.
RADIOLOGY
1. X-rays. Properties of x—rays. The x-ray image.
2. X-ray tube – production of x-rays. Radiography machines – principles. Different types of
radiographic machines.
3. Contrast studies. Classification. Side effects of contrast materials. Treatment in
contrast-induces reactions.
4. Computed tomography. CT- machines. CT-image. Main indications for CT, advantages
and disadvantages of CT.
5. Ultrasound. Diagnostic ultrasonography machine. Ultrasonographic image. Main
indications for CT, advantages and disadvantages of CT.
6. Interventional radiology – principles, methods.
7. Imaging methods for investigation of respiratory system, incl. interventional diagnostic
and therapeutic methods.
8. Imaging methods for investigation of cardio-vascular system, incl. interventional
diagnostic and therapeutic methods.
9. Imaging methods for investigation of gastro-intestinal system, incl. interventional
diagnostic and therapeutic methods.
10. Imaging methods for investigation of hepato-biliary-pancreatic system, incl.
interventional diagnostic and therapeutic methods.
11. Imaging methods for investigation of genitor-urinary system, incl. interventional
diagnostic and therapeutic methods.
12. Imaging methods for investigation of musculoskeletal system, incl. interventional
diagnostic and therapeutic methods.
13. Imaging methods for investigation of central nervous system system, incl. interventional
diagnostic and therapeutic methods.
14. Bronchial disease. Bronchitis. Bronchiectasias. Bronchial obstruction.
15. Pneumonia. Lung abscess.
16. Pulmoary embolism and infarction.
17. Lung tuberculosis.
18. Lung tumors. Lung metastases.
19. Hydatid disease of the lung. Differential diagnosis of pulmonary round
shadow/pulmonary nodule.
20. Professional lung disease. Silicosis. Asbestosis.
21. Pleural disease – pleural effusions, pleural adhesions, pleural tumors. Pneumothorax.
22. Mediastinal tumors.
23. Vascular changes in the lungs in cardiac disease. Pulmonary edema.
24. Congenital heart disease with left-right shunting.
25. Congenital heart disease with right-left shunting. CHD without shunting.
26. Acquired mitral valve diseases.
27. Acquired mitral valve diseases.
28. Miocardial and pericardial disease.
29. Acquired aortic disease.
30. Acquired diseases of peripheral vessels.
31. Plain abdominal radiogram. Pthological distribution of gas collections. Abdominal
calcifications.
32. Esophagus. Esophageal strictures. Dilatation. Filling defects.
33. Gastric and duodenal ulcer. Imaging in upper GIT bleeding.
34. Filling defects in the stomach. Gastric carcinoma. Benign gastric tumors.
35. Gastric strictures. Coarse gastric mucosal relief. Gastric outlet strictures. Hiatal hernia.
Gastritis.
36. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease. Other forms of colitis.
37. Acquired changes in position and lumen of the colon. Volvulus. Diverticular disease.
38. Tumors of the colon.
39. Pediatric bowel disease – malrotation, congenital atresias, Hirschprung disease,
intussusception.
40. Liver. Focal malignant lesions.
41. Liver. Focal benign lesions.
42. Acute and chronic cholecystitis. Cholelithiasis.
43. Biliary obstrauction (obstructive icter). Diagnostic algorhythm.
44. Pancreatic tumors.
45. Nephrolithiasis. Hydronephrosis. Hidroureter. Focal inflammatory kidney disease.
46. Tumors of the urinary system.
47. Main pathologic processes in bones.
48. Primary malignant bone tumors.
49. Primary benign bone tumors and tumor-like lesions.
50. Multifocal bone lesions.
51. Inflammatory bone diseases. Osteomyelitis.
52. Reumatoid arthritis.
53. Ankylosing spondilitis. Gout. Tuberculous arthritis and spondilitis.
54. Degenerative joint diseases. Osteoarthritis. Degenerative diseases of the spine.
55. Avascular necroses. Perthes’ disease.
56. Traumatic bone lesions. Specifities in children. Pathologic fractures. Developmental hip
dysplasia.
57. Brain vascular disease (non-traumatic).
57.Traumatic brain leions.
58. CNS tumors.
II. RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING
59. Main principles of radionuclide imaging. Indications. Machines – conventional
scintigraphy, gamma-camera. Computer processing.
60. Radionuclide radiopharmaceutics. Main demands. Advantages of short-life
radionuclides.
61.Radionuclide imaging of the thyroid gland – functional, functional-morfological
(scintigraphy), radio-immunologic investigations. Types of nodules.
62. Radionuclide imaging of urinary system. Isotopic nephrography – indications,
advantages. Types of pathological curves. Scintigrphic imaging of kidneys – normal
images, changes on focal and diffuse disease.
64. Radionuclide imaging of the liver. Normal and pathological findings. Focal lesions.
65. Radionuclide imaging of the skelton – indications, advantages. Findings in metastatic
disease. Whole-body imaging.
66. Scintigraphic imaging of the lung – indications. Modalities.
67.Scintigraphic imaging of the heart with gamma-camera. General characteristics of the
images.
68.Scintigraphic evaluation of testes, salivary glands, pancreas, brain. Indications.
Characteristics of the images.
III. RADIOTHERAPY
69. Ionising radiation in the treatment of malignancy.
70.Theories for biological effects of ionizing radiation.
71. Phases of biological effects of IR.
72.Application of x-ray in radiotherapy (superficial, semi-deep and deep radiotherapy).
Indications.
73.Telegammatherapy. Accelerators. Characteristics of radiation and usage.
74.Brachitherapy. Types. Application in the treatment of malignant tumors.
75.International ТNM classification of malignant tumors.
76.Radiotherapy – aims, methods.
77.Stages in planning and performing radiotherapy.
78. Radiation reactions and damage to organs and tissues – early and late.
79. Radiotherapy of breast carcinoma.
80. Radiotherapy of cervical carcinoma.
81. Radiotherapy of endometrial carcinoma.
82. Radiotherapy of seminoma.
83. Radiotherapy of skin carcinoma.
84. Radiotherapy of laryngeal carcinoma.
85. Radiotherapy of epypharingeal carcinoma.
86. Radiotherapy in Hodgkin lymphomas.
Head of Chair:
Assoc. Prof. B. Balev: