Database: Ovid MEDLINE(R) <1966 to January Week 4 2004>
Search Strategy:
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1 exp Compartment Syndromes/ (2263)
2 exp sports/ or exp athletic injuries/ (55076)
3 1 and 2 (150)
4 limit 3 to (human and english language) (137)
5 limit 4 to yr=1996-2004 (59)
6 from 5 keep 10-11,28,36,44,51 (6)
7 5 not 6 (53)
8 exp *Compartment Syndromes/ (1834)
9 limit 8 to (human and english language and review articles and yr=2000-
2004) (59)
10 compartment syndrome.ti. and 9 (43)
11 limit 10 to ovid full text available (12)
12 from 11 keep 1-5,7,11 (7)
13 10 not 11 (31)
14 from 13 keep 5,7-8 (3)
15 7 or 12 or 14 (63)
16 from 15 keep 1-63 (63)
17 limit 16 to yr=1998-2004 (44)
18 from 17 keep 1-44 (44)
19 from 18 keep 1-44 (44)
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<1>
Unique Identifier
10653554
Authors
Kuklo TR. Tis JE. Moores LK. Schaefer RA.
Institution
Orthopaedic Surgery Service, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC,
USA.
Title
Fatal rhabdomyolysis with bilateral gluteal, thigh, and leg compartment syndrome after the Army Physical Fitness Test. A case report.
Source
American Journal of Sports Medicine. 28(1):112-6, 2000 Jan-Feb.
<2>
Unique Identifier
10653556
Authors
Nau T. Menth-Chiari WA. Seitz H. Vecsei V.
Institution
University of Vienna Medical School, Vienna General Hospital (AKH Wien),
Trauma Center, Austria.
Title
Acute compartment syndrome of the thigh associated with exercise.
Source
American Journal of Sports Medicine. 28(1):120-2, 2000 Jan-Feb.
<3>
Unique Identifier
10843137
Authors
Machold W. Muellner T. Kwasny O.
Institution

University Clinic of Traumatology, University of Vienna Medical School,
Austria.
Title
Is the return to high-level athletics possible after fasciotomy for a compartment syndrome of the thigh? A case report.
Source
American Journal of Sports Medicine. 28(3):407-10, 2000 May-Jun.
<4>
Unique Identifier
10102101
Authors
Micheli LJ. Solomon R. Solomon J. Plasschaert VF. Mitchell R.
Institution
Division of Sports Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Title
Surgical treatment for chronic lower-leg compartment syndrome in young female athletes.
Source
American Journal of Sports Medicine. 27(2):197-201, 1999 Mar-Apr.
Abstract
Our experience in treating chronic lower-leg compartment syndrome suggests that women may be more susceptible to this injury than are men, an observation for which there is support in the literature. Furthermore, when we evaluated the
47 young female athletes (age range, 13 years 11 months to 21 years 10 months) from our practice on whom 78 separate surgeries were performed, we found a lower success rate than those generally reported in studies that combine male and female patients. We suspect, therefore, that for reasons as yet unclear, women may also respond less well than men to operative fasciotomy.
<5>
Unique Identifier
11476394
Authors
Esmail AN. Flynn JM. Ganley TJ. Pill SG. Harnly H.
Institution
The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
Title
Acute exercise-induced compartment syndrome in the anterior leg. A case report.
Source
American Journal of Sports Medicine. 29(4):509-12, 2001 Jul-Aug.
<6>
Unique Identifier
12239015
Authors
Assenmacher JA. Hunter RE.
Institution
Aspen Foundation for Sports Medicine, Education, and Research, Aspen, Colorado
81611, USA.
Title
Acute nonexertional lateral compartment syndrome from snowboarding. A case report.
Source
American Journal of Sports Medicine. 30(5):754-6, 2002 Sep-Oct.

<7>
Unique Identifier
10495176
Authors
Amendola A. Faber K. Willits K. Miniaci A. Labib S. Fowler P.
Institution
Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fowler-Kennedy Sport Medicine Clinic, the
University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
Title
Compartment pressure monitoring during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
Source
Arthroscopy. 15(6):607-12, 1999 Sep.
Abstract
A prospective double blind randomized study was carried out using 20 healthy males with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) insufficiency undergoing bonepatellar tendon-bone ACL reconstruction. The subjects were randomized into either water or saline irrigation and then underwent identical reconstructive procedures using an arthroscopic pump. Continuous preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative pressures were monitored using the slit catheter technique.
Blood pressure and compartment pressure measurements were continuously recorded and noted at all stages of the procedure. Mean preoperative anterior and posterior compartment pressures were similar in both groups. No significant differences were noted between the anterior and posterior compartments of each group. No difference between water and saline irrigation was identified throughout the procedure. In both groups, postoperative pressures were slightly lower in the anterior and posterior compartments compared with preoperative pressures, but not significantly.
<8>
Unique Identifier
10355721
Authors
Ota Y. Senda M. Hashizume H. Inoue H.
Institution
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Okayama University
Medical School, Japan. JH1Y-OOT@asahi-net.or.jp
Title
Chronic compartment syndrome of the lower leg: a new diagnostic method using near-infrared spectroscopy and a new technique of endoscopic fasciotomy.
Source
Arthroscopy. 15(4):439-43, 1999 May.
Abstract
A 19-year-old female basketball player had chronic compartment syndrome.
During basketball playing, she complained of bilateral lower leg pain that disappeared after several minutes of rest. The intracompartmental pressure in the anterior compartment was 41 mm Hg on the right side and 29 mm Hg on the left side immediately after playing. Prolonged ischemia of the anterior compartment was observed in comparison with four normal controls using near-infrared spectroscopy. Magnetic resonance imaging also revealed that the anterior compartment was mainly affected. Endoscopic fasciotomy was performed using an arthroscope, a transparent outer tube, and a retrograde blade. After the operation, her symptoms disappeared. Three months postoperatively, the anterior compartment pressure decreased and prolonged tissue ischemia improved.
Endoscopic fasciotomy allowed us to cut the fascia safely and less invasively.
We concluded that this technique is useful in treating chronic compartment syndrome in the anterior compartment of the lower leg.

<9>
Unique Identifier
12406113
Authors
Mumtaz FH. Chew H. Gelister JS.
Institution
Barnet and Chase Farm NHS Trust, Hertfordshire, UK. tfmumtaz@hotmail.com
Title
Lower limb compartment syndrome associated with the lithotomy position: concepts and perspectives for the urologist. [Review] [66 refs]
Source
BJU International. 90(8):792-9, 2002 Nov.
<10>
Unique Identifier
11254427
Authors
Green JE. Crowley B.
Institution
Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Royal Victoria
Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK.
Title
Acute exertional compartment syndrome in an athlete.
Source
British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 54(3):265-7, 2001 Apr.
Abstract
Acute exertional compartment syndrome is a rare condition, associated with strenuous, unaccustomed exercise. This report describes its onset in a professional footballer during a regular training session. It is often diagnosed late due to lack of awareness and patient stoicism. We illustrate the consequences of delay and reinforce the need for prompt and decisive fasciotomy if complications are to be avoided. Copyright 2001 The British Association of
Plastic Surgeons.
<11>
Unique Identifier
10450483
Authors
Masmejean EH. Chavane H. Chantegret A. Issermann JJ. Alnot JY.
Institution
Hopital Bichat Hand Surgery Service, Paris, France.
Title
The wrist of the formula 1 driver.
Source
British Journal of Sports Medicine. 33(4):270-3, 1999 Aug.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: During formula 1 driving, repetitive cumulative trauma may provoke nerve disorders such as nerve compression syndrome as well as osteoligament injuries. A study based on interrogatory and clinical examination of 22 drivers was carried out during the 1998 formula 1 World Championship in order to better define the type and frequency of these lesions. METHODS: The questions investigated nervous symptoms, such as paraesthesia and diminishment of sensitivity, and osteoligamentous symptoms, such as pain, specifying the localisation (ulnar side, dorsal aspect of the wrist, snuff box) and the effect of the wrist position on the intensity of the pain. Clinical examination was carried out bilaterally and symmetrically. RESULTS: Fourteen of the 22 drivers reported symptoms. One suffered cramp in his hands at the end of each race and one described a typical forearm effort compartment syndrome. Six drivers had effort "osteoligamentous" symptoms: three scapholunate pain; one medial

hypercompression of the wrist; two sequellae of a distal radius fracture. Seven reported nerve disorders: two effort carpal tunnel syndromes; one typical carpal tunnel syndrome; one effort cubital tunnel syndrome; three paraesthesia in all fingers at the end of a race, without any objective signs. CONCLUSIONS: This appears to be the first report of upper extremity disorders in competition drivers. The use of a wrist pad to reduce the effects of vibration may help to prevent trauma to the wrist in formula 1 drivers.
<12>
Unique Identifier
10953907
Authors
Bahia H. Platt A. Hart NB. Baguley P.
Institution
Department of Plastic Surgery, Kingston General Hospital, Hull, United
Kindgom.
Title
Anabolic steroid accelerated multicompartment syndrome following trauma.
Source
British Journal of Sports Medicine. 34(4):308-9, 2000 Aug.
Abstract
The case is reported of a 23 year old male body builder who was involved in a road traffic accident after taking anabolic steroids. The resulting trauma caused a severe life threatening acute multicompartment syndrome resulting in the need for urgent multiple fasciotomies.
<13>
Unique Identifier
14648723
Authors
Mosley JG.
Institution
Department of Surgery, Leigh Infirmary, The Avenue, Leigh WN7 1HS, UK. john.g.mosley@tesco.net
Title
Arterial problems in athletes. [Review] [84 refs]
Source
British Journal of Surgery. 90(12):1461-9, 2003 Dec.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Athletes may present with arterial problems that are unusual in the typical patient with peripheral vascular disease. They are often handicapped only at the extremes of physical exertion and may have normal arterial pulses beyond any arterial occlusion. METHODS: A Medline search was undertaken for articles on arterial disease in athletes. Further papers were identified by cross-referencing from the reference lists. RESULTS: A variety of syndromes has been described that result from unusual trauma to arteries, causing occlusion or rupture. Frequently the blood flow and pressures distal to the arterial disease are normal at rest, and diagnosis is often confused with venous, musculoskeletal or nerve disease. A variety of operative interventions has been described.
CONCLUSION: Athletes may experience arterial problems that may jeopardize their careers. If recognized promptly, operative intervention may permit a return to the highest level of sporting achievement. Copyright 2003 British Journal of
Surgery Society Ltd. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [References: 84]
<14>
Unique Identifier
9448951
Authors

Blackman PG. Simmons LR. Crossley KM.
Institution
Olympic Park Sports Medicine Centre, Melbourne, Australia.
Title
Treatment of chronic exertional anterior compartment syndrome with massage: a pilot study.
Source
Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 8(1):14-7, 1998 Jan.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of massage on anterior chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) with respect to symptoms, intracompartmental pressures, and work output of the anterior compartment in dorsiflexion. DESIGN:
One group-repeated measures design. SETTING: A private sports medicine clinic in
Melbourne, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: Seven athletes (six men and one woman), aged between 21 and 29 years, were selected on the basis of clinical suspicion for anterior CECS. Historical questionnaire and examination were followed by intracompartmental pressure testing of the anterior compartment. Study exclusion criteria were history of a bleeding diathesis and previous treatment consisting of compartment fasciotomy or massage. All athletes completed the study.
INTERVENTIONS: A 5-week course of massage consisting of two sessions in the first week and one session per week thereafter, for a total of six treatments.
Between each session, a twice-daily standard stretching program involving both anterior and posterior compartments was performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Postexercise anterior compartment pressures (mm Hg) before and after treatment, work output (J) in dorsiflexion to pain onset before and after treatment, selfreported symptoms before and after treatment. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the 3-minute postexercise compartment pressures after the treatment. There was a significant (p = 0.016) increase, however, in work performed in dorsiflexion to pain onset following the massage course.
CONCLUSIONS: Intermittent massage combined with specific stretching should be considered in the treatment of anterior CECS.
<15>
Unique Identifier
11753059
Authors
Rowdon GA. Richardson JK. Hoffmann P. Zaffer M. Barill E.
Institution
Methodist Sports Medicine Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Title
Chronic anterior compartment syndrome and deep peroneal nerve function.
Source
Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 11(4):229-33, 2001 Oct.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that athletes with chronic anterior exertional compartment syndrome (CAECS) would demonstrate an impairment in deep peroneal nerve function, as determined by electrodiagnostic studies or neuromuscular examination, either at baseline as compared with control athletes or after exercise. DESIGN: Prospective, controlled study comparing athletes with CAECS to asymptomatic athletes. SETTING: Outpatient, academic practice. PARTICIPANTS: Ten athletes with CAECS were recruited sequentially over 1 year from an outpatient academic practice; diagnosis was confirmed by history, physical examination, and compartment pressure testing. Ten similarly aged control athletes were recruited from the surrounding facility. INTERVENTION: Repetitive dorsiflexion exercise to the point of typical symptoms (CAECS subjects) or fatigue (control subjects).
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Deep peroneal nerve conduction study velocity and amplitude; neuromuscular examination in the deep and superficial peroneal distributions. RESULTS: Control subjects demonstrated a significant increase in peroneal motor amplitudes postexercise as compared with preexercise (6.3 +/- 2.2 mV preexercise to 8.2 +/- 3.1 mV postexercise; p = 0.033), but the CAECS

subjects did not (8.8 +/- 2.6 to 8.9 +/- 2.1; p = 0.89). At baseline and postexercise, the subjects with CAECS demonstrated decreased vibratory sensation compared with the controls (p = 0.030 at baseline and 0.045 postexercise).
CONCLUSIONS: Athletes with CAECS demonstrate a decreased postexercise potentiation of the peroneal motor amplitude and a mild impairment in vibratory sensation; these findings may contribute to their sense of poor foot and ankle control. Further study is necessary before the absence of postexercise potentiation of the peroneal motor amplitude may be considered a diagnostic sign of CAECS.
<16>
Unique Identifier
12657976
Authors
McNelis J. Marini CP. Simms HH.
Institution
Department of Surgery, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Northshore-Long
Island Jewish Health Systems, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New Hyde
Park, New York 11040, USA. jmcnelis@lij.edu
Title
Abdominal compartment syndrome: clinical manifestations and predictive factors. [Review] [24 refs]
Source
Current Opinion in Critical Care. 9(2):133-6, 2003 Apr.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) is the end result of sustained, uncorrected intraabdominal hypertension. In clinical and laboratory settings, ACS has been shown to adversely affect all vital organ systems.
Although early descriptions emanated from the trauma literature, ACS is now encountered in all intensive care unit populations. In this review, we examine the literature and identify factors that may predict the onset of ACS. RECENT
FINDINGS: The pathogenesis of ACS remains unclear, and few studies have sought to identify predictive clinical variables. Peak airway pressure and net 24-hour fluid gradient are the only variables that have been identified in the available literature as predictive of ACS development in controlled studies. SUMMARY: The earlier recognition of predictive variables and identification of patients at higher risk will hopefully lead to recognition and avoidance of the sequelae and increased mortality rate associated with ACS. Copyright 2003 Lippincott Williams
& Wilkins [References: 24]
<17>
Unique Identifier
12959704
Authors
Brennan FH Jr. Kane SF.
Institution
Dewitt Army Community Hospital, 9501 Farrell Road, Fort Belvoir, VA 22030,
USA. Fred.brennan@us.army.mil
Title
Diagnosis, treatment options, and rehabilitation of chronic lower leg exertional compartment syndrome. [Review] [15 refs]
Source
Current Sports Medicine Reports. 2(5):247-50, 2003 Oct.
Abstract
Chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the lower leg is a well-described and documented cause of exercise-related pain in recreational, elite, and military athletes. Although this condition is common, the exact underlying mechanisms, those most at risk, long-term effects on muscular strength if unrecognized, and prevention strategies are relatively uncertain. Runners are

most commonly affected and can be markedly impaired by the recurrent, often predictable pain that develops with exercise. An accurate history, high index of suspicion, and compartment pressure testing before and after symptomatic exercise confirms the diagnosis. Conservative therapy is minimally effective.
Fasciotomy is the treatment of choice for athletes who are unwilling to modify their exercise or sport. [References: 15]
<18>
Unique Identifier
12627629
Authors
Fulkerson E. Razi A. Tejwani N.
Institution
New York, NY, USA.
Title
Review: acute compartment syndrome of the foot. [Review] [41 refs]
Source
Foot & Ankle International. 24(2):180-7, 2003 Feb.
Abstract
Foot compartment syndrome is a serious potential complication of foot crush injury, fractures, surgery, and vascular injury. The purpose of this article is to summarize and review the existing literature on this entity. Long-term sequelae of foot compartment syndrome (FCS) include contractures, deformity, weakness, paralysis, and sensory neuropathy. These complications are poorly tolerated, and often necessitate multiple procedures for rehabilitation.
Therefore, the threshold for considering compartment syndrome and performing fasciotomy must be low to minimize such outcomes. The existence of nine foot compartments and frequent presence of complicating injuries necessitate multistick needle catheterization for direct measurement of compartment pressures.
Fasciotomy is indicated when compartment pressure exceeds 30 mmHg, or if compartment pressure is greater than 10-30 mmHg below diastolic pressure. The approaches for compartment decompression generally include two dorsal incisions for access to forefoot compartments, and one medial incision for decompression of the calcaneal, medial, superficial, and lateral compartments. [References:
41]
<19>
Unique Identifier
11139035
Authors
Noguchi M. Iwata Y. Miura K. Kusaka Y.
Institution
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine,
Japan. mnoguchi@koto.kpu-m.ac.jp
Title
A painful os intermetatarseum in a soccer player: a case report.
Source
Foot & Ankle International. 21(12):1040-2, 2000 Dec.
<20>
Unique Identifier
12789740
Authors
Choudhary RK. Waseem M. Thalva R. Dunlop DG.
Institution
Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Southampton University Hospital,
Southampton SO16 6YD.
Title

Acute compartment syndrome: diagnosis and immediate care. [Review] [9 refs]
Source
Hospital Medicine (London). 64(5):296-8, 2003 May.
Abstract
Acute compartment syndrome is an uncommon but potentially limb-threatening condition whose early recognition and treatment can prevent or reduce serious complications. Identifying at-risk patients and appropriate investigation is the key. [References: 9]
<21>
Unique Identifier
10209602
Authors
Nicholson P. Devitt A. Stevens M. Mahalingum K.
Institution
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cork University Hospital, Ireland.
Title
Acute exertional peroneal compartmental syndrome following prolonged horse riding.
Source
Injury. 29(8):643-4, 1998 Oct.
<22>
Unique Identifier
14519363
Authors
Bertoldo U. Nicodemo A. Pallavicini J. Masse A.
Institution
1st Orthopaedic Clinic, Department of Orthopaedics, Traumatology and
Occupational Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
Title
Acute bilateral compartment syndrome of the thigh induced by spinning training. [Review] [8 refs]
Source
Injury. 34(10):791-2, 2003 Oct.
<23>
Unique Identifier
9813711
Authors
Koka SR. Bowry R. D'Arcy JC. Cullen K.
Institution
Orthopaedic Department, Eastbourne District General Hospital, East Sussex, UK.
Title
Acute anterior compartment syndrome in the leg following strenuous exercise.
Source
Injury. 29(6):481-2, 1998 Jul.
<24>
Unique Identifier
9506805
Authors
Orava S. Rantanen J. Kujala UM.
Institution
Hospital Meditori, Tohtoritalo 41400 and Sports Medical Research Society,
Turku, Finland.
Title

Fasciotomy of the posterior femoral muscle compartment in athletes.
Source
International Journal of Sports Medicine. 19(1):71-5, 1998 Jan.
Abstract
Over a period of 13 years fasciotomy was performed on 46 athletes with chronic pain located at the posterior femoral muscle compartment. The patients could be divided, according to the etiology, in two groups: exertion (26 patients) and trauma (20 patients). In the first group the symptoms appeared without any sudden trauma and most of the athletes competed in endurance sports (e.g. 16 long distance runners). In the second group there was a history of hamstring muscle rupture or recurrent injuries. The symptoms were dull pain, stiffness, cramps and weakness of the posterior thigh during and after training.
Conservative treatment methods did not help to eliminate the symptoms during a long preoperative follow-up period. Posterior fasciotomy (minimum 20 cm) to the thigh was performed through one or two incisions. In four patients a simultaneous liberation, division or suturation of the muscle scar was done. The patients were followed up for 19 months and the results of the fasciotomy were good or excellent in 39 cases. Pain at the posterior thigh muscle compartment may sometimes become chronic and hamper the training of athletes. Fasciotomy seems to be an effective method to help these patients return to their previous level of sports.
<25>
Unique Identifier
12439779
Authors
Leppilahti J. Tervonen O. Herva R. Karinen J. Puranen J.
Institution
Dept. of Surgery, Oulu Hospital, Finland. juhana.leppilahti@oulu.fi
Title
Acute bilateral exercise-induced medial compartment syndrome of the thigh.
Correlation of repeated MRI with clinicopathological findings.
Source
International Journal of Sports Medicine. 23(8):610-5, 2002 Nov.
Abstract
We present a case report of acute bilateral excercise-induced compartment syndrome in the adductor longus muscles, which was treated with bilateral medial fasciotomies. Postoperatively, the healing process of the adductor muscles was followed up by repeated MR imagings over six months. Myonecrosis was found in peroperative muscle biopsies. Pain and muscle swelling subsided soon after the fasciotomy, correlating with the early postoperative MR findings. Four months postoperatively, the signal intensity of the adductor muscles was normal in T1- and T2-weighted images, but the normal fibre structure of the adductor muscles could only be seen 6 months postoperatively. At six month's control checkup there was no subjective weakness of the adductors, and hyperesthesia had disappeared and the patient was capable of normal activities.
<26>
Unique Identifier
14563807
Authors
Yates B. Allen MJ. Barnes MR.
Institution
Leicester General Hospital, United Kingdom. ben.yates@northampton.ac.uk
Title
Outcome of surgical treatment of medial tibial stress syndrome.
Source
Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery - American Volume. 85-A(10):1974-80, 2003
Oct.

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Medial tibial stress syndrome is a common chronic sports injury characterized by exercise-induced pain along the posteromedial border of the tibia. The reported outcomes of surgical treatment of this condition have varied. METHODS: Of seventy-eight patients who underwent surgery for medial tibial stress syndrome, forty-six (thirty-one men and fifteen women) returned for follow-up. The outcomes of the surgery were determined by comparing preoperative and postoperative pain levels as indicated on a visual analog pain scale and ascertaining the ability of the athletes to return to presymptom levels of exercise. RESULTS: The mean duration of postoperative follow-up was thirty months (range, six to sixty-three months). Surgery significantly reduced pain levels (p < 0.001) by an average of 72% as indicated on the visual analog pain scale. An excellent result was achieved in 35% of the limbs; a good result, in 34%; a fair result, in 22%; and a poor result, in 9%. Despite the success with regard to pain reduction, for a variety of reasons only nineteen (41%) of the athletes fully returned to their presymptom sports activity. CONCLUSIONS:
Surgery can significantly reduce the pain associated with medial tibial stress syndrome. Despite this reduction in pain, athletes should be counseled that a full uninhibited return to sports is not always achieved.
<27>
Unique Identifier
12892179
Authors
Elliott KG. Johnstone AJ.
Institution
Orthopaedic Trauma Unit, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
Title
Diagnosing acute compartment syndrome. [Review] [85 refs]
Source
Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery - British Volume. 85(5):625-32, 2003 Jul.
<28>
Unique Identifier
12637442
Authors
Dhawan A. Doukas WC.
Institution
Womack Army Medical Center, Fort Bragg, North Carolina, USA.
Title
Acute compartment syndrome of the foot following an inversion injury of the ankle with disruption of the anterior tibial artery. A case report.
Source
Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery - American Volume. 85-A(3):528-32, 2003 Mar.
<29>
Unique Identifier
12352566
Authors
Ulmer T.
Institution
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, University of
Washington, Seattle 98195, USA. ulmert@u.washington.edu
Title
The clinical diagnosis of compartment syndrome of the lower leg: are clinical findings predictive of the disorder?. [Review] [34 refs]
Source
Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. 16(8):572-7, 2002 Sep.

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess whether published studies support basing the diagnosis of compartment syndrome of the lower leg on clinical findings. DATA SOURCES: A
MEDLINE search of the English literature from 1966 to 2001 was performed using
"compartment syndromes" as the subject. A manual search of the bibliographies of retrieved articles and of major orthopaedic texts was also performed. STUDY
SELECTION AND EXTRACTION: Of 1,932 titles identified, 433 abstracts of potential relevance were reviewed, and 104 articles from relevant abstracts were examined in their entirety. Four studies met all eligibility criteria. Criteria for inclusion included the following: (a) target population, traumatic or iatrogenic tibia injuries; (b) diagnostic test, presence of data needed to calculate both the sensitivity and specificity of clinical findings; (c) outcome, the presence or absence of compartment syndrome; and (d) methodologic criteria, prospective study design. DATA SYNTHESIS: The likelihood ratio form of Bayes' theorem was used to assess the discriminatory ability of the clinical findings as tests for the compartment syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: There are limited data from which to define the usefulness of clinical findings for the diagnosis of compartment syndrome. Data from eligible studies suggest that the sensitivity of clinical findings for diagnosing compartment syndrome is low (13% to 19%). The positive predictive value of the clinical findings was 11% to 15%, and the specificity and negative predictive value were each 97% to 98%. These findings suggest that the clinical features of compartment syndrome of the lower leg are more useful by their absence in excluding the diagnosis than they are when present in confirming the diagnosis. Likelihood ratio calculations found that the probability of compartment syndrome with one clinical finding was approximately
25%, and the probability was 93% with 3 clinical findings present. However, these findings are based on limited information; because of the paucity of data available, the predictive value of the clinical findings for the diagnosis of compartment syndrome has yet to be defined. [References: 34]
<30>
Unique Identifier
11733678
Authors
Mathews PV. Perry JJ. Murray PC.
Institution
Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 1356 Lusitana Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, U.S.A.
Title
Compartment syndrome of the well leg as a result of the hemilithotomy position: a report of two cases and review of literature. [Review] [12 refs]
Source
Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. 15(8):580-3, 2001 Nov.
Abstract
Compartment syndrome in the well leg as a complication of prolonged positioning in a hemilithotomy position is a serious complication that is rarely reported in the orthopaedic literature. A similar entity has been well described in urologic, gynecologic, and general surgery literature but, to the authors' knowledge, has been reported in only seven patients in the orthopaedic literature. The authors report two cases of unilateral compartment syndrome in a well leg during femoral nailing of the contralateral leg. Risk factors, theories of pathogenesis, and preventive measures are identified and discussed.
[References: 12]
<31>
Unique Identifier
12499967
Authors
Karlstad RR. Trousdale RT.

Institution
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW,
Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
Title
Orthopedic injuries related to snowmobile use.
Source
Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. 17(1):48-52, 2003 Jan.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To document the locations of injury, frequency of associated injuries, and need for operative intervention in patients presenting to a tertiary medical center after sustaining an orthopedic injury related to snowmobile use. DESIGN: Retrospective review. SETTING: Tertiary care center with level I trauma designation in southern Minnesota. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS:
Seventy-eight patients who sustained orthopedic injuries from snowmobile accidents between January 1985 and December 1996 were treated at our institution. Information regarding patient demographics and injury characteristics was collected. These data were stratified into patient populations presenting directly to the emergency department (n = 47) and those referred from outside hospitals (n = 31). RESULTS: A total of 209 injuries (118 fractures, 31 orthopedic soft-tissue injuries, and 60 nonorthopaedic injuries) were diagnosed within the study population. Tibia (n = 20), radius (n = 14), ulna (n = 12), and spine (n = 14) fractures accounted for half of the fractures reported. There were 13 open fractures. Twenty-four fractures were treated operatively. Ligament injuries to the knees (n = 7) and compartment syndrome of the lower extremity (n = 5) represented the most common orthopedic soft-tissue injuries. The acromioclavicular joint was the most frequently dislocated joint
(n = 4). Associated injuries commonly involved the head (n = 17), abdomen (n =
13), and chest (n = 9). As compared to patients presenting directly to the emergency department, referred patients on average had a statistically greater number of total injuries, total operations, and operations for fractures.
CONCLUSION: Snowmobile accidents represent a frequent cause of orthopedic injuries in northern regions. An understanding of these injuries may help emergency departments prepare for patients injured on these machines.
Recognition of the most common orthopedic injuries may help in the design of safer snowmobiles.
<32>
Unique Identifier
11371815
Authors
Garcia-Mata S. Hidalgo-Ovejero A. Martinez-Grande M.
Institution
Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Virgen del Camino Hospital--
Ubarmin Clinic, Pamplona, Spain. sgmata@medena.es
Title
Chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the legs in adolescents.
Source
Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 21(3):328-34, 2001 May-Jun.
Abstract
We present our experience in the management and treatment of chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) of the legs in 23 adolescents. Twenty-one patients were affected in the anteroexternal compartment, one in the deep posterior compartment, and one in both. Seventeen of the patients were in-line competitive skaters; the rest practiced soccer or athletics. Mean age at the time of diagnosis was 16 (range, 14-18) years, and the age at the onset of symptoms was 15 (range, 13-17) years.After a careful differential diagnosis, the diagnosis was established on the basis of clinical signs and symptoms and confirmed by intracompartmental pressure (ICP) measurements. Based on our results, the following criteria are considered to be adequate: baseline ICP (at rest) >10 mm Hg, >20 mm Hg 1 minute after stopping exercise, >20 mm Hg 5 minutes

later, and >15 minutes to achieve ICP normalization. All patients but one accepted surgical treatment (complete subcutaneous fasciotomy). No major complication was observed and only one minor complication occurred. All patients returned to the practice of their sports without any symptomatology 6 weeks after the surgery (mean follow-up, 4.8 years). To date there have been no relapses.
<33>
Unique Identifier
10810697
Authors
Takakuwa T. Takeda M. Tada H. Katsuki M. Nakamura S. Matsuno T.
Institution
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Asahikawa Medical College, Hokkaido, Japan.
Title
Acute compartment syndrome of the supraspinatus: a case report.
Source
Journal of Shoulder & Elbow Surgery. 9(2):152-6, 2000 Mar-Apr.
<34>
Unique Identifier
10764196
Authors
Robinson SJ.
Institution
Department of Family Practice, MacDill Air Force Base, Fla 33621, USA.
Title
Acute quadriceps compartment syndrome and rhabdomyolysis in a weight lifter using high-dose creatine supplementation.[see comment].
Comments
Comment in: J Am Board Fam Pract. 2000 Mar-Apr;13(2):150-1; PMID: 10764201
Source
Journal of the American Board of Family Practice. 13(2):134-7, 2000 Mar-Apr.
<35>
Unique Identifier
10528624
Authors
Pearl LB. Trunkey DD.
Institution
Department of Surgery, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon
97201-3098, USA.
Title
Compartment syndrome of the liver.
Source
Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection & Critical Care. 47(4):796-8, 1999 Oct.
<36>
Unique Identifier
14665832
Authors
Raza A. Byrne D. Townell N.
Institution
Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom. araza36624@aol.com
Title
Lower limb (well leg) compartment syndrome after urological pelvic surgery.
[Review] [55 refs]

Source
Journal of Urology. 171(1):5-11, 2004 Jan.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Well leg compartment syndrome (WLCS) is being seen more frequently as the complexity and duration of pelvic urological surgery increases, ie reconstruction/radical cancer surgery. The etiology of WLCS is multifactorial and prevention should form the mainstay of treatment. With significant morbidity and mortality, in particular lower limb morbidity secondary to fasciotomy wounds and long-term neurological sequelae, all urologists should be aware of this iatrogenic complication and how to prevent or treat it when it occurs. MATERIALS
AND METHODS: A retrospective review of the world literature using MEDLINE was performed from 1966 to 2002, searching for lower limb compartment syndrome (well leg compartment syndrome), and its association with the lithotomy position and pelvic surgery. RESULTS: Although WLCS is not commonly reported in the urological literature, it has significant morbidity and mortality. The incidence of WLCS is probably under reported due to failed diagnosis or misdiagnosis. With increased awareness the incidence of this iatrogenic complication may be minimized or avoided altogether. CONCLUSIONS: Because the lithotomy position is one of the most common positions used in urology, it is mandatory for urologists to be familiar with the complications associated with it. If this complication is recognized early, prompt treatment decreases morbidity and mortality.
Minimizing the risk of WLCS will leave urologists less open to litigation, which may follow this significant iatrogenic complication. [References: 55]
<37>
Unique Identifier
12241659
Authors
Ratliff NB. Harris KM. Smith SA. Tankh-Johnson M. Gornick CC. Maron BJ.
Institution
Department of General Cardiovascular Research, Minneapolis Heart Institute
Foundation, Minneapolis, MN 55407, USA.
Title
Cardiac arrest in a young marathon runner.
Source
Lancet. 360(9332):542, 2002 Aug 17.
<38>
Unique Identifier
11694425
Authors
Brown RR. Rosenberg ZS.
Institution
Department of Radiology, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Fort Lauderdale, Florida,
USA. BROWNR1@ccf.net
Title
MR imaging of exercise-induced lower leg pain. [Review] [67 refs]
Source
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America. 9(3):533-52, x, 2001
Aug.
Abstract
MR imaging of the lower leg is frequently performed to evaluate the active patient who presents with an exercise-induced injury. This article discusses both common and obscure osseous and soft tissue conditions that are seen in the athletic population with leg pain. [References: 67]
<39>
Unique Identifier

10730989
Authors
Blackman PG.
Institution
Olympic Park Sports Medicine Centre, Melbourne, Australia. nadineb@ozemail.com.au
Title
A review of chronic exertional compartment syndrome in the lower leg. [Review]
[55 refs]
Source
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 32(3 Suppl):S4-10, 2000 Mar.
Abstract
Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) in the lower leg has been described as early as 1956. This review describes the five relevant anatomical compartments and the important clinical features on presentation used in diagnosis. Compartment pressure testing using various types of catheter is useful as a confirmatory investigation. Although the pathophysiology of this condition is poorly understood, current hypotheses are discussed. Surgical treatment is usually definitive and techniques for decompression of the five compartments are presented with comparison to available conservative treatments.
[References: 55]
<40>
Unique Identifier
10578599
Authors
Schissel DJ. Godwin J.
Institution
U.S. Army Medical Activity, Heidelberg, Germany.
Title
Effort-related chronic compartment syndrome of the lower extremity.
Source
Military Medicine. 164(11):830-2, 1999 Nov.
Abstract
Effort-related chronic compartment syndrome (ERCCS) of the lower extremity is often misdiagnosed, requiring repeated visits to the physician and subsequent delay in definitive treatment. The most significant causes of chronic leg pain in physically active individuals are stress fractures, shin splints, and
"exercise-induced" or effort-related chronic compartment syndrome. In patients susceptible to ERCCS, the fascial compartments are too small to accommodate the associated 20% increase in muscle mass that typically occurs with heavy exercise. The increased pressure within a small unyielding compartment limits circulation and subsequent muscle function. The only appropriate conservative treatment is cessation of the offending activity. Early suspicion of the condition is paramount, because the definitive treatment is fasciotomy. ERCCS has only recently been recognized, and therefore it may be underdiagnosed.
Family physicians and general medical officers caring for otherwise healthy soldiers and athletes should be aware of ERCCS so that prompt orthopedic referral for evaluation and definitive treatment will not be delayed.
<41>
Unique Identifier
11315483
Authors
Tubb CC. Vermillion D.
Institution
U.S. Army Health Clinic Friedberg, Unit 21108, APO AE 09074.
Title

Chronic exertional compartment syndrome after minor injury to the lower extremity.
Source
Military Medicine. 166(4):366-8, 2001 Apr.
Abstract
Since the 1950s, chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the lower leg has been thoroughly reported in the literature. The predisposing factors and pathophysiology of this condition, however, still are not fully understood. We present a case of a well-conditioned individual who developed a chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the left lower leg anterior compartment after a direct blow injury during a softball game. Trauma is not routinely implicated as a risk factor for chronic compartment syndrome, and the literature on this topic is scarce. We suggest that trauma, even low-velocity trauma, may precipitate a chronic exertional compartment syndrome. We review the literature regarding chronic exertional compartment syndromes preceded by trauma and offer explanations regarding the mechanisms by which a traumatic event may induce a chronic compartment syndrome.
<42>
Unique Identifier
12118828
Authors
Boutin RD. Fritz RC. Steinbach LS.
Institution
Med-Tel International, Davis, CA, USA.
Title
Imaging of sports-related muscle injuries. [Review] [271 refs]
Source
Radiologic Clinics of North America. 40(2):333-62, vii, 2002 Mar.
Abstract
Muscle derangements in athletes have a wide variety of causes, treatments, and prognoses. Given that the cause and severity of sports-related injuries may be difficult to determine clinically in some cases, MR imaging is utilized increasingly to evaluate muscle injuries in athletes. After reviewing useful MR imaging techniques, this article focuses on MR imaging of the most common causes of muscle pain and disability in athletes, including myotendinous strain, delayed onset muscle soreness, muscle contusion, myositis ossificans, muscle laceration, muscle herniation, and compartment syndrome. The differential diagnosis of various signal intensity abnormalities in muscle also is reviewed.
[References: 271]
<43>
Unique Identifier
11285386
Authors
Jawed S. Jawad AS. Padhiar N. Perry JD.
Title
Chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the forearms secondary to weight training.
Source
Rheumatology. 40(3):344-5, 2001 Mar.
<44>
Unique Identifier
10222542
Authors
Touliopolous S. Hershman EB.
Institution

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, New York,
USA.
Title
Lower leg pain. Diagnosis and treatment of compartment syndromes and other pain syndromes of the leg. [Review] [73 refs]
Source
Sports Medicine. 27(3):193-204, 1999 Mar.
Abstract
Leg pain in athletes has many aetiologies. The clinician must strive to specifically define the clinical problem in order to administer the appropriate treatment for the athlete's condition. Clinical conditions in the leg causing symptoms in athletes include chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECC), tendinitis, medial tibial stress syndrome, stress fractures, fascial defects, musculotendinous junction disruptions (tennis leg), popliteal artery entrapment syndrome, effort-induced venous thrombosis and nerve entrapment. Appropriate diagnostic studies are needed to allow accurate diagnosis. A work-up might include radiographs, bone scans and compartment pressure measurement. Many of these conditions relate to overuse and training errors. Conservative measures including rest, activity modification and rehabilitation will permit a gradual return to participation in sports. Some problems such as CECC, popliteal artery entrapment syndrome and nerve entrapment may require surgical intervention to allow the resolution of symptoms. Clinicians should be familiar with the range of problems causing leg pain in order to prescribe specific treatment for each athlete. [References: 73]