APPALACHIANS – Session 4
Week 6: Newfoundland
Quebec & Maritimes
Week 5: Maritime
Provinces
– Stats, Travel,
People
Quebec & Maritimes
Week 4: Quebec
– Natural Sites
Weeks 2-3: New England
1
Weeks 1:Becoming
Vagabonds
Louisiana to New England
APPALACHIANS – Session 4
Quebec & Maritimes
– Natural Sites –
2
QUEBEC AREA
Quebec & Maritimes
– Natural Sites –
Quebec
• St. Lawrence
River
• Chute de la
Montmorency
3
PEI
• Island stats
• Island
Formation
New Brunswick
Nova Scotia
• Bay of Fundy
• Hopewell Rocks
• Reversing Rapids
• Truro Tidal
Bore
• Joggins Fossil
Cliffs
QUEBEC AREA
Quebec
•St. Lawrence
River
•Chute de la
Montmorency
5
ST. LAWRENCE RIVER SYSTEM
• St. Lawrence River is 750
miles long from outlet of
Lake Ontario
• St. Lawrence River is 1,900
miles (82% of MS) from it’s
headwaters in Minnesota.
1,900 miles Quebec
• Watershed drainage is
519,000 sq miles (42% MS)
• River is freshwater till
Quebec where it turns tidal
• St. Lawrence River is in an
ACTIVE fault zone, part of an
ancient rift system !
6
ST. LAWRENCE RIVER SYSTEM
WHAT’S
A
RIFT
“A largeRIFT
area SYSTEM?!!
of the earth in which
SYSTEM?
plates of the earth's crust are
moving away from each other,
forming an extensive system of
fractures and faults.”
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ST. LAWRENCE RIVER SYSTEM
REMEMBER THIS SLIDE?
The plates are
moving apart
8
This is a rift system
or rift zone
ST. LAWRENCE RIVER SYSTEM
Let’s look at a BIG
picture…
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CAMBRIAN & ORDOVICIAN PERIODS
Specifically, lets look at
the time periods of the
PRECAMBRIAN
650 mybp thru
540 mybp
540 MYBP
10
650 MYBP
RIFT FORMATION - 570 MYBP
600let’s
Million
Years
Ago that
(Ma), left
Now,
see
what
Let’s
focus
just
on
our
“neck
continents were arranged on the
behind…
o’the
woods”
Proto-North
planet like
this…
American
Continent
Two Continents tore
apart  a RIFT zone
560
540
580
11
Future Rift
Zone
ST. LAWRENCE RIVER SYSTEM
CANADA
USA
12
ST. LAWRENCE RIVER SYSTEM
CANADA
St Lawrence
Rift System
14
Areas above
and below
this line are
trying to
split apart
ST. LAWRENCE RIVER SYSTEM
Saquenay
Graben
OttawaCANADA
–
Bonnechere
Graben
St Lawrence
Rift System
630 mile long
ACTIVE fault!
Let’s, look at a cross section of a Graben
15
ST. LAWRENCE RIVER SYSTEM
• As two sides of a
fault zone pull apart
(red arrows)
WHAT’S A GRABEN?
• Fractures occur in
the rock (faults)
• Sections of rock
drop
16
• Dropped sections
are called Grabens
ST. LAWRENCE RIVER SYSTEM
Saquenay
Graben
½ Graben
Ottawa –
Bonnechere
Graben
St Lawrence
Rift System
17
ST. LAWRENCE RIVER SYSTEM
St. Lawrence
Rift System
“Aulacogen” – “scar or
zone of weakness”
New Madrid
Seismic Zone
(Reelfoot Rift)
Ramapo Fault
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QUEBEC AREA NATURAL SITES
19
QUEBEC AREA NATURAL SITES
Quebec
•St. Lawrence
River
•Chute de la
Montmorency
20
QUEBEC AREA NATURAL SITES
Canadian Shield
Appalachian Sediments
fill this ½ Graben
21
QUEBEC AREA NATURAL SITES
• 275 ft high
(98’ higher
than Niagra Falls!)
22
• 150 ft wide
QUEBEC AREA NATURAL SITES
23
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND (PEI)
PEI
• Island stats
• Island
Formation
24
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND (PEI)
• Island is 140 miles long by
20 miles wide in Gulf of St.
Lawrence
• Located 9 miles off the
mainland; across
Northumberland Strait
• 104th largest island in the
world and 23rd largest in
Canada
20 mi wide
25
• Formerly Sedimentary basin
of red sandstone/mudstone
& formed by glaciers
• Island rose after weight of
glaciers removed; high point
is 450 ft
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND (PEI)
Prince Edward Island
was a big surprise…
• Rolling hills of green
pasture lands
• Tranquil bays/inlets
• Bed & Breakfasts
everywhere (“No
vacancies”)
• Lots and lots of “crafts”
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• Very relaxing setting
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND (PEI)
27
NEW BRUNSWICK
New Brunswick
•Bay of Fundy
•Hopewell
Rocks
•Reversing
Rapids
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BAY OF FUNDY OVERVIEW
CANADA
USA
29
BAY OF FUNDY OVERVIEW
CANADA
USA
30
BAY OF FUNDY OVERVIEW
CANADA
USA
31
BAY OF FUNDY OVERVIEW
CANADA
USA
32
BAY OF FUNDY OVERVIEW
NEW BRUNSWICK
Bay of
Fundy
33
NOVA SCOTIA
BAY OF FUNDY OVERVIEW
34
BAY OF FUNDY OVERVIEW
130 mi long
Turn down
that
1
2
faucet!
30 mi wide
• Bay of Fundy is 130 miles
long by 30 miles wide
• Tides here are Semidiurnal (2 times a day)
• Hence, 4 times a day, 14
BILLION tonnes of
seawater rushes in or out
• Translates to 78 billion cu
ft per hour
• Equivalent to the flow of
31 Mississippi Rivers
35
EACH TIME!
BAY OF FUNDY OVERVIEW
• Bay of Fundy is funneled
shaped causing extra high
tides at end of bay
• Highest tide is in the Minas
Basin at 52 feet!
• Giant whirpools form in the
bay during tidal flow
• Energy of the tidal inflow is
said to be equal to 8,000
locomotives
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• Only 1 tidal pilot power
plant captures any of this
energy at Annapolis, NS
ANNAPOLIS TIDAL PWR PLANT
• 20 MW plant (3rd largest);
startup 1984
• one of 7 tidal power plants in
the world. (Korea w/254 MW,
France w/240 MW, plus small
ones in China, Russia, UK)
• located on a small island at
mouth of the Annapolis River
• feeds the grid every 12 hours
and 25 minutes.
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• on 5 hours, off 7 hours,
generating enough power to
run about 4,000 homes
WHAT ARE TIDES?
• Tides are the rise and fall of
sea levels caused by the
combined effects of the
gravitational forces exerted
by the Moon and the Sun
and the rotation of the
Earth.
• Spring Tides occur when the
pull of the sun and moon on
earth are in alignment
• Neap Tides occur when the
sun pull is at right angles to
that of the moon
38
TIDAL EFFECTS
39
BAY OF FUNDY FORMATION
7.Warping
Glacial
covering
of
land,
one
million
years
ago.
5.
of
land
by
pressure,
eruption
4.Tilting
Sandstone
bearing
fossils
deposited
Coal
Age
3.Formation
Erosion
mountains
and
formation
ofinHopewell
ofofland
changing
of
drainage,
15ofmillion
The
Bay
of
Fundy
today
1.6.
of8.
rift
about
350
million
years
ago.
2.
Flooding
ofand
valley
by
warm
shallow
sea.
volcanoes,
million
ago
swamps, 210
315
ago.
conglomerate
330
million
years
ago.
years
ago. years
41
NEW BRUNSWICK
42
NEW BRUNSWICK
New Brunswick
•Bay of Fundy
•Hopewell
Rocks
•Reversing
Rapids
43
HOPEWELL ROCKS, NB
44
HOPEWELL ROCKS, NB
45
HOPEWELL ROCKS, NB
“FLOWERPOT” FORMATION 1. Water (rain or snow)
46
finds its way into cracks
and crevices of cliff
2. Cycles of freezing temps
expands water,
widening the crack;
rainfall erodes crack
3. Tides and wave action
erode base of cliffside
4. Section of cliff is
gradually separated
from mainland
5. “Flowerpot” is formed
HOPEWELL ROCKS, NB
47
NEW BRUNSWICK
48
NEW BRUNSWICK
New Brunswick
•Bay of Fundy
•Hopewell
Rocks
•Reversing
Rapids
49
REVERSING FALLS, ST. JOHN, NB
NEW BRUNSWICK
NOVA SCOTIA
50
REVERSING FALLS, ST. JOHN, NB
Retreating Glacier
?
51
To Ocean
3. Advancing
5. Once glaciers
glaciers
4.
Once
retreated,
left
sustantial
ocean
2.6.
BUT…20,000
Twice
a glaciers
day,
yrs
tidal
ago,
retreated,
the
oldSt.
levels
amounts
rose
and
of the
till
river
waters
the
river
flowdrainage
up
path
the
ocean
was
cut
ato
new
blocking
path
the
this
might
John
River
taken
creating
1.material,
This
ishave
how
St. to
John,
filled
in
ocean
route
“Reversing
path
Rapids”
NB looks
today…
REVERSING FALLS, ST. JOHN, NB
St. John, NB
St. John River cut
this small gorge
as a new path
to the ocean
52
Falling tide,
river flows
to
On rising
tide, St.
theRiver
right
John
(east)
to the
reverses,
ocean
flowing
to west
NEW BRUNSWICK
53
NOVA SCOTIA
Nova Scotia
•Truro Tidal Bore
•Joggins Fossil
Cliffs
54
SALMON RIVER TIDAL BORE,
TRURO, NB
55
SALMON RIVER TIDAL BORE,
TRURO, NB
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MA39OxExc58
56
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1
&feature=fvwp&v=rQQUtouNMjU
NOVA SCOTIA
57
NOVA SCOTIA
Nova Scotia
•Truro Tidal Bore
•Joggins Fossil
Cliffs
58
JOGGINS FOSSIL CLIFFS
59
JOGGINS FOSSIL CLIFFS
60
JOGGINS FOSSIL CLIFFS
61
“COAL AGE”
This time, lets look at
the time period of the
CARBONIFEROUS
PERIOD
350 mybp thru
300 mybp
62
JOGGINS FOSSIL CLIFFS
63
JOGGINS FOSSIL CLIFFS
65
JOGGINS FOSSIL CLIFFS
66
SCOTIA – Part 1
Quebec &NOVA
the Maritimes
67
Quebec & the Maritimes – Part 1
WHAT HAVE WE REVIEWED?
• Identified several important natural sites in Quebec and
the Maritimes’
Rift
• St Lawrence River is in a _____System;
formed 540
____mya
Horst to a _______
½ Graben
• Montmorency Waterfall falls from a______
31
• Tidal flow in/out of Bay of Fundy is equal to ___
Mississippi Rivers
Erosion
Weathering & ______
• Hopewell Rocks formed because of __________
St. John, NB
• Reversing Rapids are in what town? ___________
Carboniferous Period
• Joggins Fossil Cliffs are from the ____________
70
Quebec & the Maritimes – Part 1
REMEMBER…
GEOLOGY ROCKS
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Next Week – Session 5
- The Appalachians
-
QUEBEC & MARITIMES
Part 2:
- Statistics, Travel, People 72
From DK China 2005
REFERENCES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudbury_crater
http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/joggings.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Impact_Database
http://pemsea.org/eascongress/internationalhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Collision_d%27un conference/presentation_t4-1_kim.pdf
e_com%C3%A8te.jpg
http://ianjuby.org/rock_solid_13.html
http://ottawa-rasc.ca/wiki/index.php?title=Odale-Articles-Sudbury
http://museum.gov.ns.ca/fossils/sites/joggins/index.htm
http://ottawa-rasc.ca/wiki/images/0/09/Odale-sudburyhttp://bayoffundy.com/about/geology/
03a_geologic_schematic.gif
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tides
http://ottawa-rasc.ca/wiki/images/5/52/Odale-sudburyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_power
03_mungal_geology.jpg
http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2004/11/chi
http://ottawa-rasc.ca/wiki/images/3/36/Odale-sudbury-01_multi_ring.jpg na-endorses-300-mw-ocean-energy-project-17685
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yRbvvzK-ll0&feature=related
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_rift_system
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZL3sq4QlKAc&NR=1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Lawrence_River
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9s_mLmhykQg
http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/M44-2001-D15E.pdf
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m5TwT69i1lU&feature=related
http://ottawa-rasc.ca/wiki/index.php?title=Odale-Articles-Carlevoix
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MA39OxExc58
http://www.thelivingmoon.com/43ancients/02files/Earth_Images_09.
http://www.palliserrestaurantmotelandgifts.ca/
html#Charlevoix
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&feature=fvwp&v=rQQUtouNMj http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Saint_Lawrence_River
U
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graben
http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2000/1999RG900016.shtml
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Madrid_Seismic_Zone
http://engsales.yonhapnews.co.kr/YNA/ContentsSales/EngSales/YISW_ http://www.pc.gc.ca/apprendre-learn/prof/sub/eco/itm5/fi-lr1/peiPopupPhotoPreview.aspx?CID=PYH20110411088100341
ipe_E.asp
http://www.fedpubs.com/charts/fundy.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/73998/tidal-bore
http://www.ec.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=ECD35C36
http://www.siam.org/students/siuro/vol1issue1/S01006.pdf
http://bayoffundy.com/about/highest-tides/
http://www.nspower.ca/en/home/environment/renewableenergy/tidal/a http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rance_Tidal_Power_Station
nnapolis.aspx
http://www.nspower.ca/en/home/environment/renewableenergy/tidal
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_North_America_Rift_Basins
/annapolis.aspx
http://www.gnb.ca/0078/minerals/GSB_Surficial_Mapping-e.aspx
http://www.geoprisms.org/enam.html
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QUEBEC & THE MARITIMES – Part 1
All class materials either is or
will be on
1) the University’s website
and on
2) Don’s Website at:
www.donbeaumont.weebly.com
ANY QUESTIONS??
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