Security
•Security:
–Security means,
•Protection against,
–Some kind of Threat (Danger).
Security
•Security:
–Scenario: Few years ago:
•It was only about a Computer / PC security which was obtained
by,
–Using physical controls over access to computers.
•Tools to secure computers were:
–Alarmed Doors and Windows.
–Security Guards.
–Security Badges to admit people to sensitive areas.
–Surveillance cameras.
•Mainly dealing with,
–Physical Security.
–Scenario: Today:
•It’s not about a Computer/PC security but,
–All about Computer Network Security.
•Physical security is just one aspect of security and,
•Along with Physical security, one more aspect of security needs
to be considered:
–Logical Security
Network Security
•Network Security:
–2 general types of security:
•Physical Security:
–Protection against physical threats/dangers such as:
»Unauthorized Person such as Thief etc.
»Unauthorized Device such as CD, Pen Drive etc.
•Logical Security:
–Protection against logical/software/electronic
threats/dangers such as:
»Viruses, Worms, Spywares etc.
–Note:
•Physical security is the first step to any kind of security
because,
–If a PC is not ‘Physically’ secure, it can never be secured
‘Logically’.
Network Security
•Physical Security:
–Measures to control Physical Access to
Networks and improve Physical Security:
•Basic measures:
–Locked Rooms, Security Alarms, CCTV Cameras,
Security Badges for Authorized Persons.
•Advanced measures:
–Writing pads that detect the form and pressure of a
person writing a signature.
–Biometric Devices such as:
»Fingerprint Scanner, Face Recognition,
Eye/Retina Scanner, Palm Scanner.
Network Security
•Physical Security:
–Apart from the normal physical security
such as guards, surveillance systems,
•Many companies maintain backup copies of
server contents at a remote location.
•In case of a disaster,
–The operations can be switched over in a matter of
seconds to the backup location.
Network Security
•Logical Security:
–Need:
•Internet/Network was always designed to be,
–Redundant because,
»Packets travel through different uncontrolled
paths,
•And was never designed to be,
–Secure.
–Hence ‘Logical Security’ is something
which is,
•Not a inherent (inbuilt) part of Network.
Logical Security
•Measures for Logical Security:
–IDs and Passwords:
•Provide authentication credentials to every user
of the system in the form of:
–IDs and Passwords
•Even after successful login,
–Allow access to only certain required applications by
giving,
»Selected ‘Rights/Permissions’ to the users.
•Apply ‘Time-of-Day’ restrictions to users and
applications so that,
–Available on weekdays but offline on weekends.
Logical Security
•IDs and Passwords:
–Tips to Select & Protect IDs and Passwords:
•Select a password which is,
–At least 8 characters long and,
»Including all types of symbols such as lowercase,
uppercase, numbers and special characters.
•Password should be selected in such a way so that it is,
–Not easily guessable/identifiable such as,
»Name of spouse, children, phone number, as a
password.
•Change the passwords,
–Periodically or at regular intervals.
•Log (Store) and check all the unsuccessful login attempts
and,
–Block the ID if unsuccessful login attempts increase
beyond a certain threshold (level) because,
–A pattern of attempted but unsuccessful logins might signal
that an unauthorized user is trying to access the network.
Logical Security
Cryptography
Encryption / Decryption
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Sender
Hello
Receiver
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Encryption (Example)
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Logical Security
•Measures for Logical Security:
–Encryption:
•Coding / Locking of information by using:
–A mathematically based program (Algorithm) AND
–A secret key,
»To produce a string of characters that is,
»Unintelligible (Not understandable).
•Similar to,
–Scrambling that is done on the premium cable
channels.
–If the cable user pays an extra fee,
»The cable company unscrambles the signal for
that user by,
»Sending over the KEY.
Logical Security
•Measures for Logical Security:
–Cryptography:
•Science that studies encryption / decryption.
•Comes from 2 Greek words:
–krypto: secret
–grapho: writing
Cryptography
Symmetric Key Encryption / Private Key Cryptography
Plaintext
Ciphertext
Hello
Hello
Ifmmp
Sender
Encryption
Same Keys
&
Private
Decryption
Receiver
Advantage:
Anyone can easily generate a Symmetric Key.
2-way secure communication is possible using a single Symmetric Key.
Challenge/Disadvantage:
Difficult to exchange ‘KEY’ itself securely at the first place.
Cryptography
ASymmetric Key Encryption / Public Key Cryptography
Sender2
Different Keys
Public, Private
Hello
Private Key
Hello
Ifmmp
Sender1
Encryption
Decryption
Receiver
Public Key
Challenge/Disadvantage:
Sender3
With 2 keys, only 1 way secure communication is possible and
It is not easy for everyone to generate those related keys.
Logical Security
•Cryptography:
–Symmetric/Private Key Cryptography:
•Uses a single key for,
–Encryption and Decryption, which must be kept,
–Private (Secret) between the Sender and the Receiver.
•Challenge/Disadvantage:
–Difficult to share the Private Key securely at the first place.
•Examples:
–DES: Data Encryption Standard.
»56 bit encryption key.
»Could be broken by a fast computer in 6 minutes.
–3DES: Triple DES.
»Key Length: 112 bits.
–AES: Advanced Encryption Standard.
»Key Length: 256 bytes = 2048 bits.
»Takes 150 trillion years to break the key.
–Blowfish, IDEA (International Data Encryption Algorithm) etc.
Logical Security
•Cryptography:
–Asymmetric/Public Key Cryptography:
•Uses 2 different (mathematically related) keys for,
–Encryption and Decryption where,
»Encryption is done using Receiver’s Public Key and,
»Decryption is done using Receiver’s Private Key.
•Data encrypted using receiver’s Public Key can only be
decrypted using,
–Receiver’s Private Key and cannot be decrypted using,
–The same Public Key.
•Examples:
–RSA: Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, Leonard Adleman.
»Key Length: 1024 bit
•For more detailed information, click here.
Cryptography
How a 2-way secure communication happens?
Private
Using Symmetric Key Encryption
OR
Using Public Key Encryption
Public
Challenge / Disadvantage:
Encryption only ensures
secure communication.
Symmetric
Does not ensure the
authenticity / genuineness
of the receiver.
Private
Difficult to ensure that
Public Key Cryptography is used communication is happening
Public
to exchange the Symmetric Key with ‘Facebook’ and not
‘Fakebook’.
securely.
All further communication happens
using the Symmetric Key.
Cryptography
ASymmetric Key Encryption / Public Key Cryptography
Digital Signature
Keys
Private
Student1
Public
HOD
Private
Student2
Faculty
Public
Encryption: Done using the private key.
Student3
Decryption: Done using the public key.
Cryptography
Private
Public
Private
Public
Certification Authorities
(CAs)
Digital
Certificate
Question:
From where did client get the public key of google server?
Cryptography
1. Clients sends a request.
SSL (HTTPS)
Communication
2. Server sends a response in the form
of its Digital Certificate issued by some
Certification Authority (CA).
Digital Certificate is encrypted by the Private Key
of CA.
3. Client decrypts the Digital Certificate
using the preloaded Public Key of CA and
extracts information such as Name of Server,
Address of Server, Public Key of Server,
Expiry Date of Certificate etc.
4. Client generates a unique Symmetric Key
and sends it to the Server by encrypting it
using Public Key of Server.
5. Server decrypts the Symmetric Key using the
Private Key of Server.
6. Then communication happens between Client and
Server using the Symmetric Key.
SSL (HTTPS) Communication
SSL (HTTPS) Communication
Logical Security
•Asymmetric/Public Key Cryptography:
–Digital Signature:
•A method for,
–Showing the authenticity (genuineness) of a message or
document.
•A valid digital signature gives a receiver a reason to
believe that,
–Authentication:
»Message was created by a known sender.
–Non-Repudiation:
»Sender cannot deny having sent the message.
–Integrity:
»Message was not altered in transit.
•Commonly used for,
–Software distribution, Financial transactions etc.
Logical Security
•Digital Certificates / Digital ID:
–A functionality that:
•Verifies that a sender (Web site) is who or what
it claims to be.
–Serves the same function as a:
»Driving license
»Passport
–Although it does not say one thing:
•About the usefulness or quality of the
downloaded program.
–Only supplies a level of assurance that the software
is genuine.
Logical Security
•Digital Certificates:
–Issued to organizations or individuals by an
agency called:
•Certification authority (CA).
–Examples:
»Thawte
»VeriSign
»Entrust
»Equifax Secure
–Entities must supply appropriate proof of
identity when applying for digital certificates.
•Once the CA is satisfied, it issues the certificate.
Logical Security
•Digital Certificates:
–Includes following elements:
•Certificate owner’s identifying information such
as name, organization, address.
•Certificate owner’s public key.
•Dates between which the certificate is valid.
•Serial number of the certificate.
•Name of the certificate issuer (Certification
Authority).
Logical Security
Network of an Organization
Firewall
Switch
Question:
Will there be any control on the traffic either moving
From the Organization to the Internet or vice versa?
NO.
Could this be dangerous/risky for the security of the organization?
Logical Security
•Firewall:
–Entity which is placed at the,
•Entry/Exit point of the networks to,
–Provide a defense between,
»A network and the Internet and,
–Control the data traffic moving through it.
–Acts as a,
•Filter which can distinguish/identify,
–Good from the Bad,
–Allowed from Denied,
•According to the,
–Rules/Configurations/Policies set in a Firewall.
–Similar to,
•Scanning machine kept at the Malls / Airports.
•Ozone layer of the atmosphere.
Firewall
•Characteristics of a Firewall:
–1) All traffic from inside to outside and from
outside to inside the network,
•Must pass through the firewall.
–2) A firewall should obstruct/block/stop,
•All the unauthorized traffic.
–3) A firewall should not obstruct/block/stop,
•Any legitimate users.
Firewall
•Characteristics of a Firewall:
–4) The firewall itself should be immune to
penetration.
•Firewalls should not have any unnecessary
software installed.
–Should be used only as a firewall and not as a
general-purpose computing machine.
»Only essential OS and firewall-specific protection
software should remain on the computer.
–Having fewer software programs on the system
means:
»Less chances of security breaches.
•Access to a firewall should only be restricted to:
–Physical Access (Not remote access)
Firewall
•Types of Firewalls:
–Classified into following categories:
•Application-level Firewall.
•Packet-level Firewall.
Firewall
•Types of Firewalls:
–Application-level Firewall:
•Filter traffic based on the application requested.
–Allow/Deny access to specific applications such as,
»FTP, HTTP etc.
•Example of Application-level policy:
–Allows Incoming FTP requests but Blocks Outgoing
FTP requests.
–Allows Incoming HTTP requests but Blocks Outgoing
HTTP requests.
Firewall
•Types of Firewalls:
–Packet-level Firewall:
•Works as IP level filter.
•Examines/Checks the source and destination
addresses and ports of incoming packets and,
–Allows or denies entrance to the packets based on a
set of rules.
•Example:
–Allow IP address 192.168.1.1 to go through but
disallow IP address 192.168.10.10.
Logical Security
Firewall
Home User
Can a home user afford a dedicated machine for a Firewall? NO.
Software Firewall:
Windows Firewall, Norton Internet Security etc.
Network Security
•References:
–http://content.hccfl.edu/pollock/AUnixSec/P
ublicKeyDemo.htm
–http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ao5pMF
e9fHU