LEGISLATIVE DRAFTING
ISTANBUL, TURKEY
MARCH 16-18, 2009
DR. MOHAMED Y. MATTAR
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR AND RESEARCH PROFESSOR
SESSION 1: LEGISLATIVE DRAFTING – AN
INTRODUCTION

Defining Legislative Drafting

Legislative Drafting between Common Law and Civil Law: An Exercise
in Two Different Legislative Techniques in Parliamentary Acts, Court
Decisions and Private Contracts.

The Nature of Legislation: Administrative, Civil and Commercial Acts

The Vagueness Doctrine in Criminal Matters

Drafting International Legislation
I
DRAFTING LEGISLATION
IS LIKE MAKING SAUSAGES…
IT IS NOT ALWAYS PLEASANT TO
SEE HOW THEY ARE MADE.
“Voidable
contract” = A
contract that can
be affirmed or
rejected at the
option of one of
the parties…
Civil Law Lawyers Common Law Lawyers
Douglas v.
Hello
(2007)
Shop among legal definitions…
Shop among case facts…
Drafting Techniques Between Common Law
and Civil Law
CLASSIFICATION IN CIVIL LAW



Civil law lawyers understand items in terms of broad categories.
To solve a problem, they must first answer the question, “To which category does
this problem belong?”
They then ask, “To which sub category does this problem belong?” followed by
sub-sub category and so on…
Is it an
administrative
contract or
private
contract?
If private, is it a
civil contract or
commercial
contract?
PUBLIC LAW: ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
A French concept –Legal rules which are devised to govern activities and
relations between private persons should not be held to apply automatically to
activities or relations in which the state or some public agency of the state is a
party.
Examples of “public interest” contracts include –





Work contracts
Supply contracts
Transportation contracts
Public service concessions
Government procurements
These are administrative contracts subject to administrative law which is a
branch of public law and not private law.
The Nature of Administrative Law
A number of special rules of public law follows:
(1) The government, as a contracting party, enters into contract in its capacity as a
sovereign entity.
(2) The government as such has privileges which a private party does not have.
(3) The government has the right to impose terms of the administrative contract to
preserve public interest which prevails over private interest.
(4) The government in these standard contracts has the authority to modify the terms
of the contract unilaterally without obtaining the consent of the other contracting
party.
(5) The government has also the right to cancel the contract at any time unilaterally.
So the rule of private contract law that a “contract is the law of the contracting
parties which may not be modified or terminated except with mutual consent” does
not apply to administrative contracts.
Civil Acts vs. Commercial Acts
Commercial acts are different from civil acts in many ways:
(1) As far as the applicable law, commercial acts are subject to commercial law,
while civil acts are governed by the civil law.
(2) Rules of evidence are different. While there are strict statute of frauds
requirements regarding civil acts, commercial acts may be proved in addition to
writing by other means of proof. For example, oral testimony or commercial
records which are kept regularly by a merchant.
(3) The statute of limitations is usually longer in civil transactions than commercial
agreements.
(4) Rules of bankruptcy applies to commercial acts while the law of insolvency
governs civil acts.
(5) Courts.
Drafting a Law
CIVIL LAW
“How different is this treaty. It lays down
general principles, it expresses its aims and
purposes, all in sentences of moderate length
and commendable style.
But it lacks
precision. It uses words and phrases without
defining what they mean. An English lawyer
would look for an interpretation clause, but
he would look in vain. There is none. All the
way through the treaty there are gaps and
lacunae. These have to be filled in by judges
or by regulations or directives. It is the
European way.”
•
A civil law statute is drafted in
“general principles”.
•
It avoids definitions: It uses
words and phrases without
defining what they mean.
•
It lacks specificity, specific rules are to
be supplied by regulations or directives.
•
The legal rule in a civil law family is not
considered as merely a rule appropriate to the
solution of a concrete case. The legal rule rises to a
higher level of abstraction. It is viewed as a rule of conduct, endowed with a certain
generality and situated above the specific application which courts may make of it in
any particular case.
Bolmer v. Bollinger, 2 All. E.R. 1226 (1974),
Lord Denning U.K.
A Code does not attempt to provide rules that are immediately applicable to every
conceivable concrete case, but rather an organized system of general rules from which
a solution may be easily deduced. A Civil Code simply states the law,

- Without justification
- Without explanations
- Without comparisons; and
- Without examples
 A common law statute states the law by providing,
- Detailed definitions;
- That each specific rule sets out lengthy enumeration of specific
applications or exceptions;
- They are based on the specific facts that they are intended to cover.
DRAFTING STYLES IN INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
Hamburg Rules = Civilian Style
Hague Rules = Common Law Style
E.g. The United Nations Convention on
the Carriage of Goods by Sea adopted at
Hamburg, March 31, 1978 and in force
November 1, 1992 commonly known as the
“Hamburg Rules”.
Unification of certain Rules Relating to Bills of
Lading, adopted at Brussels, August 25, 1924,
commonly known as the “Hague Rules”

Rule of responsibility in one sweeping
article.

with responsibility in three very long and
detailed articles:

Article 5(1) of the Hamburg Rules reads
“the carrier is liable for loss” resulting from loss
or damage to the goods, as well as from delay in
delivery. If the occurrence which caused the
loss, damage or delay took place while the goods
were in his charge as defined in Article 4, unless
the carrier proves that he, his servants or agents
took all measures that could reasonably be
required to avoid the occurrence and its
consequences.”
E.g. The International Convention for the
Article 3(1) on seaworthiness
Article 3(2) on care of cargo
Article 4(2)(a) to (j) on seventeen
exculpatory exceptions.
Drafting a Court
Decision: Civil
Law
 Drafting a court decision is also different between
the Civil law and the Common law.
1. Civil law judgments are written in a more
formalistic style than common law judgments.
2. Civilian judgments tend to be shorter and are
separated into two parts:
(i) The motifs (reasons); and
(ii) The dispositif (order)



3. The judge must supply a justification for
his/her decision
- These reasons are usually written in terms
of “whereas es”, i.e., “attendus”
 As to the substance or content/reasoning:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
The judge, in civil law systems,
contributes to the law but
does not create it, he/she
merely engages in “statutory
interpretation.”
A civil law decision first identifies
the legal principles that might be relevant;
Then verifies if the facts support their application; before
Applying the principle(s) to the facts; and
Reaching a conclusion.
 As to the facts mentioned :
(a)
(b)
Only the facts relevant to the advanced principle need be
stated.
In fact, even these facts are not stated in full and sometimes
ignored.
 As to facts of other cases:
(a)
These need not be mentioned at all, since a civil law judge is
not bound by other cases and will not follow precedents he does not
rely on them.
Statutory Interpretation
Reasoning by Analogy
The Plain Meaning Rule

Equivalent to old doctrine “Where the
meaning
is
plain,
clear
and
unambiguous, on its face, so that taken
by itself, it is fairly susceptible of only
one construction, that construction
must be given to it and any inquiry into
the purposes, background, or legislative
history of the statute is foreclosed.”

Common law principles of interpretation
“statutory interpretation” include the
legislative intent or the intention of the
legislator. An historical interpretation
clarifying present texts in light of previous
circumstances may be the logical
approach.

Analogy extends the application of the
statutes not only to those cases which it
covers by its plain words but to cases
which it plainly does not cover, and that is
why, analogy in the traditional Civil law
doctrine has been regarded as something
fundamentally
different
from
interpretation.
 Analogy
is one special technique of
interpretation:
Interpretation
means
implementing the law; Analogy means
supplementing it.
Can you do without a text in a Civil law
jurisdiction?
Swiss Civil Code, Article 1
“The Code and Statutes govern all the matters to
which the letter or the spirit of one of their
provisions refer failing an applicable legal
provision, the judge will decide according to
customary law, and in the absence of a
custom, according to the rules he would
establish if he had to act as legislator. He
draws inspiration from solutions sanctioned
by the doctrine and the holdings of the
Court.”
Venezuelan Civil Code, article 4
“One must give to the Code and Statutes the
sense which seems evident from the literal
meaning of the words, in accordance with the
links that exist between the words themselves
and
between
the words
the intent of the
Swiss
Civil Code,
Article and
1
legislator. When no Code or statutory
provision controls, one must consider other
provisions of law that regulate similar or
analogous cases, and if the interpreter still
has doubts, he shall apply the general
principles of the law.”
 So in Switzerland, the judge may apply the statutory provision or a customary
rule or even a rule created by the judge and in Venezuela, the judge may apply the
statutory provisions applicable to similar or analog cases or the general principles
of the law in that order.
Drafting a Court
Decision:
Common Law
 A common law judicial opinion is written differently.
The emphasis is on the facts.
 It involves a detailed discussion of the facts not only
the facts of the particular case, but also facts of other
cases presenting similar but not identical facts.
 It is a process analogous to the process of statutory
interpretation.
 This technique requires that the judgment –




Step 1 - Expose the facts;
Step 2 - Compare the facts;
Step 3 - Distinguish the facts from the facts of
previous case;
Step 4 - Decide, if not create, the specific legal
rule to the present facts.

The Common law judge decides the case and in the process creates the law.

Another judge comes and may broaden or narrow the rule of law and thus
extends or add new extensions to existing rules.

So the common law is a law defined in terms of past judicial decisions.

Common law lawyers fashion their arguments from a close study of prior
cases. Their success as lawyers depends on persuading the judge in each
case of the accuracy of the analogies between their client’s situation and that of the
precedents they cite, or that their client’s situation is different from situations that
arose in the precedents they hope to distinguish.

Facts thus are central to the very meaning and concept of law.

It implies dependency on argument and therefore common law judges’ skill lies in
reasoning by analogy and distinction between a particular confluence of factual
circumstances and legal issues. That is why the Common Law legal systems,
unlike their Civil law counterparts, have developed a highly sophisticated
methodology for “interpreting case law” or technique of distinguishing cases,

Rules embodied in a Civil Code are of two kinds:
A. The compulsory rules – imperative, prohibitive
B. The supplementary rules – interpretive,
declaratory
Drafting a
Contract

Therefore, in drafting a contract –
 The
terms and conditions must comply with the
compulsory rules of a code, while a contract clause may
provide for a contrary rule to a supplementary rule.
 So an agreement which runs counter to a compulsory rule
would be void.
E.g. If you agree to a certain interest rate which
violates the rule regarding interest, your agreement or at
least the interest provision, shall be invalid.

E.g. If you agree to a term which specifies a rule
contrary to the Code rule that price shall be paid at time
of delivery, that is okay.

E.g. If you do not agree to the time of payment,
the rule of “price upon delivery” which is merely
supplementary in nature, shall apply.

Question: Are both types of rules binding on the contracting parties?
The answer is yes, however, there is a condition of applicability which must exist
before the application of the supplementary rule, that is “Absence of an agreement to the
contrary.”
Question: How would you know what type of rule do we have?
A material method – the rule itself would provide “unless agreed otherwise. . .” or
whether the rule relates to public order.
Which system is best?
The perceived difference between Common law and Civil
law approaches is that one is bound by case precedent
and the other wedded to an unyielding code…
(1) Predictability:

It is said that the law in a civil law tradition is predictable and certain.

Because it is build on logical broad principles and general rules.

However, this is not entirely true because the less specialized the legal rule is,
the greater will be the work of judicial interpretation and judicial discretion.
2) Accessibility:

It is argued that the Civil law rules are easier to find.

The very concept of “legal rule” means that there are far fewer actual
rules of law. By contrast, in common law, you have to research
complex cases to find what the common law rule is. It follows that it
is easier to acquire knowledge of civil law and thus a civilian lawyer
would have less trouble than his English counterpart in telling his
client what legal rule(s) will be applicable to his problem.

That is why the Restatement of the law was favorably looked upon by
jurists of countries with codified systems. Because for them it was
seen as a tool providing systematic exposition of American law in a
form not dissimilar to their own aides.

But a Restatement is no more than a private compilation with no
official authority although it is often cited in court decisions. Thus, it
is not a code though you may call it a digest.
(3) Adaptability

It is argued that the Common law strength is its adaptability and that
every case has a solution and that every decision adds to its richness. It is
an “open system” every court decision adds a rule or extends the
application of an existing rule while the civil law system is a “closed
system”.

A civilian judge is not allowed to do more than apply the rule to the fact
and cannot create a new rule.
(4) Cost:

Judicial precedents build the system, one case at a time each different
from the other. Most common law lawyers are therefore specialists only
in certain area(s) or specific area(s) of the law. If they need an answer in a
field outside their expertise, they usually have to consult a colleague
specializing in that field. All of this makes the common law system very
expensive and the cost of administering justice under a common law
system becomes a grave injustice in itself.
What is the most
obvious difference
between the
Common Law and
the Civil Law?

A quick answer is that –
The Civil Law is based on Roman Law whereas the
Common Law is relatively immune
from
Roman
influence, but there are similarities between Roman Law
and the English Law.
 Both systems were built up through the discussion and
decision of cases and law was perceived as essentially law
discovered through debates among experts over particular
sets of facts rather than as general rules laid down by a
legislature.
 In both systems, the major part of the law actually
emerged out of recorded discussions of cases.
 A second and related feature is that legal development
centered around particular forms of action. Legal
discussion was concerned with remedies rather than rules.
In both systems, a plaintiff could only bring an action by
obtaining a document from a magistrate identifying the
precise type of claim that he was asserting.
Equity

In both systems, there were perceived to be two distinct bodies of law.
(1)
On the one hand, the traditional which became rigid and difficult to
change.
(2)
On the other, a more flexible set of rules based on the idea of fairness
and justice.
Both bodies of law were
administered by the praetor but
were recognized as belonging to
separate
jurisdiction:
the
ordinary and the extraordinary.
Both bodies of law were
administered by separate courts
applying common law and equity
respectively.
In many respects, modern Civil Law system seem much
more alien to the Common Law lawyer than does ancient
Roman Law…
Drafting Private Contracts: Model Franchising
Agreement
The Vagueness Doctrine in Criminal Matters
 Unconstitutionality of Criminal Law for Vagueness
The 5th Amendment and 14th Amendment
Restrictions on Law Enforcement and Judicial Discretion.
Problems in Defining Vagrancy: Does it include loafing and strolling?
Problems in Defining Loitering
What constitutes credible and reliable identification?
Does a commercial sex act include pornography?
U.S. Constitution Amendment 5 - Trial and Punishment, Compensation for
Takings. Ratified 12/15/1791.
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous
crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in
cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual
service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for
the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be
compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be
deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall
private property be taken for public use, without just compensation
Amendment 14 - Citizenship Rights. Ratified 7/9/1868
1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are
citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law
which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State
deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within
its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers,
counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to
vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States,
Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the
Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age,
and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other
crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such
male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.
3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and VicePresident, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having
previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member
of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of
the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or
comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such
disability.
4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for
payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be
questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation
incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or
emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.
5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
Compromise in International Legislation
UN C.I.S.G. 1980
Article 16
(1) Until a contract is concluded an offer may be revoked if the revocation
reaches the offeree before he
has dispatched an acceptance.
(2) However, an offer cannot be revoked:
(a) if it indicates, whether by stating a fixed time for acceptance or
otherwise, that it is
irrevocable; or
(b) if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being
irrevocable and the offeree has
acted in reliance on the offer.
Iraq Ratification: Accession - 5 March 1990; Entry into force - 1 April 1991
The United Nations Protocol on Trafficking: Weak International
Standards for the Sake of Creating International Consensus
Article 6. Assistance to and protection of victims of trafficking in persons
1. In appropriate cases and to the extent possible under its domestic law, each State Party shall protect
the privacy and identity of victims of trafficking in persons, including, inter alia, by making legal
proceedings relating to such trafficking confidential.
2. Each State Party shall ensure that its domestic legal or administrative system contains measures that
provide to victims of trafficking in persons, in appropriate cases:
(a) Information on relevant court and administrative proceedings;
(b) Assistance to enable their views and concerns to be presented and
considered at appropriate stages of criminal proceedings against offenders, in a manner not prejudicial
to the rights of the defence.
3. Each State Party shall consider implementing measures to provide for the physical, psychological and
social recovery of victims of trafficking in persons, including, in appropriate cases, in cooperation with
non-governmental organizations, other relevant organizations and other elements of civil society, and,
in particular, the provision of:
(a) Appropriate housing;
(b) Counselling and information, in particular as regards their legal rights, in a language that the
victims of trafficking in persons can understand;
(c) Medical, psychological and material assistance; and
(d) Employment, educational and training opportunities.
4. Each State Party shall take into account, in applying the provisions of this article, the age, gender and
special needs of victims of trafficking in persons, in particular the special needs of children, including
appropriate housing, education and care.
5. Each State Party shall endeavour to provide for the physical safety of victims of trafficking in persons
while they are within its territory.
6. Each State Party shall ensure that its domestic legal system contains measures that offer victims of
trafficking in persons the possibility of obtaining compensation for damage suffered.
Article 7. Status of victims of trafficking in persons in receiving State
1. In addition to taking measures pursuant to article 6 of this Protocol, each State
Party shall consider adopting legislative or other appropriate measures that permit
victims of trafficking in persons to remain in its territory, temporarily or
permanently, in appropriate cases.
2. In implementing the provision contained in paragraph 1 of this article, each State
Party shall give appropriate consideration to humanitarian and compassionate
factors.
Article 9. Prevention of trafficking in persons
1. States Parties shall establish comprehensive policies, programmes and other measures:
(a) To prevent and combat trafficking in persons; and
(b) To protect victims of trafficking in persons, especially women and children, from
revictimization.
2. States Parties shall endeavour to undertake measures such as research, information and
mass media campaigns and social and economic initiatives to
prevent and combat trafficking in persons.
3. Policies, programmes and other measures established in accordance with this article
shall, as appropriate, include cooperation with non-governmental organizations, other
relevant organizations and other elements of civil society.
4. States Parties shall take or strengthen measures, including through bilateral or
multilateral cooperation, to alleviate the factors that make persons, especially women and
children, vulnerable to trafficking, such as poverty, underdevelopment and lack of equal
opportunity.
5. States Parties shall adopt or strengthen legislative or other measures, such as
educational, social or cultural measures, including through bilateral and multilateral
cooperation, to discourage the demand that fosters all forms of exploitation of persons,
especially women and children, that leads to trafficking.
SESSION 2: THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEGISLATION
IN THE ARAB WORLD
 The influence of the Majelle
 The influence of the Egyptian Civil Code
 The work of Al-Sanhuri
 The Personal Status Law
The Separation of Figh (Islamic Law) and Qanun
(Positive Law)
1804 French Civil Code
1830 Ottoman Empire: Adopts French Commercial Code
1992 Yemen: Adopts Civil Code based on Shari’a
1926 Al-Sanhuri publishes Le Califat
1934 Lebanon: Code of Obligations and Contracts
1938 Al-Sanhuri publishes the “Need to Revise the Egyptian Civil
Code”
1948 Egypt: Al-Sanhuri drafts Civil Code
1949 Iraq: Iraq Civil Code
1949 Egypt: Egyptian Civil Code
1949 Syria: Syrian Civil Code
1925
1950
Iraqi Civil Code
The Iraqi Code was “the first modern code to join together
Islamic jurisprudence and modern Western law on an
equal basis” and it was “the most important experience in
modern civil codification”.
Al-Sanhuri (1962) p.24
 Followed the Egyptian Model in terms of divisions used to organise material.
Takes the Majalla as its main source, supplemented with several recently
enacted Iraqi laws (i.e. Land Law/Property Laws)
Shari’a as a Source of Law
Shari’a Law shall apply in the absence of express legislation,
provision or custom.
Qatar, Article 4, Civil Code and Commercial Code
Applicable sources of law:
1. Mandatory Legislative Provision
2. Special Agreements concluded by the Contracting Parties
3. Commercial Customs
4. The Laws concerning civil matters
5. Adjudication and deduction from judgments based on the
principles of Islamic Law
Bahrain, Article 2, Law of Commerce 1987
PROVISIONS THAT CONFIRM ISLAMIC LAW AS A SOURCE OF CIVIL LAW
In the absence of any applicable legislation the judge shall decide
according to the custom and failing the custom according to the
principles of Islamic law.
Egypt, Article 1, Civil Code
(1) The Code governs all questions of Law which come within the letter
or spirit of any of the provisions.
(2) If the Code does not furnish an applicable provision, the court shall
decide in accordance with Islamic Law, if not, with customary rules;
if not, with the principles of natural law and equity.
Algeria, Article 1, Civil Code 1975
JUDICIAL INTERPRETATION ACCORDING TO SHARI’A
The judge will resort to Islamic principles of figh and the works of fugaha in
applying the legislative text.
For understanding and interpretation, the judge shall decide according to the
rules of figh.
Jordan, Article 3, Civil Code 1976
Failing appropriate legislation, the judge will decide according to the principles of
Shari’a based on the teaching of the Malikites Hanabelite, then the Shafi and then
the Hanafi…
Provisions of public order are those concerning personal states such as marriage,
inheritance and paternity; provisions concerning state order, freedom of
commerce, the movement of capital and private property, and rules and
principles on which society is founded, on condition that all these prescriptions
do not contradict the imperative provisions and fundamental principles of the
Shari’a.
United Arab Emirates, Article 1 and
Article 3 Civil Code
The Development of Legislation in Iraq
 The 1869 Majelle in the Othman Empire : 16 Books on various legal relations
 The Application of the Majelle in Iraq during the English Mandate 1920
 The Influence of the 1949 Egyptian Civil Code
 The first phase of the codification movement in Iraq in 1933
 The second phase of codification in Iraq 1936
 Al-Sanhuri drafting the Iraqi Civil Code
 The Iraqi Civil Code December 8, 1951 entered into force December 8, 1953
 The Iraqi Personal Status Law 1959
 The Constitution of Iraq, Article 2: Any impact on the sources of legislation
 The Constitution of Iraq, Article 41: Should the 1959 Law be abolished?
Iraq Constitution: Article 2
:)2( ‫المادة‬
:‫ وهو مصدرً اساس للتشريع‬،‫ـ السالم دين الدولة الرسمي‬: ‫او ًلا‬
.‫أ ـ ل يجوز سن قانونً يتعارض مع ثوابت احكام السالم‬
.‫ب ـ ل يجوز سن قانونً يتعارض مع مبادئ الديمقراطية‬
.‫ج ـ ل يجوز سن قانونً يتعارض مع الحقوق والحريات الساسية الواردة في هذا الدستور‬
‫ كما ويضمن كامل الحقوق‬،‫ـ يضمن هذا الدستور الحفاظ على الهوية السالمية لغالبية الشعب العراقي‬: ‫ثانيًا ا‬
.‫ والصابئة المندائيين‬،‫ واليزديين‬،‫ كالمسيحيين‬،‫الدينية لجميع الفراد في حرية العقيدة والممارسة الدينية‬
Article 2:
First: Islam is the official religion of the State and is a foundation source of legislation:
A. No law may be enacted that contradicts the established provisions of Islam
B. No law may be enacted that contradicts the principles of democracy.
C. No law may be enacted that contradicts the rights and basic freedoms stipulated in
this Constitution.
Second: This Constitution guarantees the Islamic identity of the majority of the Iraqi
people and guarantees the full religious rights to freedom of religious belief and practice
of all individuals such as Christians, Yazidis, and Mandean Sabeans.
Iraq Constitution – Article 41
:)41( ‫املادة‬
.‫ وينظم ذلك بقانون‬،‫ حسب دياناتهم أو مذاهبهم أو معتقداتهم أو اختياراتهم‬،‫العراقيون احرارٌ في االلتزام باحوالهم الشخصية‬
Article 41:
Iraqis are free in their commitment to their personal status according to their
religions, sects, beliefs, or choices, and this shall be regulated by law.
SESSION 3: AN EXERCISE IN DRAFTING
LEGISLATION BY “BORROWING”: HOW DO YOU
INCORPORATE COMPARATIVE MODELS IN
NATIONAL LEGISLATION
UNCITRAL
The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) was
created by the General Assembly in 1966 to play a more active role in reducing or
removing legal obstacles to the flow of international trade and to promote a process of
harmonization and unification of the law of international trade.

The Commission itself decided in its first session in 1968 to adopt nine topics for
future work:

1. International sale of goods
2. International commercial arbitration
3. Transportation
4. Insurance
5. International payments
6. Intellectual property
7. Elimination of discrimination
8. Agency
9. Legalization of documents

Priority Status was accorded to:
1.
2.
3.
International sale of goods
International commercial arbitration
International payments
The following are the techniques used by the Commission to promote
harmonization and unification of the law of international trade:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
International Conventions
Model Treaty Provisions (Model Treaties)- to be
incorporated in future treaties or to be used in revisions of
existing treaties.
(Model Legislation) Uniform legal rules designed to serve as
models for legislation by states; Model Laws
(Standard Contracts) Sets of uniform rules to be incorporated
by parties in their contracts.
Legal guides, identifying legal issues arising in a particular
area of international trade
Recommendation encouraging governments to eliminate
unnecessary legal obstacles to trade.
UNIDROIT v. CISG – The Differences
The UNIDROIT principles have been deeply influenced by the CISG although
there is a difference.
The Sales Convention is an international treaty.
1 - Binding Effect:
States may incorporate as national law while the Principles are a set of rules
without binding effect for either individuals or states.
2 - Revision and Adoption:
It may be revised and adapted easily unlike the Sale Convention, which was
drafted by the U.N. Commission of International Trade Law “UNCITRAL”.
3 – Scope/Application:
As we said, both texts may apply to a business transaction although the scope
of the Convention is limited in scope to sale contracts.
4 – Style v. Restatement of Code:
The Principles, on the other hand, are a general Code intended to be applicable
to any kind of commercial contract of an international nature. Although the
Principles resemble the Restatement, more than a Code, and include
comments and illustrations, the Convention, on the contrary, has no such
comments and like the Restatement, the Principles are not binding.
Therefore, the UNIDROIT Principles are the “International Restatement” of
the general principles for international commercial contracts.
Of importance to us is the UNCITRAL Model Law on international commercial
arbitration. One of the important international conventions is the U.N.
Convention on Contracts for International Sale of Goods, the CISG.
In 1980, the Final Convention, on unified international sale law, was prepared
and by September, 1981, 21 countries had signed the agreement. The United
States ratified CISG on January 1, 1987. CISG formally entered into force on
January 1, 1988. By the early 1990s over 30 countries had ratified CISG. Now,
we have 63 countries that ratified the sale convention.
The Hague Conference on Private International
Law


Intergovernmental organization aims at unification of the rules of private
international law.
Examples of Conventions:
• International Adoption of Children
• International Child Abduction
• Recognition of Divorce

The last Hague Convention is the 2005 Convention on Choice of Court
Agreements which is similar to the 1958 United Nations Convention on the
Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards in the area of
arbitration.
United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International
Sale of Goods (C.I.S.G.) 1980
1. Exclusions by Law
2. Exclusions by Agreements
3. Gaps
4. Reservations
SESSION 4: LEGISLATIVE DRAFTING: THE FORM,
LANGUAGE AND STRUCTURE









General Principles, Sentence Formation and Word Choice
Determining the “Legislative Address”
“Legislative Finding”
The “Legislative Purpose” and the Purpose Clause.
The “Legislative Structure”
The “Legislative Annexes”
The “Legislative Policy”
The “Legislative Language”
The “Legislative Draft”
LANGUAGE AND STRUCTURE
General Rules
(1) Write simply but precisely
 Precision means that words chosen must express accurately and unequivocally the meaning
intended to be communicated.
 The drafter must know exactly what he wants to say.
 Upon completion, the drafter must look at the draft as objectively as possible and assess whether
what has been said means exactly what was intended.
(2) Draft for users with their various standpoints always in mind/Know your
audience
 There are three groups of persons that drafters should consider when drafting legislation:
The lawmakers
The persons who are affected by the law **
The members of the judiciary
 This helps determine what level of language to use. i.e. specialized terms or common words. It is
most important that legislation is drafted with group 2 in mind. Words must be chosen and a style
adopted which those whose interests are affected should be able to comprehend without
unnecessary difficulty.
(3) Be very clear about the purpose of the legislation and make sure that purpose is
manifest
 Such a provision establishes a context clarifying the scope of the law and intended effect.
 There is debate as to whether it is best to use an opening ‘Statement of Purpose’ or to limit the
purposive statement to a Part, a section or some other specified element of the law.
 The most useful purpose clauses are those introducing particular sentences, which offer the
advantage of focused specificity. Must be carefully drafted.
 It is difficult to draft a general ‘statement of purpose’. Too much tension between generalities
and particularities. Critics argue that the purpose of a well drafted act is apparent from the
substantive provisions themselves and that the inclusion of such a clause will do no more than
introduce unnecessary and possibly inconsistent and confusing words.
 Five Rules of Drafting Purpose Provisions:
(1) Should be drafted early in the drafting process.
(2) Must state accurately and unambiguously the purpose and objectives of the provisions to which it
relates.
(3) The language must be consistent with the language of the substantive provisions of the Act.
(4) The specificity of the purpose provision must be clearly stated and appropriate.
(5) A purpose provision and the later text of the law should not say the same thing but in different
words.
(4) Organize material logically, and chronologically where appropriate, at every level.
 An orderly approach is invaluable to intelligibility. A logical sequence will make the legislation
more readable.
 Consider whether the legislation will benefit from a formal division into Parts.
 Develop a statement of headings (table of contents), plan the number and content of the clauses
considered necessary to deal with the topic adequately.
 Procedural steps should be expressed in their order of occurrence. The general should precede the
particular, the permanent should precede the temporary and the more important before the less
important.
 However, it is common practice for provisions establishing a council or other statutory body to
precede the statement of the functions of the body even though those functions may constitute the
underlying principle of the Act.
 The general desirability is that provisions of principle should be presented as early in the Bill as is
possible.
 The use of Schedules can aid in clearing away the procedural provisions in order to present the
main provisions of the statute more prominently and in a less cluttered manner.
 Sometimes matters of detail or procedure are better kept aside for subordinate legislation.
 Distinct and different matters should not be contained in the one Act.
(5) Consider the use of supplementary aids to facilitate communication (diagrams,
examples)
 Supplementary aids may or may not form part of the legislation. It is critical that drafters leave no
doubt in this area.
 Drafter should consider whether the complexity of the subject matter of the draft or the sheer
quantity of it is such that the text would benefit from supplementary assistance.
 Supplementary aids may take the following forms:
Explanatory and signposting provisions
Other explanatory notes
Examples
Flow charts
Graphics incl. formulas, diagrams, pictures, maps, charts and graphs
indexes
(6) Develop consistency of style and approach
 The law should be consistent in style with previous legislation on the same topic.
 Consistency of word choice and usage is desirable.
 Be consistent in stylistic practices such as numbering, spelling, capital usage and presentation.
 Consistency as to the level of penal sanctions.
(7) Revise the text with simplicity and precision in mind.
 A succession of revised drafts is necessary.
 Drafter must attempt a detached attitude about the draft as far as is possible and invite criticism.
 Each draft must be scrutinized extensively. There is no limit on the number of drafts.
(8) Test the draft in relation to comprehensibility.
 Questions the drafter must ask:
•Does the draft achieve all those objectives that the drafter believes to be the intended objects of
the proposal?
•Does the draft fit harmoniously into the general body of the law?
•Does the law comply with basic principles of the legal and constitutional system?
•Does the draft form a coherent well-structured whole and does the material flow in logical
sequence?
•Are the content and the language of the draft as clear and comprehensible as the drafter can make
them?
Rules for Drafting Sentences
(1) The Who and the What
 Consider the actor and the action in every sentence.
(2) Draft in the present tense
 Statutes are to be regarded as always speaking.
(3) Avoid long sentences (particularly if unparagraphed)
 The short term memory of users cannot cope accurately with a large quantity of material.
 While it is important to be as concise as possible, there is a danger also in too much brevity.
The drafter should beware that he does not become obscure. He will be much more familiar
with the topic than his readers and should not therefore assume too much knowledge on their
part.
(4) Prefer the active voice to the passive.
 The passive voice either omits, or reduces the emphasis on, the person performing the action. In
many legislative contexts, the subject of the sentence is given a power or a duty and that person must
be identified clearly.
EXAMPLE
Passive: Notice of the sale or disposal of a licensed printing press must be given to the
Registrar within 14 days.
Active: The transferor must give notice to the Registrar within 14 days of the sale or disposal of a
licensed printing press.
(5) Prefer the positive to the negative.
 An affirmative statement is usually more direct and straightforward than a negative one and is
therefore easier to understand. When a sentence can be expressed either way, it should be expressed
affirmatively.
EXAMPLE
Affirmative: Every payment of money by the Council must be authorized by a prior resolution.
Negative: A payment of money must not be made by the Council unless it has been authorized by a
prior resolution.
(6) Avoid double negatives and beyond.
 The general rule is that two negatives cancel each other out and produce an affirmative
meaning.
EXAMPLE
Double Negative: Employers, other than those who do not employ apprentices,
must…
.
(7) Follow conventional word order
 The conventional word order is subject-verb-complement.
(8) Do not split verb forms unnecessarily.
(9) Paragraph with restraint and care.
 Careful paragraphing is beneficial in four ways:
(i) The structure of the sentence is made more apparent to the reader.
(ii) Paragraphing is an analytical tool for the drafter; (it demands the study and
analysis of the structure of the sentence)
(iii) Needless repetition is avoided.
(iv) Syntactic ambiguity is removed.
 Paragraph is a flexible device.
 Do not paragraph unnecessarily. It is only useful if the sentence is of sufficient length and
complexity to require the illumination of its structure. If the structure is manifest without
paragraphing, there is nothing to be gained by paragraphing and it amounts only to pointless
artificiality.
EXAMPLE
Premises includes:
•A caravan; and
•A mobile home; and
•A houseboat.
It is preferable to say:
Premises includes a caravan, a mobile home, and a houseboat.
 Avoid two series of paragraphs in one sentence.
 Avoid sandwich clauses.
A sandwich clause is one in which a series of paragraphs is preceded and succeeded by other
text.
 Every paragraph must flow grammatically and naturally from the introductory words.
EXAMPLE (paragraph (c) should not begin with that)
A person who shows to the satisfaction of the registrar that the person
•Is of good character; and
•Holds a Commonwealth qualification in veterinary surgery; and
•That has the requisite practical skill and experience.
•Take care when linking paragraphs in a series.
 It must be apparent to the reader whether the paragraphs are conjunctive or disjunctive. Use
‘and’ or ‘or’ only when you want to show that the series is conjunctive or disjunctive.
(10) Avoid sub-paragraphs and sub-subparagraphs.
Subparagraphs are just too complicated to be readily understood and should therefore be avoided.
(11) Avoid nominalizations.
 A noun derived from a verb is called a nominalization. Such nouns should not be used when a
sentence using the verb form would be more direct and clearer.
EXAMPLE
The Commissioner must investigate every complaint lodged in writing.
Not
The Commissioner must conduct an investigation of every complaint lodged in writing.
(12) Use cross-references with restraint.
 A cross-reference should only be included if it is either useful or necessary. Multiple crossreferences, while precise, can be irritating to the reader and make the document appear too ‘legal’.
(13) Punctuate conventionally and with restraint.
 Punctuation is a mechanical aid serving to make the relationship of the parts of a sentence more
readily apparent to a reader.
 Four rules:
 Punctuate sparingly and with purpose.
 Punctuate for structure and not for sound.
 Be conventional.
 Be consistent.
 It is particularly important that commas are used correctly.
Word Choice
(1) Omit unnecessary words.
 Courts will presume that the legislators chose each word with care and thus each has a specific
meaning. A superfluous word is therefore a potential source of contention.
 Phrases that add nothing to the meaning should be avoided.
EXAMPLE
The company may make reasonable
merchandise, minerals and parcels.
charges
for
carrying
passengers,
animals,
goods,
In this Act, the following expressions have the following meanings respectively,...
 Words such as “above” and “below” should be avoided. They are imprecise and vagaries of
pagination may cause confusion. In the example below, the word “above” is unnecessary as reference
to subsection (1) creates a precise and unambiguous meaning.
EXAMPLE
(2) Any payments under subsection (1) above may be made subject to conditions regulating the
Commissions functions.
(2) Prefer the familiar word.
 Words that are familiar are more easily communicated and understood.
EXAMPLE
The words in the first column should be preferred to those in the second.
After
Before
Begin
End
Find out
Give
Inform
Send
Try
Use
Happen
Subsequent to
Prior to
Initiate, Inaugurate, Institute
Terminate, Conclude
Ascertain
Furnish, Accord
Acquaint, Apprise
Transmit
Endeavour
Utilization, Usage
Transpire, Eventuate
(3) Choose the exact word.
 The preference for familiar words must give way to the requirement that the exact word to fit the
context must be used.
 Legislation regulating human conduct must frequently fix a standard of general application, a
degree of conduct which the law requires or permits. Consider the following words:
oAcceptable
oAdequate
oAppropriate
oDue
oEquitable
oExpedient
oFair
oFit
oJust
oNecessary
oNormal
oOrdinary
oProper
oReasonable
oRequisite
oSatisfactory
oSufficient
oSuitable
 The deliberate use of vague words can sometimes create a paradox whereby more humane laws are
created and greater justice served.
(4) Avoid archaic and legalese words.
 For example, “hereby”, “thereby”, “advise and consent”, “full and complete”, “null and void”.
 “Herein”, “Hereinafter”, “Hereto” etc. are all vague as to which part of the law is referred to.
Specific reference is preferable.
 “Whosoever”, “Whatsoever”, “Wheresoever” and “Whomsoever” are all archaic – All these words
are improved by deleting the affix “so” resulting in “whoever”, “whatever”, “wherever” and
“whomever”. “Whatsoever” is frequently unnecessary.
(5) Avoid non-English expressions.
 French and Latin words were used in the interested of precision in older times.
(6) Avoid emotive words.
 The language of the statute should not possess any emotional overtones.
EXAMPLE
The abominable crime of buggery.
The landing may be prohibited of a person who is suffering from a contagious disease which is
loathsome or dangerous.
(7) Use informal and recently coined words with discretion.
 Legislation must keep pace with social and technological needs arising from the passage of
time and when appropriate must use the new words that social and technological change has
spawned. E.g. “laptop”, “modem”, “software”.
 Words must have obtained some apparent stability as standard English (i.e. not just slang)
before being used.
 The increasing preference for familiar everyday language has increased the acceptability of
new popular terms as well as new words for technology.
(8) Use one word and not more if one word will do.
EXAMPLE
Bad: “Passengers are urged to refrain from smoking.”
Good: “No Smoking”
The preferred word precedes the phrase to be generally avoided:
because
because
because
Because
if
if
if
by
think
while
Except
Near
About
About
About
About
Although
Usually
When
During
May
Until
Because of the fact that
By virtue of the fact that
For the reason that
On the grounds that
In the event that
If it should happen/eventuate/transpire that
Under circumstances in which
By means of
Of the opinion that
During such period as
Except for the fact that
In close proximity
In connection with
Concerning the matter of
As regards
In reference/relation to
Notwithstanding/ despite the fact that
The majority of instances
At the time when
During such time as
Is entitled to
Until such time as
(9) Use words consistently.
 Different words should not be used to express the same meaning and, conversely, the same
word should not be used to express different meanings.
(10) Allow for some flexibility as to interpretation of the word when necessary.
 Some words may be left slightly unclear but must only be done so if discretion as to
implementation was intended. Over precision can cause inflexibility to a fault.
Legislative Finding: Example 1
Trafficking Victims Protection Act 2000, Sec 102
FINDINGS.—Congress finds that:
(1) As the 21st century begins, the degrading institution of slavery continues throughout the world. Trafficking in persons
is a modern form of slavery, and it is the largest manifestation of slavery today. At least 700,000 persons annually,
primarily women and children, are trafficked within or across international borders. Approximately 50,000 women and
children are trafficked into the United States each year.
(2) Many of these persons are trafficked into the international sex trade, often by force, fraud, or coercion. The sex
industry has rapidly expanded over the past several decades. It involves sexual exploitation of persons, predominantly
women and girls, involving activities related to prostitution, pornography, sex tourism, and other commercial sexual
services. The low status of women in many parts of the world has contributed to a burgeoning of the trafficking industry.
(3) Trafficking in persons is not limited to the sex industry. This growing transnational crime also includes forced labor
and involves significant violations of labor, public health, and human rights standards worldwide.
(4) Traffickers primarily target women and girls, who are disproportionately affected by poverty, the lack of access to
education, chronic unemployment, discrimination, and the lack of economic opportunities in countries of origin.
Traffickers lure women and girls into their networks through false promises of decent working conditions at relatively
good pay as nannies, maids, dancers, factory workers, restaurant workers, sales clerks, or models. Traffickers also buy
children from poor families and sell them into prostitution or into various types of forced or bonded labor.
(5) Traffickers often transport victims from their home communities to unfamiliar destinations, including foreign
countries away from family and friends, religious institutions, and other sources of protection and support, leaving the
victims defenseless and vulnerable.
(6) Victims are often forced through physical violence to engage in sex acts or perform slavery-like labor. Such force
includes rape and other forms of sexual abuse, torture, starvation, imprisonment, threats, psychological abuse, and
coercion.
(7) Traffickers often make representations to their victims that physical harm may occur to them or others should the
victim escape or attempt to escape. Such representations can have the same coercive effects on victims as direct threats
to inflict such harm.
(8) Trafficking in persons is increasingly perpetrated by organized, sophisticated criminal enterprises. Such trafficking
is the fastest growing source of profits for organized criminal enterprises worldwide. Profits from the trafficking
industry contribute to the expansion of organized crime in the United States and worldwide. Trafficking in persons is
often aided by official corruption in countries of origin, transit, and destination, thereby threatening the rule of law.
(9) Trafficking includes all the elements of the crime of forcible rape when it involves the involuntary participation of
another person in sex acts by means of fraud, force, or coercion.
(10) Trafficking also involves violations of other laws, including labor and immigration codes and laws against
kidnapping, slavery, false imprisonment, assault, battery, pandering, fraud, and extortion.
(11) Trafficking exposes victims to serious health risks. Women and children trafficked in the sex industry are exposed
to deadly diseases, including HIV and AIDS. Trafficking victims are sometimes worked or physically brutalized to death.
(12) Trafficking in persons substantially affects interstate and foreign commerce. Trafficking for such purposes as
involuntary servitude, peonage, and other forms of forced labor has an impact on the nationwide employment network
and labor market. Within the context of slavery, servitude, and labor or services which are obtained or maintained
through coercive conduct that amounts to a condition of servitude, victims are subjected to a range of violations.
(13) Involuntary servitude statutes are intended to reach cases in which persons are held in a condition of servitude
through nonviolent coercion. In United States v. Kozminski, 487 U.S. 931 (1988), the Supreme Court found that section
1584 of title 18, United States Code, should be narrowly interpreted, absent a definition of involuntary servitude by
Congress. As a result, that section was interpreted to criminalize only servitude that is brought about through use or
threatened use of physical or legal coercion, and to exclude other conduct that can have the same purpose and effect.
(14) Existing legislation and law enforcement in the United States and other countries are inadequate to deter
trafficking and bring traffickers to justice, failing to reflect the gravity of the offenses involved. No comprehensive law
exists in the United States that penalizes the range of offenses involved in the trafficking scheme. Instead, even the most
brutal instances of trafficking in the sex industry are often punished under laws that also apply to lesser offenses, so that
traffickers typically escape deserved punishment.
(15) In the United States, the seriousness of this crime and its components is not reflected in current sentencing
guidelines, resulting in weak penalties for convicted traffickers.
(16) In some countries, enforcement against traffickers is also hindered by official indifference, by corruption, and
sometimes even by official participation in trafficking.
(17) Existing laws often fail to protect victims of trafficking, and because victims are often illegal immigrants in the
destination country, they are repeatedly punished more harshly than the traffickers themselves.
(18) Additionally, adequate services and facilities do not exist to meet victims’ needs regarding health care, housing,
education, and legal assistance, which safely reintegrate trafficking victims into their home countries.
(19) Victims of severe forms of trafficking should not be inappropriately incarcerated, fined, or otherwise penalized
solely for unlawful acts committed as a direct result of being trafficked, such as using false documents, entering the
country without documentation, or working without documentation.
(20) Because victims of trafficking are frequently unfamiliar with the laws, cultures, and languages of the countries
into which they have been trafficked, because they are often subjected to coercion and intimidation including
physical detention and debt bondage, and because they often fear retribution and forcible removal to countries in
which they will face retribution or other hardship, these victims often find it difficult or impossible
to report the crimes committed against them or to assist in the investigation and prosecution of such crimes.
(21) Trafficking of persons is an evil requiring concerted and vigorous action by countries of origin, transit or
destination, and by international organizations.
(22) One of the founding documents of the United States, the Declaration of Independence, recognizes the inherent
dignity and worth of all people. It states that all men are created equal and that they are endowed by their Creator
with certain unalienable rights. The right to be free from slavery and involuntary servitude is among those
unalienable rights. Acknowledging his fact, the United States outlawed slavery and involuntary servitude in 1865,
recognizing them as evil institutions that must be abolished. Current practices of sexual slavery and trafficking of
women and children are similarly abhorrent to the principles upon which the United States was founded.
(23) The United States and the international community agree that trafficking in persons involves grave violations of
human rights and is a matter of pressing international concern. The international community has repeatedly
condemned slavery and involuntary servitude, violence against women, and other elements of trafficking, through
declarations, treaties, and United Nations resolutions and reports, including the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights; the 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions
and Practices Similar to Slavery; the 1948 American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man; the 1957 Abolition
of Forced Labor Convention; the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; the Convention Against
Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; United Nations General Assembly
Resolutions 50/167, 51/66, and 52/98; the Final Report of the World Congress against Sexual Exploitation of
Children (Stockholm, 1996); the Fourth World Conference on Women (Beijing, 1995); and the 1991 Moscow
Document of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.
(24) Trafficking in persons is a transnational crime with national implications. To deter international
trafficking and bring its perpetrators to justice, nations including the United States must recognize that
trafficking is a serious offense. This is done by prescribing appropriate punishment, giving priority to the
prosecution of trafficking offenses, and protecting rather than punishing the victims of such offenses. The
United States must work bilaterally and multilaterally to abolish the trafficking industry by taking steps to
promote cooperation among countries linked together by international trafficking routes. The United States
must also urge the international community to take strong action in multilateral fora to engage recalcitrant
countries in serious and sustained efforts to eliminate trafficking and protect trafficking victims.
Legislative Finding: Example 2
Iran and Libya Sanctions Act 1996, Sec 2
FINDINGS.
The Congress makes the following findings:
(1) The efforts of the Government of Iran to acquire weapons of mass destruction and the
means to deliver them and its support of acts of international terrorism endanger the national
security and foreign policy interests of the United States and those countries with which the
United States shares common strategic and foreign policy objectives.
(2) The objective of preventing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and acts of
international terrorism through existing multilateral and bilateral initiatives requires
additional efforts to deny Iran the financial means to sustain its nuclear, chemical, biological,
and missile weapons programs.
(3) The Government of Iran uses its diplomatic facilities and quasi-governmental institutions
outside of Iran to promote acts of international terrorism and assist its nuclear, chemical,
biological, and missile weapons programs.
(4) The failure of the Government of Libya to comply with Resolutions 731, 748, and 883 of the
Security Council of the United Nations, its support of international terrorism, and its efforts to
acquire weapons of mass destruction constitute a threat to international peace and security
that endangers the national security and foreign policy interests of the United States and those
countries with which it shares common strategic and foreign policy objectives.
Legislative Policy: Underlying Principles in
Investment and Trade
1. Combating Corruption
UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION AGAINST CORRUPTION 2003
Iraq Ratification: 17 Mar 2008
• Article 15. Bribery of national public officials
• Article 16. Bribery of foreign public officials and officials of public
international organizations
• Article 17. Embezzlement, misappropriation or other diversion of property
by a public official.
• Article 18. Trading in influence
• Article 19. Abuse of functions
• Article 20. Illicit enrichment
• Article 21. Bribery in the private sector
• Article 22. Embezzlement of property in the private sector
• Article 23. Laundering of proceeds of crime
•Article 24. Concealment
• Article 25. Obstruction of justice
• Article 26. Liability of legal persons
•Article 27. Participation and attempt
• Article 28. Knowledge, intent and purpose as elements of an offence
• Article 29. Statute of limitations
• Article 30. Prosecution, adjudication and sanctions
• Article 31. Freezing, seizure and confiscation
• Article 32. Protection of witnesses, experts and victims
• Article 33. Protection of reporting persons
• Article 34. Consequences of acts of corruption
• Article 35. Compensation for damage
• Article 36. Specialized authorities
• Article 37. Cooperation with law enforcement authorities
• Article 38. Cooperation between national authorities
• Article 39. Cooperation between national authorities
and the private sector
• Article 40. Bank secrecy
• Article 41. Criminal record
• Article 42. Jurisdiction
The Principle of Free Competition
Iraq "has all the components to be able to accede" to the Genevabased multilateral body.
Trade Minister Abdul Falah al-Sudany said in a statement after a meeting with U.S. officials in
Baghdad, March 2009
WTO PRINCIPLES:
 Trade without discrimination 1. Most-favoured-nation (MFN): treating other people equally.
2. National treatment: Treating foreigners and locals equally.
 Freer trade: gradually, through negotiation
“Lowering trade barriers is one of the most obvious means of encouraging trade. The
barriers concerned include customs duties (or tariffs) and measures such as import bans or quotas
that restrict quantities selectively.”
 Predictability: through binding and transparency
“Sometimes, promising not to raise a trade barrier can be as important as lowering one,
because the promise gives businesses a clearer view of their future opportunities. With stability and
predictability, investment is encouraged, jobs are created and consumers can fully enjoy the benefits of
competition — choice and lower prices.”
Promoting fair competition
“The WTO is sometimes described as a “free trade” institution, but that is not entirely
accurate. The system does allow tariffs and, in limited circumstances, other forms of protection. More
accurately, it is a system of rules dedicated to open, fair and undistorted competition.”
Encouraging development and economic reform
“The WTO system contributes to development. On the other hand, developing countries
need flexibility in the time they take to implement the system’s agreements. And the agreements
themselves inherit the earlier provisions of GATT that allow for special assistance and trade
concessions for developing countries.”
Legislative Policy: Underlying Principles in
the Protection of Human Rights

Gender Equality

Role of Civil Society

Enhancing Participation
General International Principles on the Protection of
the Rights of Persons Belonging to Minorities
As a summary analysis of the foregoing reading of international law, the following
general international principles on the protection of the rights of persons belonging
to minorities may be emphasized:
Prohibition against discrimination on the basis of race, national or ethnic
origin, religion, thought or belief;
 Protection of the basic human rights of an individual and an individual as a
member of a group;
 A positive obligation upon the State to provide the necessary protective
measures to minority groups;
 A recognition of ethnic, religious, and linguistic rights of persons belonging
to a minority.
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination Against Women
Article One defines “Discrimination”
“Discrimination against women shall mean any distinction, exclusion or
restriction made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or
nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women irrespective of their marital
status, on a basis of equality of men and women, of human rights and fundamental
freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field.”
ARTICLE 1

Distinguishes three types of acts:
- Penalty for adultery;
- Penalty for a male who commits an act of “honor killing”;
- Penalty for crimes of passion.

Exclusions:
- Acquiring nationality through the father only;
- Exclusion from participating in sports.

Restriction:
- Right to travel;
- Right to work;
- Right to be a judge.
Article One adopts an “effect” or “purpose” test - The act has the
effect or purpose of “impairing” or “nullifying” the “recognition”
“enjoyment” or “exercise” of the right.

SESSION 5: INTERPRETATION OF THE
LEGISLATIVE TEXT

The legislative Intent at the Time of Drafting the
Legislation or the Time of Application.

Methods of Interpretation.

The Defective Legislative Text: Material Error, the
Vague Provision, the Incomplete Provision, the
Contradictory Provision.

The Material Sources of the Text and the Legislative
History.

Interpretation of Criminal Laws: Narrow Interpretation
and Avoiding Reasoning by Analogy.

Sexual Harassment.
Legislative Intent
Issue: Whether the 1964 Civil Rights Act prohibits employment discrimination
outside the United States?
Rule
 Legislative Intent must be explicit.
 Absent an indication of the intention of Congress, intention
shall not be presumed or inferred.
Two ways to determine legislative intent:
1. INTERNAL METHOD – The plain words of legislation.
2. EXTERNAL METHOD – Legislative History: Early Drafts; Reports of the
Drafting Committee’s work.
Council of Europe
Directive 2002/73/EC
Sexual Harassment
Harassment: “where an unwanted conduct related to the sex of a person occurs
with the purpose or effect of violating the dignity of a person, and of creating an
intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment”
Sexual Harassment: “where any form of unwanted verbal, non-verbal or physical
conduct of a sexual nature occurs, with the purpose or effect of violating the
dignity of a person, in particular when creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading,
humiliating or offensive environment”
Types of Sexual Harassment Legislation
GENDER EQUALITY
PENAL CODE
LABOR CODE
COMPREHENSIVE LAW
RELATED LAWS
Countries Surveyed that Prohibit Sexual Harassment do so as follows:
• 35.5 % Gender Equality Legislation
• 25.8% Penal Codes
• 25.8% Labor Codes
• 9.68% Comprehensive Law
• 3.23% Related Law (E.g. Human Rights Legislation)
** Survey so far incorporates 27 countries: Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belize, Bosnia & Herzegovina,
Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Lithuania, Moldova,
Pakistan, Philippines, Slovenia, Sweden, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine
** Some countries prohibit sexual harassment in more than one type of legislation
Penal Codes
What Constitutes Sexual Harassment?
Algeria: Penal Code, Law 04-15; abusing the authority conferred by one’s function or profession in order to give orders to,
threaten, impose constraints or exercise pressure on another person for the purpose of obtaining sexual favors. A person
convicted is subject to imprisonment of two months to one year and a fine of 50,000 to 100,000 dinars.
Armenia: Penal Code, Article 140; “Forcing a person to engage in sexual intercourse, homosexuality, lesbianism or other
sexual actions, by means of black mail, threats to destroy, damage or seize property, or using financial dependence or other
dependence of the aggrieved, is punishable by a fine in the amount of 200 to 300 minimal salaries, correctional labor for up
to two years, or imprisonment for the term of up to one year”
Azerbaijan: Criminal Code, Article 151; Coercion of the person to the sexual relations, buggery or to committing of other
actions of sexual nature by threat of destruction, damage or withdrawal of property or with use of material or other
dependency of the victim.
Bangladesh: Penal Code Section 509; Intent to insult the modesty of any women, utters any word, make any sound or
gesture or exhibits any object, intending that such word or sound shall be heard, or that such gesture or object, shall be seen,
by such women, or intrudes upon the privacy of such women, shall by punished with simple imprisonment for a term which
may extend to one year or with fine or with both
France: Criminal Code 222-33; The act of harassing anyone using orders, threats, or constraint, in order to obtain favors of
a sexual nature, by a person abusing the authority that functions confer on him.
Greece: Criminal Code, Article 337; The perpetration of indecent gestures or proposals regarding indecent act.
Tunisia: Penal Code, Law No. 2004-73; Persistent harassment of another person through humiliating or offensive actions,
words or gestures that are intended to cause the victim to submit to one’s one sexual overtures or those of a third party or to
weaken the victim’s efforts to resist those overtures. A person shall be subject to imprisonment of one year, and a fine of
three thousand dinars and doubles the punishment where the victim is a child, or a person with mental disabilities.
Turkey: Penal Code, Art 105; Exploitation of a hierarchical or work relationship shall be subject to three years
imprisonment; considered an aggravated offense.
Gender Equality Legislation
Bosnia & Herzegovina: Law on Gender Equality, 2003;
“is any behavior that in word, action or psychological effect of a sexual nature in intent or effect inflicts injury on the
dignity of a person or gives rise to intimidation, hostility, or demeaning, threatening or similar situations and which is
motivated by belonging to another gender or different sexual orientation and which to the victim represents inappropriate
physical, verbal, suggestive or other behavior.”
Iceland: Act on the Equal Status and Equal Rights of Women and Men, 2000;
“Sexual behavior that is unreasonable and/or insulting and against the will of those who are subjected to it, and which affects
their self-esteem and is continued in spite of a clear indication that this behavior is unwelcome. Behaviour can be physical,
oral or symbolic.”
Moldova: Law on Ensuring Equal Opportunities for Women and Men, 2006;
“any form of physical, verbal, or nonverbal behavior, of sexual nature, which abases a person or creates an unpleasant,
hostile, degrading, humiliating, or insulting environment.”
Labor Codes
Croatia: Labor Act No. 137/2004;
“shall mean any verbal, non-verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature intended to, or actually undermining the dignity of a
person seeking employment and worker and creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading or offensive environment”
Greece: Law No. 3488 Implementing the Principle of Equal Treatment of Men and Women as regards Access of Employment,
Vocational Training and Promotion, the terms and conditions of labor, 2006;
“when any kind of undesirable verbal, non-verbal or physical behavior of sexual nature is manifested, aiming at or resulting in
the insult to an individual’s dignity, especially by creating an intimidating, hostile, ignominious, humiliating or aggressive
environment”
Session 6: AN EXERCISE IN DRAFTING
A FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT LAW
General Clauses in Agreements
- Definitions
-The Language Clause
- The Applicable Law
- The Modification Clause
-The Obligations of the parties
-The Termination of the agreement
- The Enforcement of the Act
- Arbitration or Court
- Liability and Indemnification
World Bank Guidelines on the Treatment of Foreign Direct Investment
ARBITRATION
1. Disputes between private foreign investors and the host State will normally be settled
through negotiations between them and failing this, through national courts or through
other agreed mechanisms including conciliation and binding independent arbitration.
2. Independent arbitration for the purpose of this Guideline will include any ad hoc or
institutional arbitration agreed upon in writing by the State and the investor or between
the State and the investor's home State where the majority of the arbitrators are not solely
appointed by one party to the dispute.
3. In case of agreement on independent arbitration, each State is encouraged to accept the
settlement of such disputes through arbitration under the Convention establishing the
International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) if it is a party to the
ICSID Convention or through the "ICSID Additional Facility" if it is not a party to the
ICSII) Convention.
ADMISSION
1. Each State will encourage nationals of other States to invest capital, technology and managerial
skill in is territory and, to that end, is expected to admit such investments in accordance with the
following provisions.
2. In furtherance of the foregoing principle, each State will:
(a) facilitate the admission and establishment of investments by nationals of other States, and
(b) avoid making unduly cumbersome or complicated procedural regulations for, or imposing
unnecessary conditions on, the admission of such investments.
3. Each State maintains the right to make regulations to govern the admission of private foreign
investments. In the formulation and application of such regulations, States will note that
experience suggests that certain performance requirements introduced as conditions of admission
are often counterproductive and that open admission, possibly subject to a restricted list of
investments (which are either prohibited or require screening and licensing), is a more effective
approach. Such performance requirements often discourage foreign investors from initiating
investment in the State concerned or encourage evasion and corruption. Under the restricted list
approach, investments in nonlisted activities, which proceed without approval, remain subject to
the laws and regulations applicable to investments in the State concerned.
Saudi Arabian Foreign Direct Investment
Law
Jordan Foreign Direct Investment Law
Iraqi FDI Law
SESSION 7: LEGISLATIVE DRAFTING
AND CONSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS
 Constitutional Legislation versus Ordinary Legislation: The
Legislative Delegation.
 Iraqi Constitution, ‘legislative delegation’.
 Criteria for Unconstitutionality of a Legislation
 Case Studies: Freedom of Contract and Arbitration cases, Court
Jurisdiction and the Right to Association, Freedom of Movement
and Restriction on Wives Travel, and Positive Discrimination in
Favor People with Special Needs.
TWO TYPES OF MOSLEM CONSTITUTION
1. ISLAMIC CONSTITUTION
The Islamic Republic is a system based on belief in the one God as stated
in the phrase – There is no God except Allah, and his exclusive
sovereignty and the right to legislate and the necessity of submission to
His commands.
Iranian Constitution 1979, Article 2(1)
2. WESTERN- STYLE CONSTITUTION THAT USES ISLAM FOR COSMETIC EFFECT
In the Name of Allah, most merciful…(Preamble)
The people are the source of all power. National sovereignty belongs to
the people…
The President is required to be a Moslem…(Article 7)
Islam is the state religion…(Article 2)
Algerian Constitution, 1989
Elements of an Islamic Constitution
1. Sovereignty is for God
 Unlike a secular constitution, it does not derive authority from the people nor require
their consent.
 It adheres to the elements of constitutionalism as outlined in the Quran and the tradition
of the Prophet.
Where as sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to Almighty
God alone, and the authority to be exercised by the people by Him
in a sacred trust.
Pakistani Constitution 1973, Preamble
2. Islam as the Religion of the State
 Principle of Non- Separation of Mosque and State
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Al – Islam din
wa dawla
The State protects Islam,
It implements its Shariah,
It orders people to do right and to shun evil,
It fulfills the duty regarding God’s will
Saudi Arabian Basic Law, Article 23
 Iran’s Association for the Propagation of Virtue and the Deterrence of Vice
(Ali Mutawwain)
 Fisher v. Immigration and Naturalization Service (1994)
Facts:
Iranian
women
successfully
convinced
the
American Judiciary that the fact
she was stopped by Iranian
government agents because she
was not wearing a chador, a
veil, was sufficient grounds for
religious persecution.
 Compare to the U.S. “establishment clause” in the First Amendment.
Congress shall make no law respecting an
establishment of religion, or prohibiting
the free exercise thereof; or abridging the
freedom of speech, or of the press; or the
right of the people peaceably to assemble,
and to petition the Government for a
redress of grievances.
-The establishment clause forbids a State religion.
-It bars government sponsorship of religion, government financial support of
religion, and active involvement of government in religious activities.
- A statute should have a secular purpose and a primary effect that neither
advances nor inhibits religion (Lemon v Kurtzman 1971).
3. Declare the supremacy of the Quran and the Sunnah
THREE RULES:
1. The Islamic Rule has no legislative power.
- “Islamic legislation” as declared by God has been confined to the personal status laws as specified in
the Quran.
- Islamic criminal punishments have been suspended and Islamic economic principles have been
ignored.
2. The Quran and the Sunnah are at a higher norm than the Constitution itself.
- A constitutional provision may not contradict a provision of the Quran.
This (supremacy) principle applies absolutely
and generally to all articles of the
constitution as well as to all other laws and
regulations.
Iranian Constitution, Article 4
3. Islamic Shari’ah is supreme to any law or regulation.
- Thus, principles contained within the Islamic sources constitute the supreme law and provides the
basics for invalidating existing and proposed legislation.
All civil, penal, financial, economic, administrative, cultural,
military, political and other laws and regulations must be based on
Islamic criteria.
Iranian Constitution, Article 4
- The Guardian Council must review all legislation within a maximum of 10 days from its receipt with a
view to ensuring its compatibility with Islam and the constitution.
All legislation passed by the Islamic Consultative Assembly must
be sent to the Guardian Council.
Iranian Constitution, Article 94
Constitutional Review
• The ability of an independent judiciary to review whether the law is constitutional
is an important element of democracy.
• However, allowing judges to review legislation’s conformity to Islam carries real
risks – Should the constitutionality clause be limited to the legislator?
The Courts will apply the rules of the Islamic Shari’ah to the cases
that are brought before them, in accordance with what is indicated in
the Book and the Sunnah and the statutes decreed by the ruler which
do not contradict the Book or the Sunnah.
Saudi Arabia, Basic Law, Judiciary Article 48
The regulatory authority lays down regulations and motions likely to
meet the interests of or remove what is bad in the affairs of the state
in accordance with the Islamic Shari’ah.
Saudi Arabia, Basic Law, Legislator, Article 67
The Saudi Arabian Experience
 The policy expressed in the Basic Laws has not always been adhered to…
Why?
• Rapid growth of the Oil industry and commercial activities in the 1950s.
FOR EXAMPLE:
Saudi Labor Law: Was totally based on the Egyptian Labor Law with the
exception that of Article 160:
“in no case may men and women commingle in the place of work…”
Saudi Commercial Papers Regulation 1963: Incorporated the Geneva
Uniform Law of Bills of Exchange (1970) and Checks (1971), but omitted
provisions dealing with interest which is prohibited under Islamic law.
Saudi Statute of Registration and Trademarks: Was careful to rule out
the registration of a trademark which contradicts morality or undermines
Islamic decency or religious practices.
The Constitutional Clause
Islam is the official religion of the union, Islamic Shari’ah shall be
a main source of legislation.
United Arab Emirates, Constitution, Article 7 (1971)
 The Shari’ah is not just a material source of law but also a formal source of law
with binding force.
Any person caught in a public place or public road in a state of
apparent drunkenness should be punished by imprisonment of 2
months to 1 year in addition to a fine…
United Arab Emirates, Article 17 of Law No. 8 (1976)
 By contrast, the Hadd punishment for the same crime is 80 lashes.
 Is Article 17 constitutional?
YES
THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES SUPREME COURT STATED:
 The punishment prescribed in Article 17 is for a special crime of
drunkenness in a public place.
 For such a crime, a special discretionary punishment is allowed by the
Shari’ah.
 There is nothing to prohibit the application of the Hadd punishment
to Moslems in addition to the Article 17 punishment.
ADD TWO ADDITIONAL CASES – ISLAMIC LAW COURSE
The Egyptian
Experience: Example 1
DECISION: COURT
DISAGREED WITH
FATHER
A ruler may enact rules
which
achieve
public
interest, and in the absence
of a Quranic verse indicating
a complete veil from head to
toes, a ruler may require that
the veil should not cover a
woman’s face since:
- where there is no
Quranic verse prohibiting a
matter, permissibility or
Ibah is the norm, and
ijtihad
or
interpretation is permitted
within the limits of the
general objectives of the
Shariah.
Facts: In May 18, 1996 case, an
Egyptian father, on behalf of his two
daughters, filed a lawsuit against the
Secretary of Education asking for a
repeal of a decision of the Ministry
which stated that a school uniform may
include a veil and a female student may
not wear a veil which covers her face.
The school dismissed the two daughters
who insisted on wearing a veil with
nothing showing but their eyes.
The
father
argued
the
unconstitutionality of the decision on
the ground that it contradicts Article 2 of
the
Egyptian
constitution
which
provides that “Islam is the religion of the
state and Islamic Sharia is the main
source of legislation.
The Egyptian
Experience: Example 2
DECISION: THE COURT
AGREED WITH THE
MOTHER
The 1938 Regulation was held
unconstitutional.
The Egyptian pope agreed in a
memorandum he submitted to
the court he stated that the
bible was silent as to the age of
custody, and thus this is an
issue which should be decided
in
accordance
with
the
circumstances of the society.
He further stated that the
orthodox Coptic church of
Egypt does not mind a uniform
age to achieve equality of all
Egyptians.
FACTS: Nabil Ramzi filed a lawsuit
against his Christian wife, asking for his
right to the custody of their child Mathew
who reached the age of seven. Under the
Christian regulation, custody of a child by
the mother terminates when the boy
reaches the age of seven and the girl, at the
age of nine. The custody of the child is then
transferred to the father. The mother, in
this case, argued that this provision was
unconstitutional because it violated Article
2 of the Egyptian Constitution and that
Moslem personal status laws are and
should be applicable to all Egyptians,
regardless of their religion, and that the
application of the 1938 regulation amounts
to discrimination between citizens of one
country since a Moslem mother may have
her child till the age of fifteen or until she
gets married, if the child is a female.
‫‪Iraqi Constitution‬‬
‫الديباجة‬
‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬
‫{ َولَ َقدْ َكرَّ م َنا َبني آدَ َْم }‬
‫ار‪َ ،‬و َمهد الحضارةِ‪َ ،‬وص َّناع الكتابةِ‪َ ،‬ورواد الزراعة‪،‬‬
‫ل َواألنبيا ِء‪َ ،‬و َمث َْ‬
‫الرافدين‪َ ،‬موطِ ن الرس ِْ‬
‫َنحنْ أبناء وادِي‬
‫ِ‬
‫وى األ ِئ َم ِْة األط َه ِ‬
‫وق ترابنا‬
‫ط أع َرقْ َعهدْ َعادِلْ لِسياس ِْة األوطان‪َ ،‬و َف َْ‬
‫ض َعهْ اإلن َسان‪ ،‬وفي َو َطنِنا خ َّْ‬
‫َووضَّاع ال َت ِْ‬
‫رقيم‪َ .‬علَى أرضِ َنا سنَّْ أولْ قانونْ َو َ‬
‫اء‪.‬‬
‫َع األدَباءْ والشعر ْ‬
‫ص َحابةْ واالولياء‪ ،‬و َن َّظ َْر ال َفالسِ َفةْ َوالعلَ َماء‪َ ،‬وأبد َْ‬
‫صلَّى ال َ‬
‫َ‬
‫جعنا العظام‬
‫ار َمرا ِْ‬
‫الو َطنِي ِْة َوإص َر ِْ‬
‫ِْ‬
‫هللا علينا‪ ،‬وتلبيةْ‬
‫بحق ِْ‬
‫ِْ‬
‫عِ رفاناْ م َّنا‬
‫لنداء َو َطنِنا َومواطِ نينا‪َ ،‬واست َِجا َبةْ لدعوِْة قِيادا ِت َنا الدِيني ِْة َوقِوا َنا َ‬
‫طم َ‬
‫االقتراع بالماليين‪ ،‬رجاالْ‬
‫ِْ‬
‫صناد ِْ‬
‫ِيق‬
‫ِْ‬
‫ؤازرةْ َعالميةْ منْ أَصدِقائِنا َومحبي َنا‪َ ،‬ز َحفنا‬
‫وزعمائنا َوسِ ياسِ يي َنا‪َ ،‬و َوس َْ‬
‫ألول َمرةْ في تاري ِخ َنا ِل َ‬
‫ستذكرين َموا ِج َْع ال َقم ِْع الطائفي من ِقَْب ِْ‬
‫ل‬
‫َْ‬
‫هر َكانون ال َثانِي منْ َس َن ِْة أَل َفين َوخ َمْس مِيال ِد َية‪ ،‬م‬
‫َونساءْ َوشيباْ َوشباناْ في ال َثالثين منْ َش ِْ‬
‫ح َْ‬
‫ين‬
‫ب َجمِيعِها‪َ ،‬ومستو ِْ‬
‫ت ال َشع ِْ‬
‫العراق شيعةْ وسنة‪ ،‬عرباْ َوكورداْ َوتركمانا‪َ ،‬ومن م َك ِو َنا ِْ‬
‫ِْ‬
‫ائع ش ِْ‬
‫هداء‬
‫الطغم ِْة المستبدةِ‪ ،‬ومستلهمين َف َج َْ‬
‫وار َوالدِج ِْ‬
‫يل‬
‫الج َماعي ِْة َواألَه ِْ‬
‫ن ال َمقا َ ِْ‬
‫ن ِبلظى َش َج ِْ‬
‫ض ِْة ال َشعبانيةِ‪َ ،‬وم َكتوي َْ‬
‫ن الم َق َدس ِْة َوالجنو ِْ‬
‫اح ِْة المد ِْ‬
‫بر َ‬
‫ب في االن ِت َفا َ‬
‫ظالم َْة اس ِت َب َ‬
‫ان في‬
‫عين مَآسِ ي التْرك َم ِْ‬
‫ِيين‪َ ،‬ومس َتر ِج َْ‬
‫َْ‬
‫ازر َح َلبج َْة َو‬
‫ت ال َقم ِْع ال َقومي في َم َج ِْ‬
‫قين َعذابا ِْ‬
‫َوغيرها‪َ ،‬ومس َتنطِ َْ‬
‫بارزان َواألنَْفال َوالكور ِْد ال َفيل َ‬
‫بَشِ ير‪َ ،‬وم َعا َناِْة أَ َهالي المن َط َق ِْة َ‬
‫نابعها‬
‫ِراق منْ َتصفي ِْة ِْ‬
‫ق الع ِْ‬
‫الغربي ِْة كبقي ِْة َم َناطِ ِْ‬
‫قياداتها َورموزها َوشيوخِها َو َتشري ِْد كفاءاتها َو َتجفيفِْ َْم ِ‬
‫دون نعرةْ َطا ِئفِية‪َْ ،‬وال َنـز َعةْ‬
‫ِْ‬
‫قبل‪ ،‬منْ‬
‫الجديدَ‪ ،‬عِ َْ‬
‫ف َْ َسعي َنا َي َداْ ب َيد‪َ ،‬و َكتِفاْ ِب َكتف‪ ،‬لِ َنص َن َْع عِ راَْق َنا َ‬
‫الفِك ِر َي ِْة َوال َثقافيةِ‪َ ،‬‬
‫راق المس َت ِ‬
‫صاء‪.‬‬
‫عنصرية‪َ ،‬وال عق َدةْ َم َناطِ قِية‪َ ،‬وال َتمييز‪َ ،‬وال إق َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِ ِ‬
‫ِ ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫اج سب ِل التم ِ‬
‫داول‬
‫ملْ يُثْنِنِا التكفريُ و‬
‫سري مم معاً لتم ْع ِزي ِز ْ‬
‫اإلرهاب من أن َنمْض مي قُ ُدماً لبناء مد ْولة القانون‪ ،‬موممل تُوق ْفنما الطمائفيمةُ موالعُْن ُ‬
‫ُ‬
‫الوطمنية‪ ،‬موانْت مه ِ ُ ُ‬
‫صريةُ ْ‬
‫من أم ْن نم م‬
‫الوح مدة م‬
‫الس ْلمي لِلس ْلطمِة‪ ،‬وتمبين أسلُوب التوزي ِع ِ ِ ِِ ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ومْن ِح تم مكافُؤ ال ُفمر ِ‬
‫للج ْميع‪.‬‬
‫م‬
‫مْ ْ‬
‫م‬
‫ص م‬
‫العادل للثم ْروة‪ ،‬م‬
‫ُ‬
‫ِ‬
‫طلع ٍ‬
‫مستقبله من ِخ ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫العزم برجالنا ونِسائنا‪ ،‬و ُشيوخنا‬
‫بثقة اىل‬
‫مَن ُن مش ْعب العر ِاق‬
‫الل نِظامٍم ُُجهوِر ٍي إحتاد ٍي دمي ْقراط ٍي تم ْع ُّ‬
‫كب مو ِته‪ ،‬واملتم ِّ‬
‫الناهض تم َّواً من ْ‬
‫دد ٍي‪ ،‬مع مق مدنا م‬
‫ِ‬
‫وشبابنا‪ ،‬على احِِت ِام قمو ِ‬
‫حتقيق الع ْد ِل واملساواة‪ ،‬ونب ِذ ِسياس ِة العدوان‪ ،‬و ِ ِ ِ‬
‫وإشاع ِة ثم مق ِ‬
‫ومه‪ ،‬و ِ‬
‫وُه ِ‬
‫اعد ال مقانُون‪ ،‬و ِ‬
‫افة‬
‫الط ْف ِل ُ‬
‫وح ُقوق مها‪ ،‬و م‬
‫ْ‬
‫وش ُؤونه‪ ،‬م م‬
‫الشْي ِخ ُُ‬
‫مْ‬
‫م ُ‬
‫االهت ممام باملمْرأة ُ‬
‫م م‬
‫م‬
‫ْ م‬
‫وع‪ ،‬ونم ْزِع فمتِ ِيل اإلرهاب‪.‬‬
‫التم نم ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫بكل ُم مكوناته وأطْيامفه أ ْن يُ مقرر حبريته واختيارهِ‬
‫َنن مش ْعب العراق الذي آىل على نم ْفسه ِ‬
‫ظ لغمده بأمسه‪ ،‬وأن يم ُس َّن من مْنظُوممة القي ِم‬
‫االحتاد بنفسه‪ ،‬وأن يمتَّع م‬
‫م‬
‫م‬
‫ُ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫َّ‬
‫وسياد ًة‪.‬‬
‫ا‬
‫ض‬
‫أر‬
‫و‬
‫ا‬
‫ب‬
‫ع‬
‫ش‬
‫ر‬
‫احل‬
‫ه‬
‫احتاد‬
‫اق‬
‫ر‬
‫للع‬
‫ظ‬
‫ف‬
‫َي‬
‫ر‬
‫تو‬
‫س‬
‫الد‬
‫هبذا‬
‫ام‬
‫االلتز‬
‫إن‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫الدائم‬
‫تور‬
‫س‬
‫الد‬
‫هذا‬
‫ان‬
‫س‬
‫ن‬
‫اإل‬
‫ة‬
‫ار‬
‫ض‬
‫وح‬
‫م‬
‫ل‬
‫ع‬
‫جدات‬
‫ت‬
‫مس‬
‫ن‬
‫وم‬
‫ماء‬
‫الس‬
‫االت‬
‫رس‬
‫ل‬
‫العليا‬
‫واملثُ ِل‬
‫ْ‬
‫ُْ مم ُ‬
‫ْ ْم‬
‫م م‬
‫م‬
‫م ُ ُم م ْ م ً ْ م ً م‬
‫م‬
‫ُْ م‬
‫م‬
‫ْم‬
‫م‬
‫ُ‬
‫البابًالولً‬
‫املبادئ االساسية‬
‫املادة (‪:)1‬‬
‫ُجهورية العراق دولة احتادية واحدة مستقلة ذات سيادة كاملة‪ ،‬نظام احلكم فيها ُجهوري نياب (برملاين) دميقراطي‪ ،‬وهذا الدستور ضامن لوحدة العراق‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)2‬‬
‫اوالً ‪ :‬االسالم دين الدولة الرمسي‪ ،‬وهو مصدر اساس للتشريع‪:‬‬
‫أ ال جيوز سن ٍ‬
‫قانون يتعارض مع ثوابت احكام االسالم‪.‬‬
‫ب ال جيوز سن ٍ‬
‫قانون يتعارض مع مبادئ الدميقراطية‪.‬‬
‫ج ال جيوز سن ٍ‬
‫قانون يتعارض مع احلقوق واحلريات االساسية الواردة يف هذا الدستور‪.‬‬
‫ثانياً ‪ :‬يضمن هذا الدستور احلفاظ على اهلوية االسالمية لغالبية الشعب العراقي‪ ،‬كما ويضمن كامل احلقوق الدينية جلميع االفراد يف حرية العقيدة واملمارسة‬
‫الدينية‪ ،‬كاملسيحيني‪ ،‬وااليزديني‪ ،‬والصابئة املندائيني‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)3‬‬
‫العراق بلد متعدد القوميات واألديان واملذاهب‪ ،‬وهو عضو مؤسس وفعال يف جامعة الدول العربية ومتلزم مبيثاقها‪ ،‬وجزء من العامل اإلسالمي‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)4‬‬
‫اوالً ‪ :‬اللغة العربية واللغة الكردية ُها اللغتان الرمسيتان للعراق‪ ،‬ويضمن حق العراقيني بتعليم ابنائهم باللغة االم كالِتكمانية‪ ،‬والسريانية‪ ،‬واالرمنية‪ ،‬يف املؤسسات‬
‫التعليمية احلكومية‪ ،‬وفقاً للضوابط الِتبوية‪ ،‬او بأية لغة اخرى يف املؤسسات التعليمية اخلاصة‪.‬‬
‫ٍ‬
‫بقانون يشمل‪:‬‬
‫ثانياً ‪َ :‬يدد نطاق املصطلح لغة رمسية‪ ،‬وكيفية تطبيق احكام هذه املادة‬
‫أ اصدار اجلريدة الرمسية باللغتني ‪.‬‬
‫ب التكلم واملخاطبة والتعبري يف اجملاالت الرمسية كمجلس النواب‪ ،‬وجملس الوزراء‪ ،‬واحملاكم‪ ،‬واملؤمترات الرمسية‪ ،‬بأ ٍي من اللغتني‪.‬‬
‫ج االعِتاف بالوثائق الرمسية واملراسالت باللغتني واصدار الوثائق الرمسية هبما‪.‬‬
‫د فتح مدارس باللغتني وفقاً للضوابط الِتبوية‪.‬‬
‫ﻫ اية جماالت اخرى َيتمها مبدأ املساواة‪ ،‬مثل االوراق النقدية‪ ،‬وجوازات السفر‪ ،‬والطوابع‪.‬‬
‫ثالثاً‪ :‬تستعمل املؤسسات االحتادية واملؤسسات الرمسية يف اقليم كردستان اللغتني‪.‬‬
‫رابعاً‪ :‬اللغة الِتكمانية واللغة السريانية لغتان رمسيتان أخريان يف الوحدات االدارية اليت يشكلون فيها كثافةً‬
‫سكانية‪.‬‬
‫ٍ‬
‫ٍ‬
‫حمافظة اختاذ اية لغة حملية اخرى‪ ،‬لغةً رمسية اضافية‪ ،‬اذا اقرت غالبية سكاهنا ذلك باستفتاء عام‪.‬‬
‫خامساً‪ :‬لكل اقلي ٍم او‬
‫املادة (‪:)5‬‬
‫السيادة للقانون‪ ،‬والشعب مصدر السلطات وشرعيتها‪ ،‬ميارسها باالقِتاع السري العام املباشر وعرب مؤسساته الدستورية‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)6‬‬
‫يتم تداول السلطة سلمياً‪ ،‬عرب الوسائل الدميقراطية املنصوص عليها يف هذا الدستور‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)7‬‬
‫اوالً ‪َ :‬يظر كل ٍ‬
‫هنج يتبىن العنصرية او االرهاب او التكفري أو التطهري الطائفي‪ ،‬او َيرض أو ميهد أو ميجد او يروج أو يربر له‪ ،‬وخباصة البعث‬
‫كيان او ٍ‬
‫مسمى كان‪ ،‬وال جيوز ان يكون ذلك ضمن التعددية السياسية يف العراق‪ ،‬وينظم ذلك بقانون‪.‬‬
‫الصدامي يف العراق ورموزه‪ ،‬وحتت أي‬
‫ً‬
‫ثانياً ‪ :‬تلتزم الدولة مبحاربة االرهاب جبميع اشكاله‪ ،‬وتعمل على محاية اراضيها من ان تكون مقراً أو ممراً أو ساحةً لنشاطه‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)8‬‬
‫يرعى العراق مبدأ حسن اجلوار‪ ،‬ويلتزم بعدم التدخل يف الشؤون الداخلية للدول االخرى‪ ،‬ويسعى حلل الن زاعات بالوسائل السلمية‪ ،‬ويقيم عالقاته على‬
‫اساس املصاحل املشِتكة والتعامل باملثل‪ ،‬وَيِتم إلتزاماته الدولية‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)9‬‬
‫اوالً ‪:‬‬
‫أ تتكون القوات املسلحة العراقية واالجهزة االمنية من مكونات الشعب العراقي‪ ،‬مبا يراعي توازهنا ومتاثلها دون متيي ٍز او اقصاء‪ ،‬وختضع لقيادة السلطة املدنية‪،‬‬
‫وتدافع عن العراق‪ ،‬وال تكون ادا ًة لقمع الشعب العراقي‪ ،‬وال تتدخل يف الشؤون السياسية‪ ،‬وال دور هلا يف تداول السلطة‪.‬‬
‫ب َيظر تكوين ميليشيات عسكرية خارج اطار القوات املسلحة‪.‬‬
‫ٍ‬
‫انتخابات‬
‫ج ال جيوز للقوات املسلحة العراقية و أفرادها‪ ،‬و بضمنهم العسكريون العاملون يف وزارة الدفاع أو أية دوائر أو منظمات تابعة هلا‪ ،‬الِتشيح يف‬
‫إلشغال مراكز سياسية‪ ،‬وال جيوز هلم القيام حبمالت انتخابية لصاحل مرشحني فيها‪ ،‬وال املشاركة يف غري ذلك من االعمال اليت متنعها انظمة وزارة الدفاع‪،‬‬
‫ويشمل عدم اجلواز هذا انشطة اولئك االفراد املذكورين آنفاً اليت يقومون هبا بصفتهم الشخصية او الوظيفية‪ ،‬دون ان يشمل ذلك حقهم بالتصويت يف‬
‫االنتخابات‪.‬‬
‫د يقوم جهاز املخابرات الوطين العراقي جبمع املعلومات‪ ،‬وتقومي التهديدات املوجهة لألمن الوطين‪ ،‬وتقدمي املشورة للحكومة العراقية‪ ،‬ويكون حتت السيطرة‬
‫املدنية‪ ،‬وخيضع لرقابة السلطة التشريعية‪ ،‬ويعمل وفقاً للقانون‪ ،‬ومبوجب مبادئ حقوق االنسان املعِتف هبا‪.‬‬
‫ﻫ حتِتم احلكومة العراقية‪ ،‬وتنفذ‪ ،‬التزامات العراق الدولية اخلاصة مبنع انتشار وتطوير وإنتاج واستخدام االسلحة النووية والكيميائية والبيولوجية‪ ،‬وُمينع ما‬
‫معدات ومواد وتكنولوجيا و ٍ‬
‫ٍ‬
‫أنظمة لالتصال‪.‬‬
‫يتصل بتطويرها وتصنيعها وانتاجها واستخدامها من‬
‫ثانياً ‪ :‬تنظم خدمة العلم بقانون‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)10‬‬
‫العتبات املقدسة‪ ،‬واملقامات الدينية يف العراق‪ ،‬كيانات دينية وحضارية‪ ،‬وتلتزم الدولة بتأكيد وصيانة حرمتها‪ ،‬وضمان ممارسة الشعائر حبرية فيها‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)11‬‬
‫بغداد عاصمة ُجهورية العراق‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)12‬‬
‫ٍ‬
‫بقانون‪ ،‬علم العراق وشعاره ونشيده الوطين مبا يرمز اىل مكونات الشعب العراقي‪.‬‬
‫اوالً ‪ :‬ينظم‬
‫ٍ‬
‫ثانياً ‪ :‬تنظم بقانون‪ ،‬االومسة والعطالت الرمسية واملناسبات الدينية والوطنية والتقومي اهلجري وامليالدي‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)13‬‬
‫عد هذا الدستور القانون االمسى واالعلى يف العراق‪ ،‬ويكون ملزماً يف اَنائه كافة‪ ،‬وبدون استثناء‪.‬‬
‫اوالً ‪ :‬يُ ُ‬
‫ثانياً ‪ :‬ال جيوز سن ٍ‬
‫نص يرد يف دساتري االقاليم‪ ،‬او أي ٍ‬
‫قانون يتعارض مع هذا الدستور‪ ،‬ويُعد باطالً كل ٍ‬
‫نص ٍ‬
‫قانوين آخر يتعارض معه ‪.‬‬
‫الباب الثاني‬
‫الحقوق والحريات‬
‫الفصل األول‬
‫[ الحقوق ]‬
‫الفرع األول ‪:‬ـ الحقوق المدنية والسياسية‬
‫المادة (‪:)14‬‬
‫العراقيون متساوون أمام القانون دون تمييزً بسبب الجنس أو العرق أو القومية أو األصل أو اللون أو الدين أو المذهب‬
‫أو المعتقد أو الرأي أو الوضع القتصادي أو الجتماعي‪.‬‬
‫المادة (‪:)15‬‬
‫لكل فردً الحق في الحياة واألمن والحرية‪ ،‬ول يجوز الحرمان من هذه الحقوق أو تقييدها إل وفقًا ا للقانون‪ ،‬وبنا اًء على‬
‫قرارً صادرً من جهةً قضائيةً مختصة‪.‬‬
‫المادة (‪:)16‬‬
‫تكافؤ الفرص حقً مكفولً لجميع العراقيين‪ ،‬وتكفل الدولة اتخاذ اإلجراءات الالزمة لتحقيق ذلك‪.‬‬
‫المادة (‪:)17‬‬
‫او ًلا ‪:‬ـ لكل فردً الحق في الخصوصية الشخصية‪ ،‬بما ل يتنافى مع حقوق اآلخرين‪ ،‬واآلداب العامة ‪.‬‬
‫ثانيًا ا ‪:‬ـ حرمة المساكن مصونة‪ ،‬ول يجوز دخولها او تفتيشها او التعرض لها ال بقرارً قضائي‪ ،‬ووفقًا ا للقانون‪.‬‬
‫المادة (‪:)18‬‬
‫او ًلا ‪:‬ـ الجنسية العراقية حقً لكل عراقي‪ ،‬وهي أساس مواطنته‪.‬‬
‫ثانيًا ا ‪:‬ـ يعدً عراقيًا ا كل من ولد ألبً عراقي أو لمً عراقية‪،‬وينظم ذلك بقانون‪.‬‬
‫ثالثًا ا ‪:‬ـ‬
‫أـ يحظر إسقاط الجنسية العراقية عن العراقي بالوالدة ألي سببٌ من األسباب‪ ،‬ويحق لمن اسقطت عنه طلب استعادتها‪ ،‬وينظم ذلك بقانون‪.‬‬
‫ب ـ تسحب الجنسية العراقية من المتجنس بها في الحاالت التي ينص عليها القانون‪.‬‬
‫رابعاٌ ‪:‬ـ يجوز تعدد الجنسية للعراقي‪ ،‬وعلى من يتولى منصباٌ سيادياٌ أو امنياٌ رفيعا‪ ،‬التخلي عن اية جنسيةٌ اخرى مكتسبة‪ ،‬وينظم ذلك بقانون‪.‬‬
‫خامساًٌ ‪:‬ـ ال تمنح الجنسية العراقية ألغراض سياسة التوطين السكاني المخل بالتركيبة السكانية في العراق‪.‬‬
‫سادساٌ ‪:‬ـ تنظم أحكام الجنسية بقانون‪ ،‬وينظر في الدعاوى الناشئة عنها من قبل المحاكم المختصة‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)19‬‬
‫أوالٌ ‪:‬ـ القضاء مستقل ال سلطان عليه لغير القانون‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ ‪:‬ـ ال جريمة وال عقوبة إال بنص‪ ،‬وال عقوبة إال على الفعل الذي يعده القانون وقت اقترافه جريمة‪ ،‬وال يجوز تطبيق عقوبة اشد من العقوبة‬
‫النافذة وقت ارتكاب الجريمة‪.‬‬
‫ثالثاٌ ‪:‬ـ التقاضي حقٌ مصونٌ ومكفولٌ للجميع‪.‬‬
‫رابعاٌ ‪:‬ـ حق الدفاع مقدسٌ ومكفولٌ في جميع مراحل التحقيق والمحاكمة‪.‬‬
‫خامساٌ ‪:‬ـ المتهم بريء حتى تثبت إدانته في محاكمةٌ قانونيةٌ عادلة‪ ،‬وال يحاكم المتهم عن التهمة ذاتها مرةٌ أخرى بعد اإلفراج عنه‪ ،‬إال إذا ظهرت‬
‫أدلةٌ جديدة‪.‬‬
‫سادساٌ ‪:‬ـ لكل فردٌ الحق في أن يعامل معاملةٌ عادلةٌ في اإلجراءات القضائية واإلدارية‪.‬‬
‫سابعاٌ ‪:‬ـ جلسات المحاكم علنيةٌ إال إذا قررت المحكمة جعلها سريةٌ‪.‬‬
‫ثامناٌ ‪:‬ـ العقوبة شخصيةٌ‪.‬‬
‫تاسعاٌ ‪:‬ـ ليس للقوانين اثرٌ رجعي ما لم يُنص على خالف ذلك‪ ،‬وال يشمل هذا االستثناء قوانين الضرائب والرسوم‪.‬‬
‫عاشراٌ ‪:‬ـ ال يسرى القانون الجزائي بأثرٌ رجعي إال إذا كان أصلحٌ للمتهم‪.‬‬
‫حادي عشر ‪:‬ـ تنتدب المحكمة محامياٌ للدفاع عن المتهم بجنايةٌ أو جنحةٌ لمن ليس له محامٌ يدافع عنه‪ ،‬وعلى نفقة الدولة‪.‬‬
‫ثاني عشر ‪:‬ـ‬
‫أ ـ يحظر الحجز‪.‬‬
‫ب ـ ال يجوز الحبس أو التوقيف في غير األماكن المخصصة لذلك وفقاٌ لقوانين السجون المشمولة بالرعاية الصحية واالجتماعية والخاضعة‬
‫لسلطات الدولة‪.‬‬
‫ثالث عشر ‪:‬ـ تعرض أوراق التحقيق االبتدائي على القاضي المختص خالل مدة ال تتجاوز أربعاٌ وعشرين ساعة من حين القبض على المتهم‪ ،‬وال‬
‫يجوز تمديدها إال مرة واحدة وللمدة ذاتها‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)20‬‬
‫للمواطنين رجاالٌ ونساء‪ ،‬حق المشاركة في الشؤون العامة‪ ،‬والتمتع بالحقوق السياسية‪ ،‬بما فيها حق التصويت واالنتخاب والترشيح‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)21‬‬
‫أوالٌ ‪:‬ـ يحظر تسليم العراقي الى الجهات والسلطات االجنبية‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ ‪:‬ـ ينظم حق اللجوء السياسي إلى العراق بقانون‪ ،‬وال يجوز تسليم الالجئ السياسي إلى جهةٌ أجنبية‪ ،‬أو إعادته قسراٌ إلى البلد الذي فرٌ منه‪.‬‬
‫ثالثاٌ ‪:‬ـ ال يمنح حق اللجوء السياسي إلى المتهم بارتكاب جرائم دولية أو إرهابية‪ ،‬أو كل من الحقٌ ضرراٌ بالعراق‪.‬‬
‫الفرع الثاين ‪ :‬احلقوق االقتصادية واالجتماعية والثقافية‬
‫املادة (‪:)22‬‬
‫اوالٌ ‪:‬ـ العمل حقٌ لكل العراقيين بما يضمن لهم حياةٌ كريمةٌ‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ ‪:‬ـ ينظم القانون‪ ،‬العالقة بين العمال واصحاب العمل على اسسٌ اقتصادية‪ ،‬مع مراعاة قواعد العدالة االجتماعية‪.‬‬
‫ثالثاٌ ‪:‬ـ تكفل الدولة حق تأسيس النقابات واالتحادات المهنية‪ ،‬أو االنضمام إليها‪ ،‬وينظم ذلك بقانون‪.‬‬
‫املادة ( ‪:)23‬‬
‫أوالٌ ‪:‬ـ الملكية الخاصة مصونة‪ ،‬ويحق للمالك االنتفاع بها واستغاللها والتصرف بها‪ ،‬في حدود القانون‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ ‪:‬ـ ال يجوز نزع الملكية إال ألغراض المنفعة العامة مقابل تعويضٌ عادل‪ ،‬وينظم ذلك بقانون‪.‬‬
‫ثالثاٌ ‪:‬ـ‬
‫أ ـ للعراقي الحق في التملك في أي مكانٌ في العراق‪ ،‬وال يجوز لغيره تملك غير المنقول‪ ،‬اال ما استثني‬
‫بقانون‪.‬‬
‫ب ـ يحظر التملك الغراض التغيير السكاني‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)24‬‬
‫تكفل الدولة حرية االنتقال لأليدي العاملة والبضائع ورؤوس االموال العراقية بين االقاليم والمحافظات‪ ،‬وينظم ذلك بقانون‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)25‬‬
‫تكفل الدولة اصالح االقتصاد العراقي وفق اسسٌ اقتصاديةٌ حديثة وبما يضمن استثمار كامل موارده‪ ،‬وتنويع مصادره‪ ،‬وتشجيع القطاع‬
‫الخاص وتنميته‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)26‬‬
‫تكفلٌالدولةٌتشجيعٌاالستثماراتٌفيٌالقطاعاتٌالمختلفة‪ٌ،‬وينظمٌذلكٌبقانون‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)27‬‬
‫ِ‬
‫رمة‪ٌ،‬وحمايتهاٌواجبٌعلىٌكلٌمواطن‪.‬‬
‫ـٌلألموالٌالعامةٌح‬
‫اوالٌ‪:‬‬
‫ُ‬
‫ثانياٌ‪:‬ـٌتنظمٌبقانون‪ٌ،‬االحكامٌالخاصةٌبحفظٌامالكٌالدولةٌوادارتهاٌوشروطٌالتصرفٌفيها‪ٌ،‬والحدودٌالتيٌالٌيجوزٌفيهاٌالنـزولٌعنٌشيءٌمنٌ‬
‫هذهٌاالموال‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)28‬‬
‫اوالٌ ‪:‬ـ ال تفرض الضرائب والرسوم‪ ،‬وال تعدل‪ ،‬وال تجبى‪ ،‬وال يعفى منها‪ ،‬إال بقانون ‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ ‪:‬ـ يعفى اصحاب الدخول المنخفضة من الضرائب‪ ،‬بما يكفل عدم المساس بالحد االدنى الالزم للمعيشة‪،‬‬
‫وينظم ذلك بقانون‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)29‬‬
‫أوالًٌ ‪:‬ـ‬
‫أـ األسرة أساس المجتمع‪ ،‬وتحافظ الدولة على كيانها وقيمها الدينية واألخالقية والوطنية‪.‬‬
‫ب ـ تكفل الدولة حماية األمومة والطفولة والشيخوخة‪ ،‬وترعى النشئ والشباب‪ ،‬وتوفر لهم الظروف المناسبة لتنمية ملكاتهم وقدراتهم‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ ‪:‬ـ لألوالد حقٌ على والديهم في التربية والرعاية والتعليم‪ ،‬وللوالدين حقٌ على أوالدهم في االحترام والرعاية‪ٌ ،‬والسيما في حاالت العوز والعجز‬
‫والشيخوخة‪.‬‬
‫بصورهِ كافة‪ ،‬وتتخذ الدولة اإلجراءات الكفيلة بحمايتهم‪.‬‬
‫ٌ‬
‫ثالثاٌ ‪:‬ـ يحظر االستغالل االقتصادي لألطفال‬
‫رابعاٌ ‪:‬ـ تمنع كل أشكال العنف والتعسف في األسرة والمدرسة والمجتمع‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)30‬‬
‫أوالٌ ‪:‬ـ تكفل الدولة للفرد ولألسرة ـ وبخاصة الطفل والمرأة ـ الضمان االجتماعي والصحي‪ ،‬والمقومات األساسية للعيش في حياةٌ حرةٌ كريمة‪،‬‬
‫تؤمن لهم الدخل المناسب‪ ،‬والسكن المالئم‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ ‪:‬ـ تكفل الدولة الضمان االجتماعي والصحي للعراقيين في حال الشيخوخة أو المرض أو العجز عن العمل أو التشرد أو اليتم أو البطالة‪،‬‬
‫وتعمل على وقايتهم من الجهل والخوف والفاقة‪ ،‬وتوفر لهم السكن والمناهج الخاصة لتأهيلهم والعناية بهم ‪ ،‬وينظم ذلك بقانون ‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)31‬‬
‫اوالٌ‪:‬ـٌلكلٌعراقيٌالحقٌفيٌالرعايةٌالصحية‪ٌ،‬وتعنىٌالدولةٌبالصحةٌالعامة‪ٌ،‬وتكفلٌوسائلٌالوقايةٌوالعالجٌبإنشاءٌمختلف أنواعٌالمستشفياتٌ‬
‫والمؤسساتٌالصحية‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ‪:‬ـٌلألفرادٌوالهيئاتٌإنشاءٌمستشفياتٌأوٌمستوصفاتٌأوٌدورٌعالجٌخاصة‪ٌ،‬وبإشرافٌمنٌالدولة‪ٌ،‬وينظمٌذلكٌبقان ٌون‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)32‬‬
‫ترعىٌالدولةٌالمعاقينٌوذويٌاالحتياجاتٌالخاصة‪ٌ،‬وتكفلٌتأهيلهمٌبغيةٌدمجهمٌفيٌالمجتمع‪ٌ،‬وينظمٌذلكٌبقانون‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)33‬‬
‫أوالٌ‪:‬ـٌلكلٌفردٌحقٌالعيشٌفيٌظروفٌبيئيةٌسليمة‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ‪:‬ـٌتكفلٌالدولةٌحمايةٌالبيئةٌوالتنوعٌاالحيائيٌوالحفاظٌعليهما‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)34‬‬
‫أوالٌ‪:‬ـٌالتعليمٌعاملٌأساسٌلتقدمٌالمجتمعٌوحقٌتكفلهٌالدولة‪ٌ،‬وهوٌإلزاميٌفيٌالمرحلةٌاالبتدائية‪ٌ،‬وتكفلٌالدولةٌمكافحةٌاألمية‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ‪:‬ـٌالتعليمٌالمجانيٌحقٌلكلٌالعراقيينٌفيٌمختلفٌمراحله‪.‬‬
‫ثالثاٌ‪:‬ـٌتشجعٌالدولةٌالبحثٌالعلميٌلالغراضٌالسلميةٌبماٌيخدمٌاإلنسانية‪ٌ،‬وترعىٌالتفوقٌواإلبداعٌواالبتكارٌومختلفٌمظاهرٌالنبوغ‪.‬‬
‫رابعاٌ‪:‬ـٌالتعليمٌالخاصٌواالهليٌمكفول‪ٌ،‬وينظمٌبقانون‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪: ) 35‬‬
‫ترعىٌالدولةٌالنشاطاتٌوالمؤسساتٌالثقافيةٌبماٌيتناسبٌمعٌتاريخٌالعراقٌالحضاريٌوالثقافي‪ٌ،‬وتحرصٌعلىٌاعتمادٌتوجهاتٌثقافيةٌعراقيةٌاصيلة‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)36‬‬
‫ممارسةٌالرياضةٌحقٌلكلٌفردٌ‪ٌ،‬وعلىٌالدولةٌتشجيعٌانشطتهاٌورعايتها‪ٌ،‬وتوفيرٌمستلزماتها‪.‬‬
‫الفصلْالثانيْ‬
‫[ الحرياتْ]‬
‫املادة ( ‪:) 37‬‬
‫أوالٌ‪:‬ـٌ‬
‫أٌـٌحريةٌاإلنسانٌوكرامتهٌمصونةٌ‪.‬‬
‫بٌـٌالٌيجوزٌتوقيفٌأحدٌأوٌالتحقيقٌمعهٌإالٌبموجبٌقرارٌقضائي‪.‬‬
‫جٌـٌيحرمٌجميعٌأنواعٌالتعذيبٌالنفسيٌوالجسديٌوالمعاملةٌغيرٌاإلنسانية‪ٌ،‬والٌعبرةٌبأيٌاعترافٌانتزعٌباإلكراهٌأوٌالتهديدٌأوٌالتعذيب‪ٌ،‬‬
‫وللمتضررٌالمطالبةٌبالتعويضٌعنٌالضررٌالماديٌوالمعنويٌالذيٌأصابهٌوفقاٌللقانون‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ‪:‬ـٌتكفلٌالدولةٌحمايةٌالفردٌمنٌاإلكراهٌالفكريٌوالسياسيٌوالديني‪.‬‬
‫ثالثاٌ‪:‬ـٌيحرمٌالعملٌالقسريٌ( السخرةٌ)‪ٌ،‬والعبوديةٌوتجارةٌالعبيدٌ( الرقيقٌ)‪ٌ،‬ويحرمٌاالتجارٌبالنساءٌواألطفال‪ٌ،‬وٌاالتجارٌبالجنس‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)38‬‬
‫تكفلٌالدولة‪ٌ،‬بماٌالٌيخلٌبالنظامٌالعامٌواآلداب‪:‬‬
‫اوالٌ ‪:‬ـ حريةٌالتعبيرٌعنٌالرأيٌبكلٌالوسائل‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ ‪:‬ـ حريةٌالصحافةٌوالطباعةٌواإلعالنٌواإلعالمٌوالنشر‪.‬‬
‫ثالثاٌ‪:‬ـٌحريةٌاالجتماعٌوالتظاهرٌالسلمي‪ٌ،‬وتنظمٌبقانون‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)39‬‬
‫اوالٌ‪:‬ـٌحريةٌتأسيسٌالجمعياتٌواالحزابٌالسياسية‪ٌ،‬اوٌاالنضمامٌاليها‪ٌ،‬مكفولة‪ٌ،‬وينظمٌذلكٌبقانون‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ‪:‬ـٌالٌيجوزٌاجبارٌأحدٌعلىٌاالنضمامٌالىٌايٌحزبٌاوٌجمعيةٌأوٌجهةٌسياسية‪ٌ،‬اوٌاجبارهٌعلىٌاالستمرارٌفيٌالعضويةٌفيها‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)40‬‬
‫حريةٌاالتصاالتٌوالمراسالتٌالبريديةٌوالبرقيةٌوالهاتفيةٌوااللكترونيةٌوغيرهاٌمكفولة‪ٌ،‬والٌيجوزٌمراقبتهاٌأوٌالتنصتٌعليها‪ٌ،‬أوٌالكشفٌعنها‪ٌٌ،‬‬
‫إالٌلضرورةٌقانونيةٌوأمنية‪ٌ،‬وبقرارٌقضائي‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)41‬‬
‫العراقيون احرارٌ في االلتزام باحوالهم الشخصية‪ ،‬حسب دياناتهم أو مذاهبهم أو معتقداتهم أو اختياراتهم‪ ،‬وينظم ذلك بقانون‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)42‬‬
‫لكل فرد حرية الفكر والضمير والعقيدة‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)43‬‬
‫اوالٌ ‪:‬ـ اتباع كل دينٌ او مذهبٌ احرارٌ في‪:‬‬
‫أ ـ ممارسة الشعائر الدينية‪ ،‬بما فيها الشعائر الحسينية‪.‬‬
‫ب ـ ادارة االوقاف وشؤونها ومؤسساتها الدينية‪ ،‬وينظم ذلك بقانون‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ ‪:‬ـ تكفل الدولة حرية العبادة وحماية اماكنها‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)44‬‬
‫أوالٌ ‪:‬ـ للعراقي حرية التنقل والسفر والسكن داخل العراق وخارجه ‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ ‪:‬ـ ال يجوز نفي العراقي‪ ،‬أو إبعاده‪ ،‬أو حرمانه من العودة إلى الوطن‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)45‬‬
‫اوالٌ‪:‬ـٌٌتحرصٌالدولةٌعلىٌتعزيزٌدورٌمؤسساتٌالمجتمعٌالمدني‪ٌ،‬ودعمهاٌوتطويرهاٌواستقالليتها‪ٌ،‬بماٌينسجمٌمعٌال ٌوسائلٌالسلميةٌلتحقيقٌ‬
‫األهدافٌالمشروعةٌلها‪ٌ،‬وينظمٌذلكٌبقانون‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ‪:‬ـٌتحرصٌالدولةٌعلىٌالنهوضٌبالقبائلٌوالعشائرٌالعراقية‪ٌ،‬وتهتمٌبشؤونهاٌبماٌينسجمٌمعٌالدينٌوالقانون‪ ،‬وتعززٌقيمهاٌاإلنسانيةٌالنبيلة‪ٌ،‬‬
‫بماٌيساهمٌفيٌتطويرٌالمجتمع‪ٌ،‬وتمنعٌاالعرافٌالعشائريةٌالتيٌتتنافىٌمعٌحقوقٌاالنسان‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)46‬‬
‫الٌيكونٌتقييدٌممارسةٌأيٌمنٌالحقوقٌوالحرياتٌالواردةٌفيٌهذاٌالدستورٌأوٌتحديدهاٌاالٌبقانونٌأوٌبناءٌعليه‪ٌ،‬على انٌالٌيمسٌذلكٌ‬
‫التحديدٌوالتقييدٌجوهرٌالحقٌأوٌالحرية‪.‬‬
‫البابًالثالث‬
‫السلطاتْاالتحادية‬
‫املادة (‪:)47‬‬
‫تتكونٌالسلطاتٌاالتحادية‪ٌ،‬منٌالسلطاتٌالتشريعيةٌوالتنفيذيةٌوالقضائية‪ٌ،‬تمارسٌاختصاصاتهاٌومهماتها علىٌاساسٌمبدأٌالفصلٌبينٌ‬
‫السلطات‪.‬‬
‫الفصلْاالول‬
‫[ السلطةْالتشريعيةْ]‬
‫املادة (‪:)48‬‬
‫تتكونٌالسلطةٌالتشريعيةٌاالتحاديةٌمنٌمجلسٌالنوابٌومجلسٌاالتحاد‪.‬‬
‫الفرع األول ‪ :‬جملس النواب‬
‫املادة (‪:)49‬‬
‫اوالٌ‪:‬ـٌيتكونٌمجلسٌالنوابٌمنٌعددٌمنٌاالعضاءٌبنسبةٌمقعدٌواحدٌلكلٌمائةٌألفٌنسمةٌمنٌنفوسٌالعراقٌيمثلونٌالشعبٌالعراقيٌ‬
‫بأكمله‪ٌٌ،‬يتمٌانتخابهمٌبطريقٌاالقتراعٌالعامٌالسريٌالمباشر‪ٌ،‬ويراعىٌتمثيلٌسائرٌمكوناتٌالشعبٌفيه‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ‪:‬ـٌيشترطٌفيٌالمرشحٌلعضويةٌمجلسٌالنوابٌانٌيكونٌعراقياٌكاملٌاالهلية‪.‬‬
‫ثالثاٌ‪:‬ـٌتنظمٌبقانون‪ٌ،‬شروطٌالمرشحٌوالناخبٌوكلٌماٌيتعلقٌباالنتخاب‪.‬‬
‫رابعاٌ‪:‬ـٌيستهدفٌقانونٌاالنتخاباتٌتحقيقٌنسبةٌتمثيلٌللنساءٌالٌتقلٌعنٌالربعٌمنٌعددٌاعضاءٌمجلسٌالن ٌواب‪.‬‬
‫خامساٌ‪:‬ـٌيقومٌمجلسٌالنوابٌبس ِنٌقانونٌيعالجٌحاالتٌاستبدالٌاعضائهٌعندٌاالستقالةٌأوٌاالقالةٌأوٌالوفاة‪.‬‬
‫سادساٌ‪:‬ـٌالٌيجوزٌالجمعٌبينٌعضويةٌمجلسٌالنواب‪ٌ،‬وأيٌعمل‪ٌ،‬أوٌمنصبٌرسميٌآخر‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)50‬‬
‫يؤديٌعضوٌمجلسٌالنوابٌاليمينٌالدستوريةٌامامٌالمجلس‪ٌ،‬قبلٌانٌيباشرٌعمله‪ٌ،‬بالصيغةٌاآلتية‪:‬‬
‫(اُقسم باهلل العلي العظيم‪ ،‬أن اؤدي مهمايت ومسؤوليايت القانونية‪ٍ ،‬‬
‫بتفان واخالص‪ ،‬وان احافظ على استقالل العراق وسيادته‪ ،‬وارعى مصاحل شعبه‪ ،‬وأسهر على سالمة‬
‫أرضه ومسائه ومياهه وثرواته ونظامه الدميقراطي االحتادي‪ ،‬وان أعمل على صيانة احلريات العامة‬
‫واخلاصة‪ ،‬واستقالل القضاء‪ ،‬والتزم بتطبيق التشريعات ٍ‬
‫بامانة وحياد‪ ،‬واهلل على ما اقول شهيد)‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)51‬‬
‫يضعٌمجلسٌالنوابٌنظاماٌداخلياٌلهٌلتنظيمٌسيرٌالعملٌفيه‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)52‬‬
‫اوالٌ‪:‬ـٌيبتٌمجلسٌالنوابٌفيٌصحةٌعضويةٌاعضائه‪ٌ،‬خاللٌثالثينٌيوماٌمنٌتاريخٌتسجيلٌاالعتراض‪ٌ،‬بأغلبيةٌثلثيٌاعضائه‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ‪:‬ـٌيجوزٌالطعنٌفيٌقرارٌالمجلسٌامامٌالمحكمةٌاالتحاديةٌالعليا‪ٌ،‬خاللٌثالثينٌيوماٌمنٌتاريخٌصدوره‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)53‬‬
‫اوالٌ‪:‬ـٌتكونٌجلساتٌمجلسٌالنوابٌعلنيةٌاالٌاذاٌارتأىٌلضرورةٌخالفٌذلك‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ‪:‬ـٌتنشرٌمحاضرٌالجلساتٌبالوسائلٌالتيٌيراهاٌالمجلسٌمناسبةٌ‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)54‬‬
‫يدعوٌرئيسٌالجمهوريةٌمجلسٌالنوابٌلالنعقادٌبمرسومٌجمهوري‪ٌ،‬خاللٌخمسةٌعشرٌيوماٌمنٌتاريخٌالمصادقةٌعلىٌنتائج االنتخاباتٌالعامة‪ٌ،‬‬
‫وتعقدٌالجلسةٌبرئاسةٌاكبرٌاالعضاءٌسناٌالنتخابٌرئيسٌالمجلسٌونائبيه‪ٌ،‬والٌيجوزٌالتمديدٌالكثرٌمنٌالمدةٌالمذكوٌرةٌآنفاٌ‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)55‬‬
‫ينتخبٌمجلسٌالنوابٌفيٌأولٌجلسةٌلهٌرئيسا‪ٌ،‬ثمٌنائباٌأولٌونائباٌثانيا‪ٌ،‬باالغلبيةٌالمطلقةٌلعددٌاعضاءٌالمجلس‪ٌ،‬باالنتخابٌالسريٌالمباشر‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)56‬‬
‫اوالٌ‪:‬ـٌتكون مدةٌالدورةٌاالنتخابيةٌلمجلسٌالنوابٌأربعٌسنواتٌتقويمية‪ٌ،‬تبدأٌبأولٌجلسةٌله‪ٌ،‬وتنتهيٌبنهايةٌالسنةٌالرابعة‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ‪:‬ـٌيجريٌانتخابٌمجلسٌالنوابٌالجديدٌقبلٌخمسةٌواربعينٌيوماٌمنٌتاريخٌانتهاءٌالدورةٌاالنتخابيةٌالسابقة‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)57‬‬
‫لمجلس النواب دورة انعقاد سنوية بفصلين تشريعيين امدهما ثمانية أشهر‪ ،‬يحدد النظام الداخلي كيفية انعقادهما‪ ،‬وال ينتهي فصل االنعقاد الذي‬
‫تعرض فيه الموازنة العامة اال بعد الموافقة عليها‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)58‬‬
‫اوالٌ ‪:‬ـ لرئيس الجمهورية‪ ،‬أو لرئيس مجلس الوزراء‪ ،‬أو لرئيس مجلس النواب‪ ،‬أو لخمسين عضواٌ من اعضاء المجلس‪ ،‬دعوة مجلس النواب إلى‬
‫جلسةٌ استثنائية‪ ،‬ويكون االجتماع مقتصراٌ على الموضوعات التي اوجبت الدعوة اليه‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ ‪:‬ـ يتم تمديد الفصل التشريعي لدورة انعقاد مجلس النواب بما ال يزيد على ثالثين يوما‪ ،‬النجاز المهمات التي تستدعي ذلك‪ ،‬بناءٌ على‬
‫طلبٌ من رئيس الجمهورية‪ ،‬او رئيس مجلس الوزراء‪ ،‬او رئيس مجلس النواب‪ ،‬او خمسين عضواٌ من اعضاء المجلس‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)59‬‬
‫اوالٌ‪ :‬ـ يتحقق نصاب انعقاد جلسات مجلس النواب بحضور االغلبية المطلقة لعدد اعضائه‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ ـ تتخذ القرارات في جلسات مجلس النواب باالغلبية البسيطة‪ ،‬بعد تحقق النصاب‪ ،‬ما لم يُنص على خالف ذلك‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:) 60‬‬
‫أوالٌـٌمشروعاتٌالقوانبنٌتقدمٌمنٌرئيسٌالجمهوريةٌومجلسٌالوزراء‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌٌـٌمقترحاتٌالقوانينٌتقدمٌمنٌعشرةٌمنٌاعضاءٌمجلسٌالنواب‪ٌ،‬أوٌمنٌاحدىٌلجانهٌالمختصة‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)61‬‬
‫يختصٌمجلسٌالنوابٌبماٌيأتي‪:‬‬
‫اوالٌ‪:‬ـٌتشريعٌالقوانينٌاالتحاديةٌ‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ‪:‬ـٌالرقابةٌعلىٌاداءٌالسلطةٌالتنفيذية‪.‬‬
‫ثالثاٌ‪:‬ـٌانتخابٌرئيسٌالجمهورية‪.‬‬
‫رابعاٌ‪:‬ـٌتنظيمٌعمليةٌالمصادقةٌعلىٌالمعاهداتٌواالتفاقياتٌالدولية‪ٌ،‬بقانونٌيسنٌبأغلبيةٌثلثيٌاعضاءٌمجلسٌالنواب‪.‬‬
‫خامساٌ‪:‬ـٌالموافقةٌعلىٌتعيينٌكلٌمن‪:‬‬
‫أـٌرئيسٌواعضاءٌمحكمةٌالتمييزٌاالتحادية‪ٌ،‬ورئيسٌاالدعاءٌالعام‪ٌ،‬ورئيسٌهيئةٌاالشرافٌالقضائي‪ٌ،‬‬
‫باالغلبيةٌالمطلقة‪ٌ،‬بناءٌعلىٌاقتراحٌمنٌمجلسٌالقضاءٌاالعلى‪.‬‬
‫بٌـٌالسفراءٌواصحابٌالدرجاتٌالخاصة‪ٌ،‬بأقتراحٌمنٌمجلسٌالوزراء‪.‬‬
‫جٌـٌرئيسٌاركانٌالجيش‪ٌ،‬ومعاونيه‪ٌ،‬ومنٌهمٌبمنصبٌقائدٌفرقةٌفماٌفوق‪ٌ،‬ورئيسٌجهازٌالمخابرات‪ٌ،‬‬
‫بناءاٌعلىٌاقتراحٌمنٌمجلسٌالوزراء‪.‬‬
‫سادساٌ‪:‬ـٌ‬
‫أٌـٌمساءلةٌرئيسٌالجمهوريةٌبناءٌعلىٌطلبٌمسبب‪ٌ،‬باالغلبيةٌالمطلقةٌلعددٌاعضاءٌمجلسٌالنواب‪.‬‬
‫بٌـٌاعفاءٌرئيسٌالجمهورية‪ٌ،‬باالغلبيةٌالمطلقةٌلعددٌاعضاءٌمجلسٌالنواب‪ٌ،‬بعدٌادانتهٌمنٌالمحكمةٌاالتحاديةٌالعليا‪ٌ،‬فيٌاحدىٌالحاالتٌ‬
‫اآلتية‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬ـٌالحنثٌفيٌاليمينٌالدستورية‪.‬‬
‫‪2‬ـٌانتهاكٌالدستور‪.‬‬
‫‪3.‬ـٌالخيانةٌالعظمى‬
‫سابعاٌ ‪:‬ـ‬
‫أـ لعضو مجلس النواب ان يوجه الى رئيس مجلس الوزراء والوزراء‪ ،‬اسئلةٌ في اي موضوع يدخل في اختصاصهم‪ ،‬ولكلٌ منهم االجابة عن‬
‫اسئلة االعضاء‪ ،‬وللسائل وحده حق التعقيب على االجابة‪.‬‬
‫ب ـ يجوز لخمسةٌ وعشرين عضواٌ في االقل من اعضاء مجلس النواب‪ ،‬طرح موضوع عام للمناقشة‪ ،‬الستيضاح سياسة واداء مجلس الوزراء‪،‬‬
‫او احدى الوزارات‪ ،‬ويقدم الى رئيس مجلس النواب‪ ،‬ويحدد رئيس مجلس الوزراء او الوزراء موعداٌ للحضور امام مجلس النواب لمناقشته‪.‬‬
‫ج ـ لعضو مجلس النواب‪ ،‬وبموافقة خمسةٌ وعشرين عضوا‪ ،‬توجيه استجوابٌ الى رئيس مجلس الوزراء او الوزراء‪ ،‬لمحاسبتهم في الشؤون‬
‫التي تدخل في اختصاصهم‪ ،‬وال تجري المناقشة في االستجواب اال بعد سبعة ايام في االقل من تقديمه‪.‬‬
‫ثامناٌ ‪:‬ـ‬
‫أـ لمجلس النواب سحب الثقة من احد الوزراء باألغلبية المطلقة‪ ،‬ويُعد مستقيالٌ من تاريخ قرار سحب الثقة‪ ،‬وال يج ٌوز طرح موضوع الثقة‬
‫بالوزير اال بناءٌ على رغبته‪ ،‬او طلبٌ موقع من خمسين عضوا‪ ،‬اثر مناقشة استجوابٌ موجهٌ اليه‪ ،‬وال يصدر المجلس قراره في الطلب اال بعد‬
‫سبعة ايام في االقل من تأريخ تقديمه‪.‬‬
‫بـ‬
‫‪1‬ـ لرئيس الجمهورية‪ ،‬تقديم طلبٌ الى مجلس النواب بسحب الثقة من رئيس مجلس الوزراء‪.‬‬
‫‪2‬ـ لمجلس النواب‪ ،‬بناءٌ على طلب ُخمس (‪ )1/5‬اعضائه سحب الثقة من رئيس مجلس الوزراء‪ ،‬وال يجوز ان يقدم هذا الطلب اال بعد‬
‫استجوابٌ موجهٌ الى رئيس مجلس الوزراء‪ ،‬وبعد سبعة ايام في االقل من تقديم الطلب‪.‬‬
‫‪3‬ـ يقرر مجلس النواب سحب الثقة من رئيس مجلس الوزراء باألغلبية المطلقة لعدد اعضائه‪.‬‬
‫جٌـٌتُع ُدٌالوزارةٌمستقيلةٌفيٌحالةٌسحبٌالثقةٌمنٌرئيسٌمجلسٌالوزراء‪.‬‬
‫دٌـٌفيٌحالةٌالتصويتٌبسحبٌالثقةٌمنٌمجلسٌالوزراءٌبأكمله‪ٌ،‬يستمرٌرئيسٌمجلسٌالوزراءٌوالوزراءٌفيٌمناصبهمٌلتصريفٌاالمورٌاليومية‪ٌ،‬لمدةٌ‬
‫الٌتزيدٌعلىٌثالثينٌيوما‪ٌ،‬الىٌحينٌتأليفٌمجلسٌالوزراءٌالجديدٌوفقاٌالحكامٌالمادةٌ(‪ )76‬منٌهذاٌالدستور‪.‬‬
‫ﻫ ـٌلمجلسٌالنواب‪ٌ،‬حقٌاستجوابٌمسؤوليٌالهيئاتٌالمستقلةٌوفقاٌلالجراءاتٌالمتعلقةٌبالوزراء‪ٌ،‬ولهٌاعفاؤهمٌباالغلبيةٌالمطلقة‪.‬‬
‫تاسعاٌ‪:‬ـٌ‬
‫أٌـٌالموافقةٌعلىٌاعالنٌالحربٌوحالةٌالطوارئٌبأغلبيةٌالثلثين‪ٌ،‬بناءاٌعلىٌطلبٌمشتركٌمنٌرئيسٌالجمهورية‪ٌ،‬ورئيسٌمجلسٌالوزراء‪.‬‬
‫بٌـٌتُعلنٌحالةٌالطوارئٌلمدةٌثالثينٌيوماٌقابلةٌللتمديد‪ٌ،‬وبموافقةٌعليهاٌفيٌكلٌمرة‪.‬‬
‫جٌـٌيخولٌرئيسٌمجلسٌالوزراءٌالصالحياتٌالالزمةٌالتيٌتمكنهٌمنٌادارةٌشؤونٌالبالدٌفيٌأثناءٌمدةٌإعالنٌالحربٌوحالةٌالطواٌرئ‪ٌ،‬وتنظمٌهذهٌ‬
‫الصالحياتٌبقانون‪ٌ،‬بماٌالٌيتعارضٌمعٌالدستور‪.‬‬
‫دٌـٌيعرضٌرئيسٌمجلسٌالوزراءٌعلىٌمجلسٌالنواب‪ٌ،‬االجراءاتٌالمتخذةٌوالنتائج‪ٌ،‬فيٌأثناءٌمدةٌإعالنٌالحربٌوحالةٌالطوارئ‪ٌ،‬خاللٌخمسةٌ‬
‫عشرٌيوماٌمنٌتاريخٌانتهائها‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)62‬‬
‫اوالٌ‪:‬ـٌيُقدمٌمجلسٌالوزراءٌمشروعٌقانونٌالموازنةٌالعامةٌوالحسابٌالختاميٌالىٌمجلسٌالنوابٌالقراره‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ‪:‬ـٌلمجلسٌالنواب‪ٌ،‬اجراءٌالمناقلةٌبينٌأبوابٌوفصولٌالموازنةٌالعامة‪ٌ،‬وتخفيضٌمجملٌمبالغها‪ٌ،‬ولهٌعندٌالضرورةٌانٌيقترحٌعلىٌمجلسٌ‬
‫الوزراءٌزيادةٌاجماليٌمبالغٌالنفقات‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)63‬‬
‫اوالٌ ‪:‬ـ تحدد حقوق وامتيازات رئيس مجلس النواب ونائبيه واعضاء المجلس‪ ،‬بقانون‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ ‪:‬ـ‬
‫أـ يتمتع عضو مجلس النواب بالحصانة عما يدلي به من آراء في اثناء دورة االنعقاد‪ ،‬وال يتعرض للمقاضاة امام المحاكم بشأن ذلك‪.‬‬
‫ب ـ ال يجوز القاء القبض على العضو خالل مدة الفصل التشريعي اال اذا كان متهماٌ بجناية‪ ،‬وبموافقة االعضاء باالغلبية المطلقة على رفع الحصانة‬
‫عنه‪ ،‬او اذا ضبط متلبساٌ بالجرم المشهود في جناية‪.‬‬
‫ج ـ ال يجوز القاء القبض على العضو خارج مدة الفصل التشريعي اال اذا كان متهماٌ بجناية‪ ،‬وبموافقة رئيس مجلس النواب على رفع الحصانة عنه‪،‬‬
‫او اذا ضبط متلبساٌ بالجرم المشهود في جناية‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)64‬‬
‫اوالٌ ‪:‬ـ يُحل مجلس النواب‪ ،‬باالغلبية المطلقة لعدد اعضائه‪ ،‬بناءٌ على طلبٌ من ثلث اعضائه‪ ،‬او طلبٌ من رئيس مجلس الوزراء وبموافقة رئيس‬
‫الجمهورية‪ ،‬وال يجوز حل المجلس في اثناء مدة استجواب رئيس مجلس الوزراء‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ ‪:‬ـ يدعو رئيس الجمهورية‪ ،‬عند حل مجلس النواب‪ ،‬الى انتخاباتٌ عامة في البالد خالل مدةٌ اقصاها ستون يوماٌ من تاريخ الحل‪ ،‬ويعد مجلس‬
‫الوزراء في هذه الحالة ُمستقيال‪ ،‬ويواصل تصريف االمور اليومية‪.‬‬
‫الفرع الثاين‪ :‬جملس االحتاد‬
‫املادة (‪:)65‬‬
‫يتم انشاء مجلسٌ تشريعي يُدعى بـ (مجلس االتحاد ) يضم ممثلين عن االقاليم والمحافظات غير المنتظمة في أقليم‪ ،‬وينظم تكوينه‪ ،‬وشروط‬
‫العضوية فيه‪ ،‬واختصاصاته‪ ،‬وكل ما يتعلق به‪ ،‬بقانونٌ يسن بأغلبية ثلثي أعضاء مجلس النواب‪.‬‬
‫الفصل الثاني‬
‫[ السلطةْالتنفيذيةْ]‬
‫املادة (‪:)66‬‬
‫تتكون السلطة التنفيذية االتحادية‪ ،‬من رئيس الجمهورية‪ ،‬ومجلس الوزراء‪ ،‬تمارس صالحياتها وفقاٌ للدستور والقانون‪.‬‬
‫الفرع األول ‪ :‬رئيس اجلمهورية‬
‫املادة (‪:)67‬‬
‫رئيس الجمهورية هو رئيس الدولة ورمز وحدة الوطن‪ ،‬يمثل سيادة البالد‪ ،‬ويسهر على ضمان االلتزام بالدستور‪ ،‬والمحافظة على استقالل العراق‪،‬‬
‫وسيادته‪ ،‬ووحدته‪ ،‬وسالمة اراضيه‪ ،‬وفقاٌ الحكام الدستور‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)68‬‬
‫يشترط في المرشح لرئاسة الجمهورية ان يكون‪:‬‬
‫اوالٌ ‪:‬ـ عراقياٌ بالوالدة ومن ابوين عراقيين‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ ‪:‬ـ كامل االهلية واتم االربعين سنةٌ من عمره ‪.‬‬
‫ثالثاٌ ‪:‬ـ ذا سمعةٌ حسنةٌ وخبرةٌ سياسيةٌ ومشهوداٌ له بالنـزاهة واالستقامة والعدالة واالخالص للوطن‪.‬‬
‫رابعاٌ ‪:‬ـ غير محكومٌ بجريمةٌ مخلةٌ بالشرف‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪: )69‬‬
‫أوالٌ ‪:‬ـ تنظم بقانون‪ ،‬احكام الترشيح لمنصب رئيس الجمهورية‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ ‪:‬ـ تنظم بقانون‪ ،‬احكام اختيار نائبٌ أو اكثر لرئيس الجمهورية‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)70‬‬
‫اوالٌ ‪:‬ـ ينتخب مجلس النواب من بين المرشحين رئيساٌ للجمهورية‪ ،‬باغلبية ثلثي عدد اعضائه‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ ‪:‬ـ اذا لم يحصل أيٌ من المرشحين على االغلبية المطلوبة‪ ،‬يتم التنافس بين المرشحين الحاصلين على اعلى االصوات‪ ،‬ويعلن رئيساٌ من‬
‫يحصل على اكثرية االصوات في االقتراع الثاني‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)71‬‬
‫يؤدي رئيس الجمهورية‪ ،‬اليمين الدستورية امام مجلس النواب‪ ،‬بالصيغة المنصوص عليها في المادة (‪ )50‬من الدستور‪..‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)72‬‬
‫اوالٌ ‪:‬ـ تحدد والية رئيس الجمهورية باربع سنوات‪ ،‬ويجوز اعادة انتخابه لواليةٌ ثانيةٌ فحسب‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ ‪:‬ـ‬
‫أ ـ تنتهي والية رئيس الجمهورية بانتهاء دورة مجلس النواب‪.‬‬
‫ب ـ يستمر رئيس الجمهورية بممارسة مهماته الى ما بعد انتهاء انتخابات مجلس النواب الجديد واجتماعه‪ ،‬على ان يتم انتخاب رئيسٌ‬
‫جديدٌ للجمهورية خالل ثالثين يوماٌ من تاريخ أول انعقادٌ للمجلس‪.‬‬
‫ج ـ في حالة خلو منصب رئيس الجمهورية ألي سببٌ من االسباب‪ ،‬يتم انتخاب رئيسٌ جديد الكمال المدة المتبقية لوالية رئيس‬
‫الجمهورية‬
‫املادة (‪:)73‬‬
‫يتولى رئيس الجمهورية الصالحيات اآلتية‪:‬‬
‫اوالٌ ‪:‬ـ اصدار العفو الخاص بتوصيةٌ من رئيس مجلس الوزراء‪ ،‬باستثناء ما يتعلق بالحق الخاص‪ ،‬والمحكومين بارتكاب الجرائم الدولية واالرهاب‬
‫والفساد المالي واالداري‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ ‪:‬ـ المصادقة على المعاهدات واالتفاقيات الدولية‪ ،‬بعد موافقة مجلس النواب‪ ،‬وتُعد مصادقاٌ عليها بعد مضي خمسة عشر يوماٌ من تاريخ‬
‫تسلمها‪.‬‬
‫ثالثاٌ ‪:‬ـ يصادق ويصدر القوانين التي يسنها مجلس النواب‪ ،‬وتعد مصادقاٌ عليها بعد مضي خمسة عشر يوماٌ من تاريخ تسلمها‪.‬‬
‫رابعاٌ ‪:‬ـ دعوة مجلس النواب المنتخب لالنعقاد خالل مدةٌ ال تتجاوز خمسة عشر يوماٌ من تاريخ المصادقة على نتائج االنتخابات‪ ،‬وفي الحاالت‬
‫االخرى المنصوص عليها في الدستور‪.‬‬
‫خامساٌ ‪:‬ـ منح االوسمة والنياشين بتوصيةٌ من رئيس مجلس الوزراء‪ ،‬وفقاٌ للقانون‪.‬‬
‫سادساٌ ‪:‬ـ قبول السفراء‪.‬‬
‫سابعاٌ ‪:‬ـ اصدار المراسيم الجمهورية ‪.‬‬
‫ثامناٌ ‪:‬ـ المصادقة على احكام االعدام التي تصدرها المحاكم المختصة‪.‬‬
‫تاسعاٌ ‪:‬ـ يقوم بمهمة القيادة العليا للقوات المسلحة لالغراض التشريفية واالحتفالية‪.‬‬
‫عاشراٌ ‪:‬ـ ممارسة اية صالحيات رئاسية اخرى واردة في هذا الدستور‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)74‬‬
‫يحدد بقانون‪ ،‬راتب ومخصصات رئيس الجمهورية‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)75‬‬
‫اوالٌ ‪:‬ـ لرئيس الجمهورية تقديم استقالته تحريرياٌ الى رئيس مجلس النواب‪ ،‬وتُعد نافذةٌ بعد مضي سبعة ايام من تاٌريخ ايداعها لدى مجلس النواب‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ ‪:‬ـ يحل نائب رئيس الجمهورية محل الرئيس عند غيابه‪.‬‬
‫ثالثاٌ ‪:‬ـ يحل نائب رئيس الجمهورية محل رئيس الجمهورية عند خلو منصبه الي سببٌ كان‪ ،‬وعلى مجلس النواب انتخاب ٌرئيس جديد‪ ،‬خالل مدةٌ‬
‫ال تتجاوز ثالثين يوماٌ من تأريخ الخلو‪.‬‬
‫رابعاٌ ‪:‬ـ في حالة خلو منصب رئيس الجمهورية‪ ،‬يحل رئيس مجلس النواب‪ ،‬محل رئيس الجمهورية في حالة عدم وجود نائبٌ له‪ ،‬على ان يتم‬
‫انتخاب رئيسٌ جديد خالل مدةٌ ال تتجاوز ثالثين يوماٌ من تاريخ الخلو‪ ،‬وفقاٌ الحكام هذا الدستور‪.‬‬
‫الفرع الثاين ‪ :‬جملس الوزراء‬
‫املادة (‪:)76‬‬
‫اوالٌ ‪:‬ـ يكلف رئيس الجمهورية‪ ،‬مرشح الكتلة النيابية االكثر عددا‪ ،‬بتشكيل مجلس الوزراء‪ ،‬خالل خمسة عشرٌ يوماٌ من تاريخ انتخاب رئيس‬
‫الجمهورية‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ ‪:‬ـ يتولى رئيس مجلس الوزراء المكلف‪ ،‬تسمية اعضاء وزارته‪ ،‬خالل مدةٌ اقصاها ثالثون يوماٌ من تاريخ التكليف‪.‬‬
‫ثالثاٌ ‪:‬ـ يُكلف رئيس الجمهورية‪ ،‬مرشحاٌ جديداٌ لرئاسة مجلس الوزراء‪ ،‬خالل خمسة عشر يوما‪ ،‬عند اخفاق رئيس مجلس ال ٌوزراء المكلف في‬
‫تشكيل الوزارة‪ ،‬خالل المدة المنصوص عليها في البند "ثانياٌ" من هذه المادة‪.‬‬
‫رابعاٌ ‪:‬ـ يعرض رئيس مجلس الوزراء المكلف‪ ،‬اسماء اعضاء وزارته‪ ،‬والمنهاج الوزاري‪ ،‬على مجلس النواب‪ ،‬ويعد حائزاٌ ثقتها‪ ،‬عند‬
‫الموافقة على الوزراء منفردين‪ ،‬والمنهاج الوزاري‪ ،‬باالغلبية المطلقة‪.‬‬
‫خامساٌ ‪:‬ـ يتولى رئيس الجمهورية تكليف مرشحٌ آخر بتشكيل الوزارة‪ ،‬خالل خمسة عشر يوما‪ ،‬في حالة عدم نيل الوزارة الثقة‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)77‬‬
‫اوالٌ‪:‬ـٌيشترطٌفيٌرئيسٌمجلسٌالوزراءٌماٌيشترطٌفيٌرئيسٌالجمهورية‪ٌ،‬وانٌيكونٌحائزاٌالشهادةٌالجامعيةٌاوٌماٌيعادلها‪ٌ ٌ،‬واتمٌالخامسةٌوالثالثينٌ‬
‫سنةٌمنٌعمره‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ‪:‬ـٌيشترطٌفيٌالوزيرٌماٌيشترطٌفيٌعضوٌمجلسٌالنواب‪ٌ،‬وانٌيكونٌحائزاٌالشهادةٌالجامعيةٌأوٌماٌيعادلها‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)78‬‬
‫رئيسٌمجلسٌالوزراءٌهوٌالمسؤولٌالتنفيذيٌالمباشرٌعنٌالسياسةٌالعامةٌللدولة‪ٌ،‬والقائدٌالعامٌللقواتٌالمسلحة‪ٌ،‬يقومٌباداٌرةٌمجلسٌالوزراء‪ٌ،‬‬
‫ويترأسٌاجتماعاته‪ٌ،‬ولهٌالحقٌباقالةٌالوزراء‪ٌ،‬بموافقةٌمجلسٌالنواب‪.‬‬
‫املادة(‪: )79‬‬
‫يؤديٌرئيسٌواعضاءٌمجلسٌالوزراء‪ٌ،‬اليمينٌالدستوريةٌامامٌمجلسٌالنواب‪ٌ،‬بالصيغةٌالمنصوصٌعليهاٌفيٌالمادةٌ(‪ )50‬منٌالدستور‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)80‬‬
‫يمارسٌمجلسٌالوزراءٌالصالحياتٌاآلتية‪:‬‬
‫اوالٌ‪:‬ـٌتخطيطٌوتنفيذٌالسياسةٌالعامةٌللدولة‪ٌ،‬والخططٌالعامة‪ٌ،‬واالشرافٌعلىٌٌعملٌالوزارات‪ٌ،‬والجهاتٌغيرٌالمرتبطةٌبوٌزارة‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ‪:‬ـٌاقتراحٌمشروعاتٌالقوانين‪.‬‬
‫ثالثاٌ‪:‬ـٌاصدارٌاالنظمةٌوالتعليماتٌوالقرارات‪ٌ،‬بهدفٌتنفيذٌالقوانين‪.‬‬
‫رابعاٌ‪:‬ـٌاعدادٌمشروعٌالموازنةٌالعامةٌوالحسابٌالختاميٌوخططٌالتنمية‪.‬‬
‫خامساٌ‪:‬ـٌالتوصيةٌالىٌمجلسٌالنواب‪ٌ،‬بالموافقةٌعلىٌتعيينٌوكالءٌالوزاراتٌوالسفراءٌواصحابٌالدرجاتٌالخاصة‪ٌ،‬ورئيسٌاركانٌالجيشٌومعاونيه‪ٌ،‬‬
‫ومنٌهمٌبمنصبٌقائدٌفرقةٌفماٌفوق‪ٌ،‬ورئيسٌجهازٌالمخابراتٌالوطني‪ٌٌ،‬ورؤوساءٌاالجهزةٌاالمنية‪.‬‬
‫سادساٌ‪:‬ـٌالتفاوضٌبشأنٌالمعاهداتٌواالتفاقياتٌالدولية‪ٌ،‬والتوقيعٌعليها‪ٌ،‬اوٌمنٌيخوله‬
‫املادة (‪:)81‬‬
‫اوالٌ ‪:‬ـ يقوم رئيس الجمهورية‪ ،‬مقام رئيس مجلس الوزراء‪ ،‬عند خلو المنصب الي سببٌ كان‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ ‪:‬ـ عند تحقق الحالة المنصوص عليها في البند "اوالٌ" من هذه المادة‪ ،‬يقوم رئيس الجمهورية بتكليف مرشحٌ آخر بتشكيل الوزارة‪ ،‬خالل‬
‫مدةٌ ال تزيد على خمسة عشر يوما‪ ،‬ووفقاٌ الحكام المادة(‪ )76‬من هذا الدستور‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)82‬‬
‫ينظم بقانون‪ ،‬رواتب ومخصصات رئيس واعضاء مجلس الوزراء‪ ،‬ومن هم بدرجتهم‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)83‬‬
‫تكون مسؤولية رئيس مجلس الوزراء والوزراء امام مجلس النواب‪ ،‬تضامنيةٌ وشخصية‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)84‬‬
‫اوالٌ ‪:‬ـ ينظم بقانون‪ ،‬عمل االجهزة االمنية‪ ،‬وجهاز المخابرات الوطني‪ ،‬وتحدد واجباتها وصالحياتها‪ ،‬وتعمل وفقاٌ لمبادئ حقوق االنسان‪،‬‬
‫وتخضع لرقابة مجلس النواب‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ ‪:‬ـ يرتبط جهاز المخابرات الوطني بمجلس الوزراء‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)85‬‬
‫يضع مجلس الوزراء نظاماٌ داخليا‪ ،‬لتنظيم سير العمل فيه‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)86‬‬
‫ينظم بقانون‪ ،‬تشكيل الوزارات ووظائفها‪ ،‬واختصاصاتها‪ ،‬وصالحيات الوزير‪.‬‬
‫الفصل الثالث‬
‫[ السلطة القضائية ]‬
‫املادة (‪:)87‬‬
‫السلطة القضائية مستقلة‪ ،‬وتتوالها المحاكم على اختالف انواعها ودرجاتها‪ ،‬وتصدر احكامها وفقاٌ للقانون‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)88‬‬
‫القضاة مستقلون‪ ،‬ال سلطان عليهم في قضائهم لغير القانون‪ ،‬وال يجوز الية سلطة التدخل في القضاء او في شؤون العدالة‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)89‬‬
‫تتكون السلطة القضائية االتحادية‪ ،‬من مجلس القضاء االعلى‪ ،‬والمحكمة االتحادية العليا‪ ،‬ومحكمة التمييز االتحادية‪ ،‬وجهاز االدعاء العام‪،‬‬
‫وهيئة االشراف القضائي‪ ،‬والمحاكم االتحادية االخرى التي تنظم وفقاٌ للقانون‪.‬‬
‫الفرع األول ‪ :‬جملس القضاء االعلى‬
‫املادة (‪:) 90‬‬
‫يتولى مجلس القضاء االعلى ادارة شؤون الهيئات القضائية‪ ،‬وينظم القانون‪ ،‬طريقة تكوينه‪ ،‬واختصاصاته‪ ،‬وقواعد سير العمل فيه‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)91‬‬
‫يمارس مجلس القضاء االعلى الصالحيات اآلتية‪:‬‬
‫اوالٌ ‪:‬ـ ادارة شؤون القضاء ٌواالشراف على القضاء االتحادي‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ ‪:‬ـ ترشيح رئيس واعضاء محكمة التمييز االتحادية‪ ،‬ورئيس االدعاء العام‪ ،‬ورئيس هيئة االشراف القضائي‪ ،‬وعرضها على مجلس النواب‬
‫للموافقة على تعيينهم‪.‬‬
‫ثالثاٌ ‪:‬ـ اقتراح مشروع الموازنة السنوية للسلطة القضائية االتحادية‪ ،‬وعرضها على مجلس النواب للموافقة عليها‪.‬‬
‫الفرع الثاين ‪ :‬احملكمة االحتادية العليا‬
‫املادة (‪:)92‬‬
‫اوالٌ ‪:‬ـ المحكمة االتحادية العليا هيئةٌ قضائيةٌ مستقلة مالياٌ وإدارياٌ‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ ‪:‬ـ تتكون المحكمة االتحادية العليا‪ ،‬من عددٌ من القضاة‪ ،‬وخبراء في الفقه االسالمي‪ ،‬وفقهاء القانون‪ ،‬يُحدد عددهم‪ ،‬وتنظم طريقة‬
‫اختيارهم‪ ،‬وعمل المحكمة‪ ،‬بقانونٌ يُسن بأغلبية ثلثي اعضاء مجلس النواب‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)93‬‬
‫تختص المحكمة االتحادية العليا بما يأتي‪:‬‬
‫اوالٌ ‪:‬ـ الرقابة على دستورية القوانين واالنظمة النافذة ‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ ‪:‬ـ تفسير نصوص الدستور‪.‬‬
‫ثالثاٌ ‪:‬ـ الفصل في القضايا التي تنشأ عن تطبيق القوانين االتحادية‪ ،‬والقرارات واالنظمة والتعليمات‪ ،‬واالجراءات الصادرة عن السلطة االتحادية‪،‬‬
‫ويكفل القانون حق كل من مجلس الوزراء‪ ،‬وذوي الشأن‪ ،‬من االفراد وغيرهم‪ ،‬حق الطعن المباشر لدى المحكمة‪.‬‬
‫رابعاٌ ‪:‬ـ الفصل في المنازعات التي تحصل بين الحكومة االتحادية‪ ،‬وحكومات االقاليم والمحافظات والبلديات واالدارات المحلية‪.‬‬
‫خامساٌ ‪:‬ـ الفصل في المنازعات التي تحصل فيما بين حكومات االقاليم أو المحافظات‪.‬‬
‫سادساٌ ‪:‬ـ الفصل في االتهامات الموجهة الى رئيس الجمهورية‪ ،‬ورئيس مجلس الوزراء والوزراء‪ ،‬وينظم ذلك بقانون‪.‬‬
‫سابعاٌ ‪:‬ـ المصادقة على النتائج النهائية لالنتخابات العامة لعضوية مجلس النواب‪.‬‬
‫ثامناٌ ‪ :‬ـ‬
‫أ ـ الفصل في تنازع االختصاص بين القضاء االتحادي‪ ،‬والهيئات القضائية لالقاليم والمحافظات غير المنتظمة في أقليم‪.‬‬
‫ب ـ الفصل في تنازع االختصاص فيما بين الهيئات القضائية لالقاليم‪ ،‬أو المحافظات غير المنتظمة في أقليم‬
‫املادة (‪:)94‬‬
‫قرارات المحكمة االتحادية العليا باتة وملزمة للسلطات كافة‪.‬‬
‫الفرع الثالث ‪ :‬أحكام عامة‬
‫املادة (‪:)95‬‬
‫يحظر إنشاء محاكم خاصة أو استثنائية‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)96‬‬
‫ينظم القانون‪ ،‬تكوين المحاكم‪ ،‬وانواعها‪ ،‬ودرجاتها‪ ،‬واختصاصاتها‪ ،‬وكيفية تعيين القضاة وخدمتهم‪ ،‬واعضاء االدعاء العام‪ ،‬وانضباطهم‪ ،‬واحالتهم على‬
‫التقاعد‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)97‬‬
‫القضاة غير قابلين للعزل اال في الحاالت التي يحددها القانون‪ ،‬كما يحدد القانون‪ ،‬االحكام الخاصة بهم‪ ،‬وينظم مساءلتهم تأديبياٌ‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)98‬‬
‫يحظرٌعلىٌالقاضيٌوعضوٌاالدعاءٌالعامٌماٌيأتي‪:‬‬
‫اوالٌ‪:‬ـٌٌالجمعٌبينٌالوظيفةٌالقضائية‪ٌ،‬والوظيفتينٌالتشريعيةٌوالتنفيذية‪ٌ،‬أوٌأيٌعملٌآخر‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ‪:‬ـٌٌاالنتماءٌالىٌأيٌحزبٌاوٌمنظمةٌسياسية‪ٌ،‬اوٌٌالعملٌفيٌأيٌنشاطٌسياسي‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)99‬‬
‫ينظمٌبقانون‪ٌ،‬القضاءٌالعسكري‪ٌ،‬ويحددٌاختصاصٌالمحاكمٌالعسكريةٌالتيٌتقتصرٌعلىٌالجرائمٌذاتٌالطابعٌالعسكريٌالتيٌتقعٌمنٌ‬
‫افرادٌالقواتٌالمسلحة‪ٌ،‬وقواتٌاالمن‪ٌ،‬وفيٌالحدودٌالتيٌيقررهاٌالقانون‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)100‬‬
‫يحظرٌالنصٌفيٌالقوانينٌعلىٌتحصينٌأيٌعملٌاوٌقرارٌاداريٌمنٌالطعن‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)101‬‬
‫يجوزٌبقانون‪ٌ،‬انشاءٌمجلسٌدولة‪ٌ،‬يختصٌبوظائفٌالقضاءٌاالداري‪ٌ،‬واالفتاء‪ٌ،‬والصياغة‪ٌ،‬وتمثيلٌالدولة‪ٌ،‬وسائرٌالهيئاتٌالعامة‪ٌ،‬امامٌ‬
‫جهاتٌالقضاء‪ٌ،‬االٌماٌاستثنيٌمنهاٌبقانون‪.‬‬
‫الفصلْالرابع‬
‫[ الهيئاتْالمستقلةْ]‬
‫املادة (‪:)102‬‬
‫تُعدٌالمفوضةٌالعلياٌلحقوقٌاالنسان‪ٌ،‬والمفوضيةٌالعلياٌالمستقلةٌلالنتخابات‪ٌ،‬وهيئةٌالنـزاهة‪ٌ،‬هيئاتٌمستقلة‪ٌ،‬تخضعٌلرقابةٌمجلسٌ‬
‫النواب‪ٌ،‬وتنظمٌاعمالهاٌبقانون‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)103‬‬
‫اوالٌ ‪:‬ـ يُعد كل من البنك المركزي العراقي‪ ،‬وديوان الرقابة المالية‪ ،‬وهيئة االعالم واالتصاالت‪ ،‬ودواوين االوقاف‪ ،‬هيئاتٌ مستقلة مالياٌ واداريا‪ ،‬وينظم‬
‫القانون عمل كل هيئةٌ منها‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ ‪:‬ـ يكون البنك المركزي العراقي مسؤوالٌ امام مجلس النواب‪ ،‬ويرتبط ديوان الرقابة المالية‪ ،‬وهيئة االعالم واالتصاالت بمجلس النواب‪.‬‬
‫ثالثاٌ ‪:‬ـ ترتبط دواوين االوقاف بمجلس الوزراء ‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)104‬‬
‫تؤسس هيئةٌ تسمى مؤسسة الشهداء‪ ،‬ترتبط بمجلس الوزراء‪ ،‬وينظم عملها واختصاصاتها بقانون‪.‬‬
‫المادة (‪:)105‬‬
‫تؤسس هيئة عامة لضمان حقوق االقاليم واحملافظات غري املنتظمة يف اقليم‪ ،‬يف املشاركة العادلة يف ادارة مؤسسات الدولة االحتادية املختلفة‪ ،‬والبعثات‬
‫والزماالت الدراسية‪ ،‬والوفود واملؤمترات االقليمية والدولية‪ ،‬وتتكون من ممثلي احلكومة االحتادية‪ ،‬واالقاليم واحملافظات غري املنتظمة يف اقليم‪ ،‬وتنظم بقانون‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)106‬‬
‫ٍ‬
‫بقانون‪ ،‬هيئة عامة ملراقبة ختصيص الواردات االحتادية‪ ،‬وتتكون اهليئة من خرباء احلكومة االحتادية واالقاليم واحملافظات وممثلني عنها‪ ،‬وتضطلع‬
‫تؤسس‬
‫باملسؤوليات اآلتية‪:‬‬
‫اوالٌ ‪:‬ـ التحقق من عدالة توزيع المنح والمساعدات والقروض الدولية‪ ،‬بموجب استحقاق االقاليم والمحافظات غير المنتظمة في اقليم‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ ‪:‬ـ التحقق من االستخدام االمثل للموارد المالية االتحادية واقتسامها‪.‬‬
‫ثالثاٌ ‪:‬ـ ضمان الشفافية والعدالة عند تخصيص االموال لحكومات االقاليم او المحافظات غير المنتظمة في اقليم‪ ،‬وفقاٌ للنسب المقررة‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)107‬‬
‫يؤسس مجلس‪ ،‬يسمى مجلس الخدمة العامة االتحادي‪ ،‬يتولى تنظيم شؤون الوظيفة العامة االتحادية‪ ،‬بما فيها التعيين والترقية‪ ،‬وينظم تكوينه‬
‫واختصاصاته بقانون‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)108‬‬
‫يجوز استحداث هيئاتٌ مستقلة اخرى حسب الحاجة والضرورة بقانون‪.‬‬
‫الباب الرابع‬
‫اختصاصاتْالسلطاتْاالتحادية‬
‫املادة (‪:)109‬‬
‫تحافظٌالسلطاتٌاالتحاديةٌعلىٌوحدةٌالعراقٌوسالمتهٌواستقاللهٌوسيادتهٌونظامهٌالديمقراطيٌاالتحادي‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)110‬‬
‫تختصٌالسلطاتٌاالتحاديةٌباالختصاصاتٌالحصريةٌاآلتية‪:‬‬
‫اوالٌ‪:‬ـٌرسمٌالسياسةٌالخارجيةٌوالتمثيلٌالدبلوماسي‪ٌ،‬والتفاوضٌبشأنٌالمعاهداتٌواالتفاقياتٌالدولية‪ٌ،‬وسياساتٌاالقتراضٌوالتوقيعٌعليهاٌوابرامها‪ٌ،‬ورسمٌ‬
‫السياسةٌاالقتصاديةٌوالتجاريةٌالخارجيةٌالسيادية‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ‪:‬ـٌوضعٌسياسةٌاالمنٌالوطنيٌوتنفيذها‪ٌ،‬بماٌفيٌذلكٌانشاءٌقواتٌمسلحةٌوادارتها‪ٌ،‬لتأمينٌحمايةٌوضمانٌامنٌحدودٌالعراق‪ٌ،‬والدفاعٌعنه‪.‬‬
‫ثالثاٌ‪:‬ـٌ رسمٌالسياسةٌالمالية‪ٌ،‬والكمركية‪ٌ،‬واصدارٌالعملة‪ٌ،‬وتنظيمٌالسياسةٌالتجاريةٌعبرٌحدودٌاالقاليمٌوالمحافظاتٌفيٌالعراق‪ٌ،‬ووضع الميزانيةٌالعامةٌللدولة‪ٌ،‬‬
‫ورسمٌالسياسةٌالنقديةٌوانشاءٌالبنكٌالمركزي‪ٌ،‬وادارته‪.‬‬
‫رابعاٌ‪:‬ـٌتنظيمٌأمورٌالمقاييسٌوالمكاييلٌواالوزان‪.‬‬
‫خامساٌ‪:‬ـٌتنظيمٌامورٌالجنسيةٌوالتجنسٌواالقامةٌوحقٌاللجوءٌالسياسي‪.‬‬
‫سادساٌ‪:‬ـٌتنظيمٌسياسةٌالتردداتٌالبثيةٌوالبريد‪.‬‬
‫سابعاٌ‪:‬ـٌوضعٌمشروعٌالموازنةٌالعامةٌواالستثمارية‪.‬‬
‫ثامناٌ‪:‬ـٌتخطيطٌالسياساتٌالمتعلقةٌبمصادرٌالمياهٌمنٌخارجٌالعراق‪ٌ،‬وضمانٌمناسيبٌتدفقٌالمياهٌاليهٌوتوزيعهاٌالعادلٌداخلٌالعراق‪ٌ،‬وفقاٌللقوانينٌ‬
‫واالعرافٌالدولية‪.‬‬
‫تاسعاٌ‪:‬ـٌاالحصاءٌوالتعدادٌالعامٌللسكان‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)111‬‬
‫النفطٌوالغازٌهوٌملكٌكلٌالشعبٌالعراقيٌفيٌكلٌاالقاليمٌوالمحافظات‬
‫املادة (‪:)112‬‬
‫اوالٌ ‪:‬ـ تقوم الحكومة االتحادية بادارة النفط والغاز المستخرج من الحقول الحالية مع حكومات االقاليم والمحافظات المنتجة‪ ،‬على ان توزع‬
‫وارداتها بشكلٌ منصفٌ يتناسب مع التوزيع السكاني في جميع انحاء البالد‪ ،‬مع تحديد حصة لمدةٌ محددة لالقاليم المتضررة‪ ،‬والتي حرمت منها‬
‫بصورةٌ مجحفة من قبل النظام السابق‪ ،‬والتي تضررت بعد ذلك‪ ،‬بما يؤمن التنمية المتوازنة للمناطق المختلفة من البالد‪ ،‬وينظم ذلك بقانون‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ ‪:‬ـ تقوم الحكومة االتحادية وحكومات االقاليم والمحافظات المنتجة معاٌ برسم السياسات االستراتيجية الالزمة لتطوير ثروة النفط والغاز‪ ،‬بما‬
‫يحقق أعلى منفعةٌ للشعب العراقي‪ ،‬معتمدةٌ احدث تقنيات مبادئ السوق وتشجيع االستثمار‪.‬‬
‫المادة ( ‪: ) 113‬‬
‫تعد اآلثار والمواقع األثرية والبنى التراثية والمخطوطات والمسكوكات من الثروات الوطنية التي هي من اختصاص السلطات االتحادية‪ ،‬وتدار بالتعاون مع‬
‫االقاليم والمحافظات‪ ،‬وينظم ذلك بقانون‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)114‬‬
‫تكون االختصاصات اآلتية مشتركةٌ بين السلطات االتحادية وسلطات االقاليم‪:‬‬
‫اوالٌ ‪:‬ـ ادارة الكمارك بالتنسيق مع حكومات االقاليم والمحافظات غير المنتظمة في أقليم‪ ،‬وينظم ذلك بقانون‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ ‪:‬ـ تنظيم مصادر الطاقة الكهربائية الرئيسة وتوزيعها‪.‬‬
‫ثالثاٌ ‪:‬ـ رسم السياسة البيئية لضمان حماية البيئة من التلوث‪ ،‬والمحافظة على نظافتها‪ ،‬بالتعاون مع االقاليم والمحافظات غير المنتظمة في أقليم‪.‬‬
‫رابعاٌ ‪:‬ـ رسم سياسات التنمية والتخطيط العام‪.‬‬
‫خامساٌ ‪:‬ـ رسم السياسة الصحية العامة‪ ،‬بالتعاون مع االقاليم والمحافظات غير المنتظمة في أقليم‪.‬‬
‫سادساٌ ‪:‬ـ رسم السياسة التعليمية والتربوية العامة بالتشاور مع االقاليم والمحافظات غير المنتظمة في أقليم‪.‬‬
‫سابعاٌ ‪:‬ـ رسم سياسة الموارد المائية الداخلية‪ ،‬وتنظيمها بما يضمن توزيعاٌ عادالٌ لها‪ ،‬وينظم ذلك بقانون‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)115‬‬
‫كلٌماٌلمٌينصٌعليهٌفيٌاالختصاصاتٌالحصريةٌللسلطاتٌاالتحادية‪ٌ،‬يكونٌمنٌصالحيةٌاالقاليمٌوالمحافظاتٌغير المنتظمةٌفيٌ‬
‫اقليم‪ٌ،‬والصالحياتٌاالخرىٌالمشتركةٌبينٌالحكومةٌاالتحاديةٌواالقاليم‪ٌ،‬تكونٌاالولويةٌفيهاٌلقانونٌاالقاليمٌوالمحافظات غيرٌالمنتظمةٌفي اقليم‪ٌ،‬‬
‫فيٌحالةٌالخالفٌبينهما‪.‬‬
‫البابًالخامس‬
‫سلطات األقاليم‬
‫الفصلْاالول‬
‫[األقاليمْ]‬
‫املادة (‪: )116‬‬
‫يتكونٌالنظامٌاالتحاديٌفيٌجمهوريةٌالعراقٌمنٌعاصمةٌواقاليمٌومحافظاتٌالٌمركزيةٌواداراتٌمحلية‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪: )117‬‬
‫اوالٌ‪:‬ـٌٌيقرٌهذاٌالدستور‪ٌ،‬عندٌنفاذه‪ٌ،‬اقليمٌكردستانٌوسلطاتهٌالقائمة‪ٌ،‬اقليماٌاتحادياٌ‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ‪:‬ـٌيقرٌهذاٌالدستور‪ٌ،‬االقاليمٌالجديدةٌالتيٌتؤسسٌوفقاٌالحكامه‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪: )118‬‬
‫يسنٌمجلسٌالنوابٌفيٌمدةٌالٌتتجاوزٌستةٌاشهرٌمنٌتاريخٌاولٌجلسةٌله‪ٌ،‬قانوناٌيحددٌاالجراءاتٌالتنفيذيةٌالخاصةٌبتكوينٌاالقاليم‪ٌ،‬باالغلبيةٌ‬
‫البسيطةٌلالعضاءٌالحاضرين‪.‬‬
‫المادةْ(‪: )119‬‬
‫يحقًلكلًمحافظةًاوًاكثر‪ً،‬تكوينًاقليمًبناءااًعلىًطلبًبالستفتاءًعليه‪ً،‬يقدمًبأحدىًطريقتين‪:‬‬
‫اولاً‪:‬ـًطلبًمنًثلثًالعضاءًفيًكلًمجلسًمنًمجالسًالمحافظاتًالتيًترومًتكوينًالقليم‪.‬‬
‫ثانيااً‪:‬ـًطلبًمنًعشرًالناخبينًفيًكلًمحافظةًمنًالمحافظاتًالتيًترومًتكوينًالقليم‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪: )120‬‬
‫يقوم االقليم بوضع دستورٌ له‪ ،‬يحدد هيكل سلطات االقليم‪ ،‬وصالحياته‪ ،‬وآليات ممارسة تلك الصالحيات‪ ،‬على ان ال يتعارض مع هذا الدستور‪.‬‬
‫املادة ( ‪: ) 121‬‬
‫اوالٌ ‪:‬ـ لسلطات االقاليم‪ ،‬الحق في ممارسة السلطات التشريعية والتنفيذية والقضائية‪ ،‬وفقاٌ الحكام هذا الدستور‪ ،‬باستثناء ما ورد فيه من اختصاصاتٌ‬
‫حصرية للسلطات االتحادية‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ ‪:‬ـ يحق لسلطة االقليم‪ ،‬تعديل تطبيق القانون االتحادي في االقليم‪ ،‬في حالة وجود تناقض او تعارض بين القانون االتحادي وقانون االقليم‪ ،‬بخصوص‬
‫مسألةٌ ال تدخل في االختصاصات الحصرية للسلطات االتحادية‪.‬‬
‫ثالثاٌ ‪:‬ـ تخصص لالقاليم والمحافظات حصةٌ عادلة من االيرادات المحصلة اتحاديا‪ ،‬تكفي للقيام بأعبائها ومسؤولياتها‪ ،‬مع االخذ بعين االعتبار مواردها‬
‫وحاجاتها‪ ،‬ونسبة السكان فيها‪.‬‬
‫رابعاٌ ‪:‬ـ تؤسس مكاتبٌ لالقاليم والمحافظات في السفارات والبعثات الدبلوماسية‪ ،‬لمتابعة الشؤون الثقافية واالجتماعية ٌواالنمائية‪.‬‬
‫خامسا‪:‬ـ تختص حكومة االقليم بكل ما تتطلبه ادارة االقليم‪ ،‬وبوجهٌ خاص انشاء وتنظيم قوى االمن الداخلي لالقليم‪ ،‬كالشرطة ٌواالمن وحرس االقليم‪.‬‬
‫الفصلْالثاني‬
‫[ المحافظاتْالتيْلمْتنتظمْفيْاقليمْ]‬
‫املادة ( ‪: ) 122‬‬
‫اوالٌ ‪:‬ـ تتكون المحافظات من عددٌ من األقضية والنواحي والقرى‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ ‪:‬ـ تمنح المحافظات التي لم تنتظم في اقليم الصالحيات االدارية والمالية الواسعة‪ ،‬بما يمكنها من ادارة شؤونها على وفق مبدأ الالمركزية‬
‫االدارية‪ ،‬وينظم ذلك بقانون‪.‬‬
‫ثالثاٌ‪:‬ـٌيُعدٌالمحافظٌالذيٌينتخبهٌمجلسٌالمحافظة‪ٌ،‬الرئيسٌالتنفيذيٌاالعلىٌفيٌالمحافظة‪ٌ،‬لممارسةٌصالحياتهٌالمخولٌبهاٌمنٌقبلٌالمجلس‪.‬‬
‫رابعاٌ‪:‬ـٌينظمٌبقانون‪ٌ،‬انتخابٌمجلسٌالمحافظة‪ٌ،‬والمحافظ‪ٌ،‬وصالحياتهما‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬خامساٌ‪:‬ـٌالٌيخضعٌمجلسٌالمحافظةٌلسيطرةٌأوٌاشرافٌايةٌوزارةٌاوٌايةٌجهةٌغيرٌمرتبطةٌبوزارة‪ٌ،‬ولهٌماليةٌمستقلة‬
‫املادة ( ‪: ) 123‬‬
‫يجوزٌتفويضٌسلطاتٌالحكومةٌاالتحاديةٌللمحافظات‪ٌ،‬أوٌبالعكس‪ٌ،‬بموافقةٌالطرفين‪ٌ،‬وينظمٌذلكٌبقانون‪.‬‬
‫الفصلْالثالث‬
‫[ العاصمةْ]‬
‫املادة ( ‪: ) 124‬‬
‫اوالٌ‪:‬ـٌبغدادٌبحدودهاٌالبلدية‪ٌ،‬عاصمةٌجمهوريةٌالعراق‪ٌ،‬وتمثلٌبحدودهاٌاالداريةٌمحافظةٌبغداد‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ‪:‬ـٌينظمٌوضعٌالعاصمةٌبقانونٌ‪.‬‬
‫ثالثاٌ‪:‬ـٌالٌيجوزٌللعاصمةٌأنٌتنضمٌألقليم‪.‬‬
‫الفصل الرابع‬
‫[ االدارات احمللية ]‬
‫املادة ( ‪: ) 125‬‬
‫يضمنٌهذاٌالدستورٌالحقوقٌاالداريةٌوالسياسيةٌوالثقافيةٌوالتعليميةٌللقومياتٌالمختلفةٌكالتركمان‪ٌ،‬والكلدانٌواآلش ٌوريين‪ٌ،‬وسائرٌالمكوناتٌ‬
‫االخرى‪ٌ،‬وينظمٌذلكٌبقانون‪.‬‬
‫البابًالسادس‬
‫االحكامْالختاميةْواالنتقالية‬
‫الفصلْاالولْ‬
‫[ االحكام اخلتامية ]‬
‫املادة ( ‪: )126‬‬
‫اوالٌ‪:‬ـٌلرئيسٌالجمهوريةٌومجلسٌالوزراءٌمجتمعين‪ٌ،‬أوٌل ُخمسٌ(‪ )1/5‬اعضاءٌمجلسٌالنواب‪ٌ،‬اقتراحٌتعديلٌالدستور‪.‬‬
‫ثانياًٌ‪:‬ـٌالٌيجوزٌتعديلٌالمبادئٌاالساسيةٌالواردةٌفيٌالبابٌاالول‪ٌ،‬والحقوقٌوالحرياتٌالواردةٌفيٌالبابٌالثانيٌمنٌالدستور‪ٌ،‬االٌبعدٌدورتينٌ‬
‫انتخابيتينٌمتعاقبتين‪ٌ،‬وبناءاٌعلىٌموافقةٌثلثيٌاعضاءٌمجلسٌالنوابٌعليه‪ٌ،‬وموافقةٌالشعبٌباالستفتاءٌالعام‪ٌ ٌ،‬ومصادقةٌرئيسٌالجمهوريةٌخاللٌ‬
‫سبعةٌايام‪.‬‬
‫ثالثاًٌ‪:‬ـٌالٌيجوزٌتعديلٌالموادٌاالخرىٌغيرٌالمنصوصٌعليهاٌفيٌالبندٌ"ثانياٌ" منٌهذهٌالمادة‪ٌ،‬االٌبعدٌموافقةٌثلثيٌاعضاءٌمجلسٌالنوابٌعليه‪ٌ،‬‬
‫وموافقةٌالشعبٌباالستفتاءٌالعام‪ٌ،‬ومصادقةٌرئيسٌالجمهوريةٌخاللٌسبعةٌايام‪.‬‬
‫رابعاٌ‪:‬ـٌالٌيجوزٌاجراءٌايٌتعديلٌعلىٌموادٌالدستور‪ٌ،‬منٌشأنهٌانٌينتقصٌمنٌصالحياتٌاالقاليمٌالتيٌالٌتكونٌداخلةٌضمن االختصاصاتٌ‬
‫الحصريةٌللسلطاتٌاالتحادية‪ٌ،‬االٌبموافقةٌالسلطةٌالتشريعيةٌفيٌاالقليمٌالمعني‪ٌ،‬وموافقةٌأغلبيةٌسكانهٌباستفتاءٌٌعام‪.‬‬
‫خامساٌ‪:‬ـٌ‬
‫أـٌيُع ُدٌالتعديلٌمصادقاٌعليهٌمنٌقبلٌرئيسٌالجمهوريةٌبعدٌانتهاءٌالمدةٌالمنصوصٌعليهاٌفيٌالبندٌ"ثانياٌ" و"ثالثاٌ" منٌهذهٌالمادة‪ٌ،‬فيٌحالةٌعدمٌ‬
‫تصديقه‪.‬‬
‫بٌـٌيُع ُدٌالتعديلٌنافذا‪ٌ،‬منٌتاريخٌنشرهٌفيٌالجريدةٌالرسمية‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)127‬‬
‫الٌيجوزٌلرئيسٌالجمهورية‪ٌ،‬ورئيسٌواعضاءٌمجلسٌالوزراء‪ٌ،‬ورئيسٌمجلسٌالنوابٌونائبيهٌواعضاءٌالمجلس‪ٌ،‬واعضاءٌالسلطةٌالقضائية‪ٌ،‬واصحابٌ‬
‫الدرجاتٌالخاصة‪ٌ،‬انٌيستغلواٌنفوذهمٌفيٌانٌيشترواٌأوٌيستأجرواٌشيئاٌمنٌاموالٌالدولةٌأوٌانٌيؤجرواٌأوٌيبيعوا‬
‫يبيعوا لها شيئًا ا من اموالهم‪ ،‬أو ان يقاضوها عليها أو ان يبرموا مع الدولة عقدًاا بوصفهم ملتزمين او موردين او مقاولين‪.‬‬
‫المادة (‪:)128‬‬
‫تصدر القوانين والحكام القضائية بأسم الشعب‪.‬‬
‫المادة (‪:)129‬‬
‫تنشر القوانين في الجريدة الرسمية‪ ،‬ويعمل بها من تاريخ نشرها‪ ،‬ما لم ينص على خالف ذلك‪.‬‬
‫المادة (‪:)130‬‬
‫تبقى التشريعات النافذة معمو ًلا بها‪ ،‬ما لم تلغ أو تعدل‪ ،‬وفقًا ا لحكام هذا الدستور‪.‬‬
‫المادة (‪:)131‬‬
‫كل استفتاءً واردً في هذا الدستور يكون ناجحًا ا بموافقة اغلبية المصوتين‪ ،‬ما لم ينص على خالف ذلك‪.‬‬
‫الفصلْالثانيْ‬
‫[ االحكامْاالنتقاليةْ]‬
‫المادة (‪:)132‬‬
‫او ًلا ‪:‬ـ تكفل الدولة‪ ،‬رعاية ذوي الشهداء‪ ،‬والسجناء السياسيين‪ ،‬والمتضررين من الممارسات التعسفية للنظام الدكتاتوري‬
‫البائد‪.‬‬
‫ثانيًا ا ‪:‬ـ تكفل الدولة‪ ،‬تعويض اسر الشهداء والمصابين نتيجة العمال الرهابية ‪.‬‬
‫ثالثًا ا ‪:‬ـ ينظم ما ورد في البندين "او ًلا" و "ثانيًا ا" من هذه المادة‪ ،‬بقانون‪.‬‬
‫المادة (‪:)133‬‬
‫يعتمد مجلس النواب في جلسته الولى‪ ،‬النظام الداخلي للجمعية الوطنية النتقالية‪ ،‬لحين اقرار نظامً داخليً له‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪: )134‬‬
‫تستمرٌالمحكمةٌالجنائيةٌالعراقيةٌالعلياٌبأعمالهاٌبوصفهاٌهيئةٌقضائيةٌمستقلة‪ٌ،‬بالنظرٌفيٌجرائمٌالنظامٌالدكتاتوريٌالبائدٌورموزه‪ٌ،‬ولمجلسٌ‬
‫النوابٌالغاؤهاٌبقانون‪ٌ،‬بعدٌاكمالٌاعمالها‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)135‬‬
‫اوالٌ‪:‬ـٌتواصلٌالهيئةٌالوطنيةٌالعلياٌالجتثاثٌالبعثٌاعمالهاٌبوصفهاٌهيئةٌمستقلة‪ٌ،‬بالتنسيقٌمعٌالسلطةٌالقضائيةٌواالجهزةٌالتنفيذيةٌفيٌاطارٌ‬
‫القوانينٌالمنظمةٌلعملها‪ٌ،‬وترتبطٌبمجلسٌالنواب‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ‪:‬ـٌلمجلسٌالنوابٌحلٌهذهٌالهيئةٌبعدٌانتهاءٌمهمتها‪ٌ،‬باالغلبيةٌالمطلقة‪.‬‬
‫ثالثاٌ‪:‬ـٌيشترطٌفيٌالمرشحٌلمنصبٌرئيسٌاٌلجمهورية‪ٌ،‬ورئيسٌواعضاءٌمجلسٌالوزراء‪ٌ،‬ورئيسٌواعضاءٌمجلسٌالنواب‪ٌ،‬ورئيسٌواعضاءٌمجلسٌ‬
‫االتحاد‪ٌ،‬والمواقعٌالمتناظرةٌفيٌاالقاليم‪ٌ،‬واعضاءٌالهيئاتٌالقضائية‪ٌ،‬والمناصبٌاالخرىٌالمشمولةٌباجتثاثٌالبعثٌوفقاٌللقانون‪ٌ،‬انٌيكونٌغيرٌ‬
‫مشمولٌبأحكامٌاجتثاثٌالبعث‪.‬‬
‫رابعاٌ‪:‬ـٌيستمرٌالعملٌبالشرطٌالمذكورٌفيٌالبندٌ"ثالثاٌ" منٌهذهٌالمادة‪ٌ،‬ماٌلمٌتُحلٌالهيئةٌالمنصوصٌعليهاٌفيٌالبندٌ"اوالٌ" منٌهذهٌالمادة‪.‬‬
‫خامساٌ‪ -:‬مجردٌالعضويةٌفيٌحزبٌالبعثٌالمنحلٌالٌتعدٌاساساٌكافياٌلإلحالةٌالىٌالمحاكم‪ٌ،‬ويتمتعٌالعضوٌبالمساواةٌامامٌالقانونٌوالحماية‪ٌ،‬ماٌ‬
‫لمٌيكنٌمشموالٌبأحكامٌاجتثاثٌالبعث‪ٌ،‬والتعليماتٌالصادرةٌبموجبه‪.‬‬
‫سادساٌ‪:‬ـٌيشكلٌمجلسٌالنوابٌلجنةٌنيابيةٌمنٌاعضائهٌلمراقبةٌومراجعةٌاالجراءاتٌالتنفيذيةٌللهيئةٌالعلياٌالجتثاث البعثٌوألجهزةٌالدولة‪ٌ،‬لضمان‬
‫العدلٌوالموضوعيةٌوالشفافية‪ٌ،‬والنظرٌفيٌموافقتهاٌللقوانينٌوتخضعٌقراراتٌاللجنةٌلموافقةٌمجلسٌالنواب‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)136‬‬
‫اوالٌ‪:‬ـٌتواصلٌهيئةٌدعاوىٌالملكيةٌاعمالهاٌبوصفهاٌهيئةٌمستقلة‪ٌ،‬بالتنسيقٌمعٌالسلطةٌالقضائيةٌواالجهزةٌالتنفيذية‪ٌ،‬وفقاٌللقانون‪ٌ،‬وترتبطٌبمجلسٌ‬
‫النواب‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ‪:‬ـٌلمجلسٌالنوابٌحلٌالهيئةٌباغلبيةٌثلثيٌاعضائه‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)137‬‬
‫يؤجلٌالعملٌباحكامٌالموادٌالخاصةٌبمجلسٌاالتحادٌاينماٌوردتٌفيٌهذاٌالدستور‪ٌ،‬الىٌحينٌصدورٌقرارٌمنٌمجلسٌالنواب‪ٌ،‬باغلبيةٌالثلثين‪ٌ،‬بعد‬
‫دورتهٌاالنتخابيةٌاألولىٌالتيٌيعقدهاٌبعدٌنفاذٌهذاٌالدستور‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)138‬‬
‫اوالٌ‪:‬ـٌيحلٌتعبيرٌ(مجلسٌالرئاسة) محلٌتعبيرٌ(رئيسٌالجمهورية) اينماٌوردٌفيٌهذاٌالدستور‪ٌ،‬ويعادٌالعملٌباالحكامٌالخاصةٌبرئيسٌالجمهورية‪ٌ،‬‬
‫بعدٌدورةٌواحدةٌالحقةٌلنفاذٌهذاٌالدستور‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ‪:‬ـٌ‬
‫أـٌينتخبٌمجلسٌالنواب‪ٌ،‬رئيساٌللدولة‪ٌ،‬ونائبينٌله‪ٌ،‬يؤلفونٌمجلساٌيسمىٌ(مجلسٌالرئاسة)‪ٌ،‬يتمٌانتخابهٌبقائمةٌ ٌواحدة‪ٌ،‬وباغلبيةٌالثلثين‪.‬‬
‫بٌـٌتسريٌاالحكامٌالخاصةٌبإقالةٌرئيسٌالجمهورية‪ٌ،‬الواردةٌفيٌهذاٌالدستور‪ٌ،‬علىٌرئيسٌواعضاءٌهيئةٌالرئاسة‪.‬‬
‫جٌـٌلمجلسٌالنوابٌاقالةٌايٌعضوٌمنٌاعضاءٌمجلسٌالرئاسة‪ٌ،‬باغلبيةٌثالثةٌارباعٌعددٌاعضائه‪ٌ،‬بسببٌعدمٌالكفاءةٌاوٌالنـزاهة‪.‬‬
‫دٌـٌفيٌحالةٌخلوٌايٌمنصبٌفيٌمجلسٌالرئاسة‪ٌ،‬ينتخبٌمجلسٌالنوابٌبثلثيٌاعضائهٌبديالٌعنه‪.‬‬
‫ثالثاٌ‪:‬ـٌيشترطٌفيٌاعضاءٌمجلسٌالرئاسة‪ٌ،‬ماٌيشترطٌفيٌعضوٌمجلسٌالنواب‪ٌ،‬علىٌانٌيكون‪:‬‬
‫أـٌاتمٌاالربعينٌسنةٌمنٌعمره‪.‬‬
‫بٌـٌمتمتعاٌبالسمعةٌالحسنةٌوالنـزاهةٌواالستقامة‪.‬‬
‫جٌـٌقدٌتركٌحزبٌالبعثٌالمنحلٌقبلٌسقوطهٌبعشرٌسنوات‪ٌ،‬اذاٌكانٌعضواٌفيه‪.‬‬
‫د ان ال يكون قد شارك يف قمع االنتفاضة يف عام ‪ ،1991‬او االنفال‪ ،‬ومل يقِتف جرميةً حبق الشعب العراقي‪.‬‬
‫رابعاٌ‪:‬ـٌيتخذٌمجلسٌالرئاسةٌقراراتهٌباالجماع‪ٌ،‬ويجوزٌأليٌعضوٌانٌينيبٌاحدٌالعضوينٌاآلخرينٌمكانه‪.‬‬
‫خامساٌ‪:‬ـ‬
‫أـٌترسلٌالقوانينٌوالقراراتٌالتيٌيسنهاٌمجلسٌالنواب‪ٌ،‬الىٌمجلسٌالرئاسة‪ٌ،‬لغرضٌالموافقةٌعليهاٌباالجماع‪ٌ،‬واصدارهاٌخاللٌعشرةٌايامٌمنٌ‬
‫تاريخٌوصولهاٌاليه‪ٌ،‬باستثناءٌماٌوردٌفيٌالمادتينٌٌ(‪ )118‬و(‪ )119‬منٌهذاٌالدستور‪ٌ،‬والمتعلقتينٌبتكوينٌاالقاليم‪.‬‬
‫بٌـٌفيٌحالةٌعدمٌموافقةٌمجلسٌالرئاسة‪ٌ،‬تعادٌالقوانينٌوالقراراتٌالىٌمجلسٌالنوابٌالعادةٌالنظرٌفيٌالنواحيٌالمعترضٌعليها‪ٌ،‬والتصويتٌ‬
‫عليهاٌباالغلبية‪ٌ،‬وترسلٌثانيةٌالىٌمجلسٌالرئاسةٌللموافقةٌعليها‪.‬‬
‫جٌـٌفيٌحالةٌعدمٌموافقةٌمجلسٌالرئاسةٌعلىٌالقوانينٌوالقراراتٌثانية‪ٌ،‬خاللٌعشرةٌايامٌمنٌتاريخٌوصولهاٌاليه‪ٌ،‬تعادٌالى مجلسٌالنواب‪ٌ،‬الذيٌ‬
‫لهٌانٌيقرهاٌبأغلبيةٌثالثةٌاخماسٌعددٌاعضائه‪ٌ،‬غيرٌقابلةٌلالعتراض‪ٌ،‬وتُعدٌمصادقاٌعليها‪.‬‬
‫سادساٌ‪:‬ـٌيمارسٌمجلسٌالرئاسةٌصالحياتٌرئيسٌالجمهورية‪ٌ،‬المنصوصٌعليهاٌفيٌهذاٌالدستور‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)139‬‬
‫يكونٌلرئيسٌمجلسٌالوزراءٌنائبانٌفيٌالدورةٌاالنتخابيةٌاالولى‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)140‬‬
‫اوالٌ‪:‬ـٌتتولىٌالسلطةٌالتنفيذيةٌاتخاذٌالخطواتٌالالزمةٌالستكمالٌتنفيذٌمتطلباتٌالمادةٌ(‪ )58‬منٌقانونٌادارةٌالدولةٌالعراقيةٌللمرحلةٌاالنتقالية‪ٌ،‬‬
‫بكلٌفقراتها‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ‪:‬ـٌالمسؤوليةٌالملقاةٌعلىٌالسلطةٌالتنفيذيةٌفيٌالحكومةٌاالنتقالية‪ٌ،‬والمنصوصٌعليهاٌفيٌالمادةٌ(‪ )58‬منٌقانونٌادارةٌالدولةٌالعراقيةٌللمرحلةٌ‬
‫االنتقالية‪ٌ،‬تمتدٌوتستمرٌالىٌالسلطةٌالتنفيذيةٌالمنتخبةٌبموجبٌهذاٌالدستور‪ٌ،‬علىٌأنٌتنجزٌكاملةٌ(التطبيع‪ٌ،‬االحصاء‪ٌ،‬وتنتهيٌباستفتاءٌفيٌكركوكٌ‬
‫والمناطقٌاالخرىٌالمتنازعٌعليها‪ٌ،‬لتحديدٌارادةٌمواطنيها) فيٌمدةٌأقصاهاٌالحاديٌوالثالثونٌمنٌشهرٌكانونٌاالولٌسنةٌالفينٌوسبعة‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)141‬‬
‫يستمرٌالعملٌبالقوانينٌالتيٌتمٌٌتشريعهاٌفيٌاقليمٌكوردستانٌمنذٌعامٌ‪ٌ،1992‬وتُع ُدٌالقراراتٌالمتخذةٌمنٌٌحكومةٌاقليمٌكوردستانٌـٌبماٌفيهاٌ‬
‫قراراتٌالمحاكمٌوالعقودٌـٌنافذةٌالمفعول‪ٌ،‬ماٌلمٌيتمٌتعديلهاٌاوٌالغاؤهاٌحسبٌقوانينٌاقليمٌكوردستان‪ٌ،‬منٌقبلٌالجهةٌالمختصةٌفيها‪ٌ،‬وماٌلمٌتكنٌ‬
‫مخالفةٌلهذاٌالدستور‪.‬‬
‫املادة ( ‪:)142‬‬
‫اوالٌ‪ :‬يشكلٌمجلسٌالنوابٌفيٌبدايةٌعملهٌلجنةٌمنٌأعضائهٌتكونٌممثلةٌللمكوناتٌالرئيسةٌفيٌالمجتمعٌالعراقي‪ٌ،‬مهمتهاٌتقديمٌٌتقريرٌالىٌ‬
‫مجلسٌالنواب‪ٌ،‬خاللٌمدةٌالٌتتجاوزٌأربعةٌأشهر‪ٌ،‬يتضمنٌتوصيةٌبالتعديالتٌالضروريةٌالتيٌيمكنٌاجراؤهاٌعلىٌالدستور‪ٌ،‬وتُحلٌاللجنةٌبعدٌالبتٌ‬
‫فيٌمقترحاتها‪.‬‬
‫ثانياٌ‪ :‬تعرضٌالتعديالتٌالمقترحةٌمنٌقبلٌاللجنةٌدفعةٌواحدةٌعلىٌٌمجلسٌالنوابٌللتصويتٌعليها‪ٌ،‬وتُعدٌمقرةٌبموافقةٌاألغلبيةٌالمطلقةٌلعددٌ‬
‫أعضاءٌالمجلس‪.‬‬
‫ثالثاٌ‪ :‬تطرحٌالموادٌالمعدلةٌمنٌقبلٌمجلسٌالنوابٌوفقاٌلماوردٌفيٌالبندٌ(ثانياٌ) منٌهذهٌالمادةٌعلىٌالشعبٌلالستفتاءٌعليها‪ٌ،‬خاللٌمدةٌالٌتزيدٌ‬
‫علىٌشهرينٌٌمنٌتأريخٌاقرارٌالتعديلٌفيٌمجلسٌالنواب‪.‬‬
‫رابعاٌ‪ :‬يكونٌاالستفتاءٌعلىٌالموادٌالمعدلةٌناجحا‪ٌ،‬بموافقةٌاغلبيةٌالمصوتين‪ٌ،‬واذاٌلمٌيرفضهٌثلثاٌالمصوتينٌفيٌثالثٌمحافظاتٌأوٌاكثر‪.‬‬
‫خامساٌ‪ :‬يستثنىٌماٌوردٌفيٌهذهٌالمادةٌمنٌاحكامٌالمادةٌ( ‪ ) 126‬المتعلقةٌبتعديلٌالدستورٌ‪ٌ،‬الىٌحينٌاالنتهاءٌمنٌالبتٌفيٌالتعديالتٌ‬
‫المنصوصٌعليهاٌفيٌهذهٌالمادة‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)143‬‬
‫يلغىٌقانونٌادارةٌالدولةٌالعراقيةٌللمرحلةٌاالنتقالية‪ٌ،‬وملحقه‪ٌ،‬عندٌقيامٌالحكومةٌالجديدة‪ٌ،‬باستثناءٌماٌوردٌفيٌالفقرةٌ(أ) منٌالمادةٌ‬
‫(‪ )53‬والمادةٌ(‪ )58‬منه‪.‬‬
‫املادة (‪:)144‬‬
‫يُع ُدٌهذاٌالدستورٌنافذا‪ٌ،‬بعدٌموافقةٌالشعبٌعليهٌباالستفتاءٌالعام‪ٌ،‬ونشرهٌفيٌالجريدةٌالرسمية‪ٌ،‬وتشكيلٌالحكومةٌبموجبه‪.‬‬
Iraqi Constitution
 The new Iraqi Constitution recognizes the concept of human rights in
accordance with Iraq’s international obligations.
:)8( ‫املادة‬
‫ ويسعى حلل الن زاعات بالوسائل‬،‫ ويلتزم بعدم التدخل يف الشؤون الداخلية للدول االخرى‬،‫يرعى العراق مبدأ حسن اجلوار‬
.‫ وَيِتم إلتزاماته الدولية‬،‫ ويقيم عالقاته على اساس املصاحل املشِتكة والتعامل باملثل‬،‫السلمية‬
Iraq Constitution, Article 8
 Consequently, Iraq must recognize all the rights underscored in any
international convention it has ratified.
LEGISLATIVE DELEGATION
 The Constitution delegates to the legislature the power to enact laws regarding
many areas:
 Citizenship
 Personal status
 Political asylum
 Right to form unions
 Assembly
 Religious endowments and affairs
 Establishment and joining of political
parties
 Confiscation of property
 Free movement of workers
 Goods and capital
 Investments
 Administration of State property
 Exemption from taxes for low-income
people
 Social security and health insurance
 Right to build medical facilities
 Rights of disabled persons
 Private education
 Role of civil society
 Elections
 Structure and membership of the
Council of Union
 Powers of the council of Representatives
and of Prime Minister
Nomination for presidency
Functions of the ministries
Salaries and allowances for the Prime
Minister and Ministers
Federal judiciary
 Impeachment and disciplinary action of
judges
 Structure of the Federal Supreme Court
 Security and Intelligence Services
Responsibility of Military Judiciary
 Functions of the Independent agencies
 Functions of the regions and provinces
Extraction of oil and gas
 Customs and duties
‫‪CONFLICTS EMBEDDED IN IRAQI CONSTITUTION‬‬
‫‪ The Constitution does not consider Islam to be the main source of legislation.‬‬
‫‪Neither does it consider Islam to be the only criterion for constitutionalism.‬‬
‫المادة (‪:)2‬‬
‫اوالً ‪:‬ـ االسالم دين الدولة الرسمي‪ ،‬وهو مصد ٌر اساس للتشريع‪:‬‬
‫قانون يتعارض مع ثوابت احكام االسالم‪.‬‬
‫أ ـ ال يجوز سن‬
‫ٍ‬
‫قانون يتعارض مع مبادئ الديمقراطية‪.‬‬
‫ب ـ ال يجوز سن‬
‫ٍ‬
‫قانون يتعارض مع الحقوق والحريات االساسية الواردة في هذا الدستور‪.‬‬
‫ج ـ ال يجوز سن‬
‫ٍ‬
‫ثانيا ً ‪:‬ـ يضمن هذا الدستور الحفاظ على الهوية االسالمية لغالبية الشعب العراقي‪ ،‬كما ويضمن كامل الحقوق‬
‫الدينية لجميع االفراد في حرية العقيدة والممارسة الدينية‪ ،‬كالمسيحيين‪ ،‬وااليزديين‪ ،‬والصابئة المندائيين‪.‬‬
‫‪Iraq Constitution, Article 2‬‬
‫‪ This leaves what appears to be a contradiction.‬‬
‫‪Which provision will‬‬
‫‪triumph if there arises a‬‬
‫‪dispute between a‬‬
‫‪principle of equality and‬‬
‫?‪a principle of Islam‬‬
SESSION 8: LEGISLATIVE DRAFTING
AND INTERNATIONAL LIMITATIONS

International Law in National Courts.

Iraqi Obligations in accordance with International Conventional
Law.

Reservations made by Iraq to International Conventions.

A Case Study on the Restriction of Marriage to a Foreigner under
National Law and International Law.
INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS
IRAQI RATIFICATIONS: EXAMPLES
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 25 Jan 1971
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 25 Jan 1971
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women 13 Aug 1986
Convention on the Rights of the Child 15 Jun 1994
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination 14 Jan
1970
United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially
Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against
Transnational Organized Crime. Dec 2008
United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 5 March 1990
RESERVATIONS
 The Constitution also establishes Islam as the official religion, recognizes
Islam as a source of legislation, recognizes Islam as part of the Moslem world
and guarantees the Islamic identity of the majority.
 Iraq has made a number of reservations to International Conventions.
EXAMPLES OF RESERVATIONS:
• ARTICLE 16 CEDAW: RIGHT OF WOMEN TO MARRY
Article 16 CEDAW provides for equality of men and women regarding the
right to marry, the right to choose a spouse and the right to dissolve a
marriage.
•ARTICLE 2(F) CEDAW: HARMFUL CUSTOMARY PRACTICES
State Parties must… “take all appropriate measures, including
legislation, to modify or abolish existing laws, regulations,
customs and practices, which constitute discrimination against
women.”
• ARTICLE 2(G) CEDAW: DISCRIMINATORY PENAL PROVISIONS
State Parties undertake… “to repeal all national penal provisions
which constitute discrimination against women.”
- The Iraqi Penal Code contains numerous provisions that are discriminatory
towards women:
 Paragraph 41: There is no crime where a husband is exercising his right to discipline his wife.
 Paragraph 377 punishes the adulteress (wife) regardless of the place where the act has been
committed, while the husband is punished for adultery only if he commits the act in the marital
home.
Paragraph 380 provides for a minor sentence of imprisonment not to exceed one year in cases
where the husband induces his wife to commit adultery.
Article 409 provides for a short imprisonment sentence not to exceed three years when the
husband murders his wife upon finding her committing the act of adultery.
• ARTICLE 14 CRC: FREEDOM OF RELIGION
Cases of Sex Discrimination/ Gender
Discrimination
IRAQ PENAL CODE PROVISIONS
-Paragraph 41, provides that there is no crime in a case where a person is
exercising his right to discipline his wife.
-Paragraph 377 punishes the adulteress (wife) regardless of the place where
the act has been committed, while the husband is punished for adultery only
if he commits the act in the marital home.
-Paragraph 380 provides for a minor sentence of imprisonment not to exceed
one year in cases where the husband induces his wife to commit adultery.
-Article 409 provides for a short imprisonment sentence not to exceed three
years when the husband murders his wife upon finding her committing the
act of adultery.
‫‪Convention on the Elimination of All Forms‬‬
‫‪of Discrimination Against Women‬‬
‫‪Article 2: States Parties condemn and eliminate discrimination.‬‬
‫‪Article 3: States Parties take steps in all fields to ensure advancement of women‬‬
‫‪Article 4: Adoption of special measures to accelerate de facto equality and protection‬‬
‫المادة (‪:)49‬‬
‫او ًلا ‪:‬ـ يتكون مجلس النواب من عدد من العضاء بنسبة مقعد واحد لكل مائة ألف نسمة من نفوس‬
‫العراق يمثلون الشعب العراقي بأكمله‪ ،‬يتم انتخابهم بطريق القتراع العام السري المباشر‪ ،‬ويراعى‬
‫تمثيل سائر مكونات الشعب فيه‪.‬‬
‫ثانيًا ا ‪:‬ـ يشترط في المرشح لعضوية مجلس النواب ان يكون عراقيًا ا كامل الهلية‪.‬‬
‫ثالثًا ا ‪:‬ـ تنظم بقانون‪ ،‬شروط المرشح والناخب وكل ما يتعلق بالنتخاب‪.‬‬
‫رابعًا ا ‪:‬ـ يستهدف قانون النتخابات تحقيق نسبة تمثيل للنساء ل تقل عن الربع من عدد اعضاء‬
‫مجلس النواب‪.‬‬
‫خامسًا ا ‪:‬ـ يقوم مجلس النواب بسنً قانونً يعالج حالت استبدال اعضائه عند الستقالة أو القالة أو‬
‫الوفاة‪.‬‬
‫سادسًا ا ‪:‬ـ ل يجوز الجمع بين عضوية مجلس النواب‪ ،‬وأي عمل‪ ،‬أو منصبً رسمي آخر‪.‬‬
‫‪Iraq Constitution‬‬
Article 5: States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to modify the social and
cultural patterns of conduct of men and women.
For Instance, in Morocco
“Article 51 of the family Code of 2005 provides
that “The wife shall bear with the husband the responsibility of
managing the household and caring for children” which constitutes a
deviation from the traditional rule that the husband has the duty of
maintenance while the wife is responsible for the household and
raising children.
Article 6: Legislative Steps against prostitution and trafficking.
Trafficking in women may be for other purposes such as trafficking for
childbearing “giving birth to a child and taking the child away” as
provided in the Israeli Law October 22, 2006
Article 7: Equal rights in political and public life.
Article 8: Equal rights to represent their government internationally and participate in
international organizations.
Article 9: Equal rights on issues of nationality of self and children.
Article 10: Equal rights in all fields of education.
Article 11: Eliminate discrimination in all fields of employment.
Article 12: Eliminate discrimination in health care; ensure services in connection
with pregnancy.
Article 13: Ensure equality in family benefits, financial aspects and cultural life.
Article 14: Eliminate discrimination of and ensure development for rural women.
Article 15: Legal equality.
Article 16: Eliminate discrimination and assure equal rights in family matters and
marriage.
Definition of Violence Against Women: Comprehensive
United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Violence Against Women
1993, Article 2 defines violence against women to include:
a. Physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring in the
family, including battering, sexual abuse of female children in the household,
dowry-related violence, marital rape, female genital mutilation and other
traditional practices harmful to women, non-spousal violence and violence
related to exploitation;
b. physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring within the
general community, including rape, sexual abuse, sexual harassment and
intimidation at work; in educational institutes and elsewhere, trafficking in
women and forced prostitution;
c. physical, sexual and psychological violence perpetrated or
condoned by the state, wherever it occurs.
THE RESERVATION ARTICLE –
THE “SWISS CHEESE RATIFICATION
The CEDAW has more reservations than any
other Convention.
 Most reservations are to Articles 2 and 16

EXAMPLES OF RESERVATIONS TO CEDAW
Specific Reservations:
 Israel: Reservation regarding Article 7(b) concerning the appointment of women to serve as judges
of religious courts
 Algeria, Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia,
U.A.E: Reservation regarding article 9 concerning the granting to women equal rights with men with
respect to the nationality of their children.
 Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, France, Pakistan, Singapore: Reservation regarding Article 29
concerning submission to the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice.
General Reservations:
 Saudi Arabia
“In case of contradiction between any term of the Convention and norms of Islamic Law, the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is not under obligation to observe the contradictory terms of the Convention”
FAILURE TO RATIFY CEDAW
Iran,
Sudan,
Qatar,
Somalia,
The United States,
Nauru,
Poland,
Tonga.
NO!
The US Question?
(1) General attitude of distrust of the UN and the UN Conventions: The US did not ratify the CRC; most
ILO Conventions [till 2004: 14 out of 162]; The Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; The
Convention on the Protection of the Rights of all Migrant Workers and Members of their Family.
(2) Then there is the “Federalism” argument, that many of the obligations stated in the convention are
state responsibility not the federal government, including education or medical care, etc.
(3) But there are also Specific objections: Article 6: Allows prostitution; Article 10: Allows sex education;
Article 12: Allows abortion in family planning; Article 16: allows same sex marriage; Article 29: allows
for the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice.
(3) Enforcement and Compliance
Reporting
There are seven Conventions that require State Parties to submit reports:







The Convention of Civil and Political Rights, art 40
The Convention on Economic, social, and cultural Rights art 16, 17
Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Racial discrimination art 9
The Convention against Torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading
treatment or punishment art 19
The Convention on protection of the rights of all migrant workers and members
of their families art 73
The Convention on the Rights of the child art 44
The Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against women
art 18
Reporting under CEDAW
Concluding Comments
The only jurisdiction the Committee has is to conduct constructive dialogue by
submitting concluding remarks.

EXAMPLES OF CONCLUDING COMMENTS:
Syria:
•Raising awareness about the provisions of the Convention
•Incorporating the definition of sex discrimination in
Article 2 of the Constitution
•Modifying the Nationality Law
•Amending the personal status law
•Drafting a comprehensive law against violence against
women
•Providing shelters for victims of violence against women
•Drafting a specific law against trafficking in person
•Increasing women’s participation in local councils
•Use a quota system in political parties
•Include sexual harassment in labor law
•Enable civil society and NGOs to work freely
•Present the reports before the Punishment for debate
Withdrawal of reservations 2, 4, 9, 15 and 16
Saudi Arabia:
•Reconsider its reservations to the Convention
•Lack of Law on “violence against women”
•The labor law does not apply to domestic workers
•Lack of a specific law on combating trafficking in persons
•Lack of women’s participation in the Suna Council
•Non-Compliance with article 9 of the Convention regarding
Nationality
•There is no minimum age of marriage
•Ratification of the optional protocol
Lebanon:
•Drafting a personal status law that applies to all Lebanese
regardless of their religion or sect
•Review of educational curricula regarding the role of men
and women
•Punishing perpetrators of honor killing
•Making martial rape a crime
•Enacting a law regarding domestic workers
•Protecting victims of trafficking in person
•Drafting a law against domestic violence
•Withdraw reservations regarding article 16
•Ratification of the optional protocol
The Optional Protocol to CEDAW

The Optional Protocol is a supplementary document to CEDAW.
The Optional Protocol was adopted on October 6, 1999 and entered into force on
December 22, 2000.

At least 90 countries have ratified the optional protocol to the Convention on the
Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women.

The Optional protocol provides access to justice for women at the international level,
when they are denied access to justice at the national level, without creating any new
substantive rights.


A similar mechanism for Individual complaints is created under:
- The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)
- The Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment (CAT)
- The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination
(CERD)
Optional Protocol, Article 2 and 3
Communication No 5/2005
State Party Challenged: AUSTRIA
Articles Alleged to be Violated:
1, 2, 3, and 5
FACTS: The victim was the subject of
various violent attacks from her husband.
He repeatedly choked her and threatened
to kill her, which the victim reported to the
police. The victim was then shot by her
husband in front of her two daughters but
survived. Subsequently, the husband
stabbed and killed the victim while she was
on her way to work.
Communication No 10/2005
State Party Challenged: UNITED KINGDOM
Articles Alleged to be Violated:
2 and 3
FACTS: The victim, a Pakistani national
was rejected asylum from the UK. She
applied on the grounds that her life was
under threat from her ex-husband who had
subjected her to marital rape and had
threatened to kill her at knife-point. Her
appeal was rejected by the UK Courts and
the European Court of Human Rights. In
both cases, the Court encouraged her to
relocate within Pakistan.
Communication No 4/2004
State Party Challenged: HUNGARY
Articles Alleged to be Violated:
10 (h), 12 and 16, paragraph 1 (e)
FACTS: Hungarian Roma women had a
caesarean operation after going into labor.
The caesarean also involved sterilization
for which the victim signed a consent form
while on the operating table. The victim
argued that she had not been sufficiently
informed of the sterilization and could not
remember signing the consent note.
Communication No 2/2003
State Party Challenged: HUNGARY
Articles Alleged to be Violated:
2 (a and b), 3, 5(a) and 16
FACTS: The victim was the subject of
domestic violence at the hands of her
husband. After moving out the husband
broke into her home after locks were
changed and severely hurt the victim; she
required hospitalization. The husband was
granted the right to enter his home because
of his right to property.
Iraq Civil Status Law No. 65/1972
Iraqi Official Gazette – Issue No. 2154
Date: June 18, 1972
age No.:
Chapter No.:
In the Name of the People
The Revolution Command Council
By virtue of the provisions of Article 42, Paragraph (a) of the Provisional
Constitution and based on the presentation of the Minister of Interior;
The Revolution Command Council, in its session of May 25, 1972, decided
enacting the following Law:
Chapter I
Definitions
Article 1:
The following words/phrases shall have the meaning assigned next to them:
1.The Minister: The Minister of Interior
2.The Director General: The Director General of the Civil Status
3.The Directorate General: The Directorate General of the Civil Status
4.An Administrative Employee: The Governor, Deputy Governor, Head of a District and Head of a SubDistrict
5.The Director of the Civil Status: The Representative of the Directorate of the Civil Status in the
governorate center or in the district center with more than one hundred thousand people and where
there is a need for establishing a Directorate of the Civil Status
6. The Civil Status Registrar: The civil status officer in charge of recording the civil status facts and
events in the civil register
7. The Civil Status: What is recorded in the Register in accordance with this Law; including
physical, personal and family qualities that distinguish a person from another person and their
capacity in the family
8. The competent health authority: the Health Directorate in the Capital and its aides, as well as the
medical centers in the governorates and whoever is authorized by the Minister of Health
9. The Iraqi citizen: Any person who enjoys the Iraqi nationality
10. Taxable Peron: All Iraqis and foreigners who are present in Iraq
11. The Civil Status Register: The basic Register which includes the Iraqi civil status entries
12. The Events’ Register: the Register which includes all details of the various civil status events of
Iraqis and foreigners residing in Iraq.
13. Sub-registration: A complementary registration process for the civil status of the population of
one or more governorates whenever the need arises
14. Event: any civil status event such as birth, marriage, divorce, death…etc.
15. Entry: Iraqi citizen’s data in the Civil Status Register
16. Name: the name of a person which distinguishes him from other persons in the Civil Status
Register
17. Family: anyone who is married or was married, whether a man, woman or both and their
children if any; the husband shall be the head of the family, and if he dies, the head of the family
shall be the wife or whoever the family agrees to be its head for the purposes of this Law
18. Family Name: the name of the family which distinguishes it from other families and which is
recorded in the Civil Status Register
19. The Civil Status Card (the Identity Card): a legal card, issued by the Directorate General or its
subsidiary departments based on the person’s entry in the Civil Status Register, to identify the Iraqi
citizens in accordance with a special form approved by the Director General.
Chapter II
The Duties of the Directorate General of the Civil Status
Article 2:
The Directorate General of the Civil Status shall be responsible for all things related to the registration
of the civil status of Iraqis inside and outside Iraq and maintaining the foreigners’ records who are
registered in the public registration in 1957. The Directorate General organizes these events in the form
of clear and detailed entries that are recorded in special records. The Directorate General and its
subsidiary departments may request any agency/entity to provide what is needed to control the
information in their entries, records and statistics. One or more departments shall be established in the
center of every administrative unit to be in charge of registering the civil status of the unit’s citizens by
virtue of the provisions of this Law.
Article 3:
The Director General may determine the record templates, forms and official documents in relation
with the Directorate General’s work, how they are used and may add to them other forms/templates as
he deems necessary.
Article 4:
If necessary, the Minister may decide to conduct a sub-registration process; the procedures of
such a process shall be identified by a regulation.
Chapter III
The Civil Status Register and the Sub-Registers
Article 5:
The Civil Status Register which was established after the completion of the registration process
in 1957 is considered a firm basis for the civil status events. The Director General may, with the
consent of the Minister, add new registers from sub-registration process whenever the need
arises.
Article 6:
1.The Directorate General shall keep in its bureau the first version of the Civil Status Register
where it documents the events, markings, additions and deletions which are inserted in the
entries in the second version distributed to the civil status departments in the administrative
units by virtue of the official documents presented in accordance with the provisions of the Law.
2. All the explanations in the Civil Status Register shall be considered legal and can not be
challenged unless proved otherwise by a decision of a competent authority under the provisions
of this Law.
3. a) The relevant Department of Civil Status must provide the Technical Division in the Bureau
of the Directorate General with the second copies of the documents executed in the second
version of the Civil Status Register under the recommendation of the Director General.
b) Information from the documents mentioned in Section (a) of this Article can be extracted
from the subsidiary records and can be executed in the Civil Status Register for the period prior
to the enforcement of this Law.
Article 7:
The entries in the Civil Status Register and the explanations in the Events Register shall be
confidential. These Registers may be accessed only by the relevant persons, the competent
employees, inspectors, the judicial power, prosecution and the recruiting officers to the extent
that is relevant to their work.
Article 8:
The competent Civil Status employee shall be responsible for any manipulation, alteration or
misuse of the Civil Status Register and the Events Register in his department. Any amendment,
correction, alteration, addition, deletion, omission or mistake that takes place must be certified
by his signature, name, date of the transaction and reference to the document by virtue of which
the transaction was executed.
Article 9:
The Directorate General and its subsidiary departments should provide the official and semiofficial departments, trade unions, professional associations, federations and associations of
public interest with copies of the entries they require after having them certified by the Director
General or whoever he authorizes. Such copies shall be exempted from the stamp duty.
Article 10:
Every person, his parents, children, spouse or whoever legally represents him may ask the
competent Department of the Civil Status to provide him with copies of the 1975 entries which
are relevant to him or to his family provided that these copies are certified by the Director
General or whoever he authorizes. The photographs of the relevant people shall be affixed to the
copies, and stamp duty shall be charged.
The copies of the entries mentioned in Paragraph (1) of this Article may be restricted to
some entry explanations which are recorded in the Civil Status Register in agreement
between the Directorate General and the relevant entities.
Article 11:
The certified copies of the entries shall have the same capacity as the family book and the
ID card in all transactions.
Article 12:
1.The Minister may send copies of foreigners’ entries which are extracted from the public
registration from to their governments via the Ministry of Foreign Affairs provided that
they do the same.
2.The Minister may provide foreign entities with copies of Iraqi citizens’ entries provided
that they do the same.
Chapter IV
Names and Family Names
Article 13:
1.A name shall be considered full if it includes the person’s name, father’s name,
grandfather’s name and the family name consecutively, if available. A person should use
his full name in the legal translations, and the official and semi-official departments, in all
their transactions, should abide by the full name based on the ID card, Family Book or a
copy of the entry that is issued under the provisions of this Law.
2.If the name is not full, the relevant person must complete it in the way outlined in this
Law.
Article 14:
1.Every person shall enjoy a family name that he is known with, chose or had in the way that will be
outlined in a regulation.
2.A person’s family name shall be registered upon sub-registration, new registration or a written
application to the relevant Department of the Civil Status which in turn should send the application
with its comments to the Director General or whoever he delegates to announce it for one time at
the expense of the applicant in one of the ordinary announcement methods. After seven days of the
date of announcement, if no objection is filed by other persons, the Director General or whoever he
delegates shall add the family name. If an objection is filed, the applicant shall be asked to contact
the Court of Conciliation in the place where the objection was filed in order to settle the case and
get the necessary verdict in this regard.
Article 15:
The children in the family shall bear their father’s family name. The Civil Status officer must add this
family name when he records the birth event in the family sheet in the Civil Status Register.
Article 16:
1. By virtue of a decision by the Director General or whoever he delegates, a wife may:
a. enjoy her husband’s family name upon his consent;
b. restore her family name before marriage (maiden family name) upon the consent of the
husband or whoever legally represents him; and
c. restore her maiden family name if she is widowed.
2. In any case of dissolution of the marriage contract by an absolute decision, one of the spouses, or
their representatives, may relief the wife from the husband’s family name which she has enjoyed
under the provisions of this Article and she may restore her maiden family name.
Chapter V
Addition, Omission, Deletion and Correction
Article 17:
If it is found that a certain piece of data is not recorded in the Civil Status Register, or if there is
an extra piece of data, including the family name, the Director General or whoever he delegates
may give instructions to either add or delete that piece of data in the way that will be stipulated by
a regulation based on the due legal documents.
Article 18:
a.The entries which are repeated and illegitimate, as well as the entries of those who
lost the Iraqi nationality, the entries of the Iraqis which do not comply with the legal
conditions, the entries of foreigners who are recorded by mistake in the Civil Status
Register and the entries of those who are registered as Iraqis and they were proved to
be foreigners shall be deleted by a decision of the Director General or his delegate in
the way that will be stipulated by a regulation.
b.A family member may file a case in the competent Court of Conciliation to nullify
and delete any entry/entries of the family members who are allegedly not members of
that family. The Court shall grant access to the concerned people from the family
members and the competent departments in their capacity as third party in the case.
The representative of the Department of the Civil Status shall ask the Court to do so.
Article 19:
1. The Director General or his delegate may, upon a written application by the entry bearer, family
head, stakeholder and the relevant official and semi-official departments, ask for the correction of
all the data which have errors or are unclear in the Civil Status Register entries based on official
documents issued by a competent entity.
2. The Director General or his delegate may, upon the written application by the entry bearer
and family head, change the occupation, academic status, physical impairments and
distinguishing marks whenever a change occurs in these respects.
3. The party that issues the documents based on which the events are recorded in the Civil
Status Register shall be committed to correcting any mistakes or lack of clarity provided this
does not conflict with the provisions of Article 27 of this Law.
4. The copies of birth and death entries may not be accepted unless their contents are recorded
in the Civil Status Register and they are certified by the relevant Department of the Civil Status.
5. The relevant person mentioned in Paragraphs (1) and (2) of this Article may challenge the
decision of the Director General before the competent Court of Conciliation within thirty days
of the notification date of the decision in this regard.
Article 20:
1.A person may correct his full name, mother’s name and grandfather’s name from the mother’s
side which are recorded in the Civil Status Register for one time only under the provisions of
this Law and he may change his first name and family name for one time only provided he does
not change the parents’ and grandparents’ names.
2.A non-Muslim person may convert to another religion under the provisions of this Law.
Article 21:
1.A lawsuit for changing the name or family name or correcting the age and the parents’ and
grandparents’ names recorded in the Civil Status Register may be filed in the Court of Conciliation
if it was not possible to prove the correction before the Directorate of the Civil Status by virtue of
Article 19 of this Law upon the request of the entry bearer or any relevant person with the
exceptions outlined in Article 28 of this Law. In changing the name or family name, there should be
compelling reasons for such a change. The Court shall announce the change application in one of
the newspapers for one time at the expense of the applicant and shall decide on the case after ten
days at least as of the announcement date. The verdict/decision shall be implemented after enjoying
the absolute status.
2. Converting to a different religion shall take place in the Shari’a Court or the Personal Status
Court according to their competencies. The name may be changed by these courts if it is
combined with the conversion of religion. The decision and Shari’a evidence issued in this regard
shall be recorded in the Civil Status Register.
3. The minor children shall follow the religion of the parent who converted to Islam.
Article 22:
The Director General or his delegate shall be the opponent in the lawsuit which is filed under the
provisions of this Law.
Article 23:
The employee who is delegated on behalf of the Director General in the lawsuit which is filed
under this Law is not required to have a bachelor degree in law.
Article 24:
The plaintiff shall be responsible for paying the fees, wages and expenses he spends/incurs in the
lawsuit which is filed under the provisions of this Law regardless of the outcome of the lawsuit.
Article 25:
The lawsuit shall be filed in a court in the person’s place of registration, and the plaintiff should
produce to the court a copy of his entry and a copy of the entry of his family members duly
certified from the relevant Civil Status Department.
Article 26:
If the case concerns the right of a third party, the court and the Civil Status employee must involve
the third party in the case. A third party may include:
1.The father and mother, if the correction application concerns one of them;
2.The brothers and sisters if the correction application concerns both or one of the parents’ entry, if
one of them was dead. If some of them could not be involved, the court may suffice by those
available for reasons it estimates without prejudice to the right of others.
3.The guardian, trustee or custodian if the change or correction application concerns a person who
lacks eligibility or who is absent. In case these people are not available, the third party shall be the
representative of the Minors Fund Directorate.
4.The department head, institution director, trade union/professional association president or
director general of the Pension and Social Security Corporation or his delegate if the change or
correction application concerns one of the people involved in the service or pension laws.
5.The head of the competent health authority or his delegate if the change or correction application
concerns the date of birth by virtue of the birth certificate. The prosecutor must produce a copy of
the birth certificate.
6.The director of the public recruitment or his delegate if the change or correction application
concerns the name, family name or age of one of the persons who are included under the provision
of the Military Service Law, or if the correction of age would ??? the age of the military service, or if
it concerns the correction of his father’s or grandfather’s correct name.
7.The head of the department – or his delegate – who is in charge of disbursement of the pension if
the change or correction concerns a pensioner or someone with a right to pension.
Article 27:
1.The lawsuit shall be rejected if the change/correction application would inflict harm to minors’ rights.
2.Courts shall not look into any change/correction lawsuits:
1.if the application shows that the birth event took place after the execution of the birth notification
recorded in the Civil Status Register under the 1957 public registration or after recording the person
in the Civil Status Register according to the December 10, 1957 registration or after the date of
registration for a second time in the Civil Status Register under the mentioned registration.
2.if the application involves the correction of the date of birth if the even of birth takes place in a
public or private hospital.
3.if the application conflicts with the date of birth which is duly certified by a competent official
entity and enjoys the absolute status; this is regarding the people who are included under the service
and pension laws.
4.if the application concerns a change/correction that was made by a competent court or relevant
official entity and enjoys the absolute status.
Article 28:
The correction of the ages of the people who are subject to the provisions of the Military Service Law shall
be the responsibility of the recruits testing committees in the following conditions without prejudice to the
provisions of Article 27, Paragraph 2, of this Law. Two copies of their decision shall be sent to the
competent Civil Status Department.
1.If the age of the registered person is between the beginning of the nineteen years old and the end of the
forty five years old based on the Calendar year and completes the age of eighteen years as of the first day of
the first month of the year in which he turns out eighteen.
2.If the person had been invited to the military service and his date of birth was documented based on the
first invitation for those who were born in 1917 or if he is already in the army in the capacity of a volunteer.
3.If there is doubt that the registered person’s age is not eligible for military service provided that the
correction be within the military service age.
Article 29:
Without prejudice to the provisions of Article 28 of this Law, the absolute decisions of the objection
committee stated in Article 4, Paragraph 2, of the Military Service Law No. 65/1969 in the Civil Status
Register as well as the recruits testing committees after enjoying the absolute status when the objection
period elapses or if no objection is filed against them. The mentioned committees shall provide the
relevant Civil Status Department with two copies of the decisions for the purpose of implementing them.
Chapter VI
The Civil Status Events
New Registration
Article 30:
Every Iraqi whose registration was not possible in the public registration process shall be registered after
checking his nationality as well as any foreigner who obtains the Iraqi nationality in accordance with a
way that shall be outlined by a regulation.
Article 31:
The birth and death events shall be registered in the Civil Status Register by virtue of certificates that are
issued in accordance with the Births and Deaths Registration Law.
Article 32:
1.The Juvenile Court shall confidentially send a copy of the relevant decision to the Directorate General to
designate the name of foundlings or anyone whose parents are not know, the date and place of birth, the
institution which hosts him and the date of finding him.
2.Any foundling shall be considered an Iraqi Muslim unless proved otherwise.
1.The Juvenile Court shall send the Ministry of Health and the Directorate General a copy of the
decision on the arrangements of the child who lacks enough information concerning his parents’ sheet
and their names because one/both of them are dead or one/both of them are absent. The copy of the
decision shall include the name of the child, his family name, his parents’ and grandparents’ names,
date and place of birth and age based on the report of a forensic doctor. The Ministry of Health shall
issue the birth certificate.
2.The birth events of foundlings, children of unknown parents, children of people who are absent,
deceased or those people who have been severed for the notification period mentioned in the Law shall
exclude the birth and death events. The Juvenile Court decision shall serve as a notification in this
regard.
Article 33:
The foundling, children of unknown parents, children of people who are absent, missing, deceased and
illegitimate children shall be registered in the way outlined in a regulation.
Article 34:
Upon receiving a birth certificate from a non-Iraqi father, the relevant Civil Status Department shall
record the data in the form of an entry that is added to the family’s sheet in the Civil Status Register in
the way outlined in a regulation.
Article 35:
Upon receiving the death certificate, the relevant Civil Status employee who is responsible for that
entry shall record the death event in the Events Register. The deceased person’s entry and the entry of
his children in the Civil Status Register shall be marked accordingly. The marital status shall be
amended consequently.
Article 36:
A special sheet may be opened in the Civil Status Register for every new family.
Marriage, Divorce, Dissolving Marriage and Separation
Article 37:
1.The Shari’a Courts and Personal Status Courts shall provide the relevant Civil Status Department
with two copies of the marriage, divorce, dissolving marriage or separation deed after enjoying the
absolute status. It should include the number of the sheet, civil status register and name of the civil
status department from the civil status ID card for the spouses, if available, as well as a description of
the status of the spouses before marriage.
2.If the spouses did not produce the civil status ID card and the court decided to register the marriage,
it may keep the deed mentioned in Paragraph (1) of this Article until the ID card is provided and give
the spouses a marriage registration certificate.
3.The marriage, divorce, dissolving marriage or separation of an Iraqi woman from a foreigner, the
wife’s entry shall be marked in the Civil Status Register. The husband and his children shall only be
registered with her when the husband obtains the Iraqi nationality.
4.The marriage, divorce, dissolving marriage or separation of an Iraqi man from his foreign wife shall
be registered in the Events Register. The husband’s entry shall be marked in the Civil Status Register
and his children shall be registered with him.
5.Anyone of the two spouses may file a lawsuit before the Shari’a or Personal Status Courts to correct
the date of marriage, divorce, dissolving marriage or separation, spouse’s name in the Shari’a evidence.
6. If both spouses died and left children and their marriage contract has not been registered, the
guardian, trustee or custodian may file a lawsuit against one of the heirs or against anyone who is
legally eligible to act as an opponent for the purpose of proving the marriage and parenthood.
7. If one of the spouses died and the marriage contract has not been registered, the live spouse may file
a lawsuit against one of the heirs of the deceased spouse or against anyone who is legally eligible to act
as an opponent for the purpose of proving the marriage.
8.In case of marriage, divorce, dissolving marriage or separation before consummation, this shall be
marked in the Civil Status Register so that every one of the spouses returns back to their status before
marriage in the way outlined by a regulation.
9.Upon receiving the deeds mentioned in this Article, the Civil Status Department should register
them in the Events Register and unite or split both spouses entries in the way outlined by a regulation.
Article 38:
Every Iraqi who lives outside Iraq should report to the relevant Iraqi Consulate or an equivalent entity
any event of marriage, divorce, dissolving marriage or separation that he is involved in under this Law.
This shall be based on the data issued by the competent foreign entities after having them certified by
the Iraqi Mission or an equivalent entity or based on the approval of that Mission in case the person in
question does not have the mentioned data. It shall report such events to the Director General for the
purpose of registering and marking them in the Civil Status Register provided that such events do not
conflict with the provisions of the Iraqi laws.
Upon the recommendation of the Director General, the Minister may authorize the Iraqi missions or
their equivalents in the foreign country with all or some of the powers stated in this Law for the purpose
of implementing its provisions. He also may appoint a Civil Status Registrar in any of them, if the need
arises, in the way outlined by a regulation.
The Directorate General shall undertake the transactions stipulated in this law for the Iraqi
communities abroad in the Iraqi Communities Register in the Directorate General’s Bureau in the way
outlined by a regulation.
4. Internal Immigration
Article 39:
1.The permanent place of residence for an Iraqi citizen in Iraq shall be the place where his entry is in the
Civil Status Register and shall be referred to as ‘residence’ for the purposes of this Law.
2.The permanent place of residence for the married woman shall be her husband’s place of residence if
the marital relationship is still valid.
3.The place of residence of a minor after the death of his father shall be the residence of his father and
mother or whoever represents them legally.
Article 40:
If the family head and the family members who are registered with him changed their place of residence
from the district of a Civil Status Department to another administrative unit for the purpose of
permanently residing there, the head of the family should execute the internal immigration statement in
two copies listing the names of the family members whose entries need to be transferred and the
compelling reasons for that. The statement shall be signed by the administrative officer/mayor and two
witnesses in the new place of residence. The statement shall be certified from the competent
administrative employee and shall be submitted by the head of the family to the Civil Status Department
in the place he is moving to in order to obtain the necessary decision by virtue of Article 42 of the Law.
Article 41:
Upon receiving the immigration statement, the Civil Status Department shall ask for a copy of the family
entry from the relevant Civil Status Department. After receiving the copy, it shall send it together with
the first copy of the immigration statement to the Directorate General to issue the necessary decision by
the Director General or his delegate to transfer the entry from the old place of residence to the new place
of residence. At least three years should elapse before another decision may be issued regarding the
transfer to another district, except those who retire after the transfer; provided that they spend the
required period if they apply for the transfer of their entry for another time. Based on the
recommendation of the Director General, the Minister may not apply this Article to maintain the public
interest.
Article 42:
Upon the issuance of the decision by the Director General of his delegate to transfer the entry to the
new place of residence, the Civil Status Department in the new place of residence shall record the
certified entries in the Events Register and open a special sheet in the Civil Status Register and report
this to the Directorate General and the Civil Status Department in the old place of residence.
Article 43:
The one family entries may not be divided into different parts of the Civil Status Register.
Article 44:
The Civil Status Department may transfer the entries of those registered in the public institutions and
other places upon the request of the person(s) in question to their permanent place of residence. This
case shall not be considered as changing the place of residence but rather uniting the entry.
Chapter VII
The Civil Status ID Card
Article 45:
1.Every Iraqi may request the relevant Civil Status Department, in writing, to provide him with a civil
status ID card which is executed according to his entry in the civil register by paying 50 Fils stamp duty.
The ID card should have the photo of the person and be certified from the Director General or his
delegate in the way stipulated by a regulation.
2.The Director General may authorize the civil status directorates in the governorates and the civil
status departments in the districts the power of certifying, binding, pressing, stamping and issuing the
civil status ID cards executed by those directorates/departments or incoming cards from other affiliated
department after being certified.
3. A copy of the photograph on the civil status ID card shall be affixed to the register of dispensing the IDs
in the way outlined in a regulation.
4. The Minister shall determine the term or validity of the civil status ID card. The 1957 family book shall
continue to be applicable until the Minister determines the termination of the family book. This shall be
done by sending a statement to be published in the Official Gazette.
5. The ID card mentioned in Paragraph (1) of this Article shall only be executed if the entry fields were
complete.
6. When the family book was made void in 1957, all the official and semi-official and government
departments shall only accept the Iraqi ID card issued by virtue of Paragraph (1) of this Article.
7. An ID card may be issued without the need for a photograph for the baby who is less than one year old
and for the Muslim women who wear veils in the conservative families who are known to wear such veils.
This shall be certified by the competent administrative employee.
Article 46:
1.The Director General or his delegate may cancel the ID card after withdrawing it, keep it and issue
another one after the payment of one hundred Fils stamp duty by the bearer of the ID in the following
cases:
1.If a decision is issued by a competent entity to correct or change the ID data;
2.After the passage of six years of issuing the ID card for those who have not completed eighteen
years of age;
3.After the passage of ten years of issuing the ID card for those who completed eighteen years of
age;
2.The ID card shall be void after withdrawing and keeping it if the employee made a mistake while
executing it. Another ID card shall be executed after the payment of fifty Fils stamp duty by the bearer if
it was made void before binding it or by the competent employee if it was made void after binding it.
3.An ID card may be issued to replace the lost/damaged one upon the request of the bearer/relevant
person after the Civil Status Department checks how it was lost/damaged. A half Dinar stamp duty shall
be paid.
Chapter VIII
Miscellaneous Provisions
Article 48:
1.The Civil Status Department shall prepare a list of the names of all the males who have to attend for
the military service and who are registered in the Civil Status Register and have completed eighteen
years of age in accordance with the Military Service Law. Two copies of the list shall be sent to the
competent recruiting officer and another copy shall be sent to the district’s Recruitment Directorate.
The Civil Status Department shall ensure the delivery of the three copies to the above mentioned
entities prior to the fifteenth of February of that year’s batch and it shall keep a forth copy.
2.The Civil Status Department shall inform the competent recruiting officer of any new events of
registration, changing the place of residence, deletion, correction and change of name, family name,
names of the parents and grandparents and date of birth of the people who are subject to the provisions
of the Military Service Law within seven days of the date of registration, and it shall mark the Civil
Status Register accordingly.
Article 49:
Every transaction that has to do with any of the Civil Status Register’s entries should bear the numbers
of the sheet and register and the name of the administrative unit.
Article 50:
There should be enough allocations in the Directorate General’s annual budget for the purpose of
printing the registers, data, ID cards and forms.
Article 51:
The Director General may inspect the other civil status directorates/departments and their affiliates
whenever there is a need. He may delegate this task to other employees of the Directorate General.
Article 52:
Whoever commits the following actions shall be punished by imprisonment for not more than three
years or a fine not more than five hundred Dinars or by both penalties:
1.Everyone who knows that he is already registered in the civil status register and he attempts to
register his name for a second time in it.
2.Everyone who did help record a person in the civil status register for a second time and he knew
that person has been already registered.
3.Everyone who is a foreigner and he registered himself as Iraqi while he knows that he is a
foreigner.
4.Everyone who helps a foreigner register himself as Iraqi while he knows that he is a foreigner.
5.Everyone who applies for any registration, addition, change, correction, omission or deletion of
any data in the civil status register in a way that is contrary to the facts.
Article 53:
1.Anyone who violates the provisions of this Law and the ensuing regulations and instructions shall be
punished by imprisonment for not more than three months, a fine not more than ten Dinars or by both
penalties.
2.Any Iraqi who lives outside Iraq and applies for a second time registration shall be excluded from the
provision of Paragraph (1) of this Article.
Article 54:
If the offense liable to be punishment by this Law was also liable to punishment by another law, the
accused person shall receive the more extreme punishment.
Article 55:
Based on a decision by the Director General or his delegate, the civil status departments may transfer
all the events and markings which took place between December 10, 1975 and January 1, 1962 in the
1947 registers to the 1957 registers.
Article 56:
Any text which contradicts or hinders the implementation of the provisions of this Law shall not be
applicable.
Article 57:
Regulations may be issued to facilitate the implementation of the provisions of this Law.
Article 58:
The Civil Status Law No. 189/1964 and its amendments shall be abolished. The provisions of the
regulations issued by virtue of that law shall remain applicable without prejudice to the provisions of
this Law.
Article 59:
This Law shall come into force after two months of the date of publication in the Official Gazette.
Article 60:
The ministers shall implement this Law.
Ahmad Hassan Al-Baker
President of the Revolution Command Council
Published in the Official Gazette No. 2154 on June 18, 1972
The Rationale
Whereas the Revolution Command Council’s Resolution No. 628 of March 6, 1970 delegated the Ministry
of Health to be responsible for the task of the general census stipulated in the Civil Status Law which was
amended by the Central Organization for Statistics and everything that has to do with births and deaths
by virtue of Birth and Death Registration Law No. 148/1971;
Whereas some legislations have been issued regarding the civil status such as the Military Service Law
and the Labor Law; and
Whereas the practical applications showed certain gaps in the Law and for the purpose of easing the
procedures and facilitating the best means to complete the transactions and render the services of the
Directorate of the Civil Status to the citizens outside the country in cooperation with the Iraqi consulates
which shall be authorized to look into the Iraqis’ transactions in the countries which have Iraqi
communities; a new legislation has been considered to replace the applicable law and take into
consideration the above mentioned points;
This Law has been enacted for the above mentioned points.
FOLLOW INTERNATIONAL GUIDELINES
Article 3
For the purposes of this Protocol:
( a ) "Trafficking in persons" shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt
of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of
deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of
payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the
purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of
others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to
slavery, servitude or the removal of organs;
( b ) The consent of a victim of trafficking in persons to the intended exploitation set forth in
subparagraph ( a ) of this article shall be irrelevant where any of the means set forth in subparagraph ( a
) have been used;
( c ) The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of a child for the purpose of
exploitation shall be considered "trafficking in persons" even if this does not involve any of the means
set forth in subparagraph ( a ) of this article;
( d ) "Child" shall mean any person under eighteen years of age.
United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and
Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
Arab Charter of Human Rights 2004
League of Arab States
Article 33
1.
The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society; it is based on marriage
between a man and a woman. Men and women of marrying age have the right to marry and to
found a family according to the rules and conditions of marriage. No marriage can take place
without the full and free consent of both parties. The laws in force regulate the rights and
duties of the man and woman as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.
2.
The State and society shall ensure the protection of the family, the strengthening of family
ties, the protection of its members and the prohibition of all forms of violence or abuse in the
relations among its members, and particularly against women and children. They shall also
ensure the necessary protection and care for mothers, children, older persons and persons with
special needs and shall provide adolescents and young persons with the best opportunities for
physical and mental development.
SESSION 9: AN EXERCISE ON DRAFTING HUMAN
RIGHTS LEGISLATION: CHILD PROTECTION LAW,
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND TRAFFICKING IN
PERSONS
Egyptian Child Protection Law
Iraq Child Protection Law
Model Violence Against Women Law
Domestic Violence as Prohibited in a Comprehensive Act
Albania:
Measure Against Violence in Family Relations Law No. 9669 (2006)
Australia:
Domestic Violence (Amendment) Act (1996)
Bahamas:
Sexual Offenses and Domestic Violence Act (1991)
Bosnia and
Herzegovina:
Law on Protection from Domestic Violence (2005)
Bulgaria:
Protection Against Domestic Violence Act
Cambodia:
The Prevention of Domestic Violence and the Protection of Victims (2005)
Canada:
Domestic Violence Protection 2000
Georgia:
Law of Georgia on Elimination of Domestic Violence, Protection of and Support of Its Victims
Greece:
Domestic Violence and other Provisions Law No. 3500 (2006)
Ghana:
Domestic Violence Act (2007)
Hong Kong:
Domestic Violence Ordinance Cap 189 (1986)
Domestic Violence as Prohibited in a Comprehensive Act
(contd.)
India:
The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (2005)
Ireland:
Domestic Violence Act (1996)
Malaysia:
The Domestic Violence Act (1994)
Mauritius:
The Protection from Domestic Violence (Amendment) Bill No. XIV (2004)
Mongolia:
Law of Mongolia Against Domestic Violence (1999)
New Zealand:
Domestic Violence Act 1995 (Act No. 86 of 1995) (1995)
Pakistan:
The Prevention of Domestic Violence Bill (2005 with 2006 Amendment)
Romania:
Law to Prevent and Fight against Domestic Violence
Sri Lanka:
Prevention of Domestic Violence Act, Law No. 34 (2005)
United
Kingdom:
Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act (2004)
Domestic Violence as Prohibited in a Penal Code
Sweden: Chapter 4 Section 4a; A person who commits criminal acts as defined in Chapter 3, 4, and 6 against
another person having, or have had, a close relationship to the perpetrator shall, if each of the acts formed a part of
an element in a repeated violation of that person’s integrity and suited to severely damage that person’s selfconfidence, be sentenced for gross violation of integrity to imprisonment for at least six months and at most six
years.
If the acts described in the first paragraph were committed by a man against a woman to whom he is, or has been,
married or with whom he is, or has been cohabiting under circumstances comparable to marriage, he shall be
sentenced for gross violation of a woman’s integrity to the same punishment.
Portugal: Penal Code, Article 152; who, with his care, his custody, under the responsibility of its management or
education, or working at your service, particularly minor or helpless person by reason of age, disability, illness or
pregnancy, and: inflict physical or mental abuse or cruel treatment, use in hazardous activities, overload with
excessive work, is punishable with imprisonment from 1 to 5 years if that is not punishable by Article 144.
Norway: Penal Code, Section 219; Any person who threats, duress, deprivation of liberty, violence or any other
wrong grossly or repeatedly maltreats: his former or present spouse, his former or present spouse’s kin in the direct
line of descent, his or her kin in the line of ascent, any person in his or household, or any person in his or her care. If
the maltreatment is gross or the aggrieved person dies or sustains considerable harm to body or health as a result of
the treatment, the penalty shall be imprisonment for a term not exceeding six years.
United States of America
Violence Against Women Act
(1994)
Safe Streets for Women
Federal Penalties for Sex Crimes: Mandatory Restitution for Sex Crimes; Authorization for Federal victim’s counselors
Grants to combat violent crimes against women
Safety for women in public transit and public parks via grants to prevent crime
New evidentiary rules concerning the sexual history in criminal and civil cases
Assistance to Victims of Sexual Assault: Education and prevention grants to reduce sexual assaults against women; Training
programs; Confidentiality of communications between sexual assault or domestic violence victims and their counselors;
Information programs
Safe Houses for Women
 National Domestic Violence Hotline
Encouragement of arrest policies in domestic violence cases
Grant’s for battered women’s shelters
 Youth education and domestic violence
Establishment of community programs on domestic violence
Confidentiality of abused person’s address
Rural domestic violence enforcement assistance
Civil rights for women
Attorney’s fees
Privacy for rape victims
Violence Against Women Act 1994 (contd.)
Equal Justice for Women in the Courts Act
Grants for the education and training of judges and court personnel in state courts and federal courts
Violence Against Women Act Improvements
Enforcement of restitution orders through the suspension of federal benefits
National baseline study on campus sexual assault
Report on battered women’s syndrome, confidentiality of addresses for victims of domestic violence, and on record
keeping relating to domestic violence
National Stalker and domestic violence reduction
Grant program
Criminal information databases
Technical assistance and trainings
Recommendations for intrastate communication
Protections for battered immigrant women and children
Alien petitioning rights for immediate relative or second preference status
 Use of credible evidence in spousal waiver applications
 Suspension of deportation
Violence Against Women Act 2000
Strengthening Law Enforcement to Reduce Violence
Full faith and credit enforcement of protection orders.
Dating violence
Strengthening Service to Victims of Violence
Study of workplace effects from violence against women
Study of unemployment compensation for victims of violence against women
Enhancing protections for older and disabled women from domestic violence
Limiting the Effects of Violence on Children
Safe havens for children pilot program
 Reports on effects of parental kidnapping laws in domestic violence cases
Strengthening Education and Training to Combat Violence Against Women
Domestic Violence Task Force
Battered Immigrant Women
Equal access to immigration petitions of Violence Against Women Act 1994 for all qualified battered immigrant
self-petitioners
Access to services and legal representation for battered immigrants
Trafficking Victims Protection Act 2000
Annual country reports on human rights practices
Interagency taskforce to monitor and combat Trafficking
Protection and assistance for victims of trafficking
Minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking
Assistance to foreign countries to meet minimum standards
Strengthening prosecution and punishment of traffickers
Violence Against Women Act 2005
Enhancing Judicial and Law Enforcement Tools to Combat Violence Against Women
Stalker database and the prevention of cyber stalking
 Prohibiting violence in special maritime and territorial jurisdiction
Enhancing culturally and linguistically specific services for victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault
and stalking
Strengthening America’s Families by Preventing Violence
Public Awareness Campaign
Strengthening the Healthcare System’s Response to Violence
Training and education of health care professionals in domestic and sexual violence
 Grants to foster public health responses
Research on effective interventions in the healthcare setting
Housing Opportunities and Safety for Battered Women and Children
Transitional housing assistance grants for victims
Providing Economic Security for Victims of Violence
Grant for a National Resource Center on Workplace Reponses to assist victims
International Marriage Broker Regulation 2005
Access to Violence Against Women Act protection regardless of manner of entry
Domestic violence information and resources for immigrants and regulation of international marriage brokers
Sharing of certain information
CHOOSE THE BEST PROVISIONS
Hotline
The Secretary may award a grant to a private, nonprofit entity to provide for the operation of a
national, toll-free telephone hotline to provide information and assistance to victims of domestic
violence.
(United States, Violence Against Women Act 1994, Sec 316)
Annulment of Tenancy Agreement
In cases of domestic violence, threatening the safety of the victim is now an excuse to annul a
tenancy agreement between the parties
(Canada, Amendment to Article 174 of the Quebec Civil Code)
Transfer of Work
A civil servant subject to gender based violence may apply to transfer to another unit or locality
(Spain, Amendment to Labor Law, 2005)
Trafficking in Persons
‫الواليات المتحدة األمريكية‬
‫دولة اإلمارات العربية المتحدة‬
‫سلطنة ُعمان‬
‫مملكة البحرين‬
‫بــاسم الشعـب‬
‫مجلـس الرئاسـة‬
‫ـاء علـى مـا اقـره مجلس النواب وصادق عليه مجلس الرئاسة‬
‫بن ً‬
‫واستناداً الحكام البند ( أوال ) من المادة ( ‪ ) 61‬والبند ( خامساً ‪ /‬أ ) من المادة ( ‪) 138‬‬
‫من الدستور‪.‬‬
‫‪2008 / /‬‬
‫قرر مجلس الرئاسة بجلسته المنعقدة بتاريخ‬
‫إصدار القانون األتــي ‪-:‬‬
‫) لسنــة ‪2008‬‬
‫رقـم (‬
‫قـانون‬
‫مكافحـة االتجـار بالبشر‬
‫المادة ‪ :-1-‬أوال ‪ :‬مع عدم اإلخالل بأية عقوبة اشد‪-:‬‬
‫يعاقب بالسجن المؤقت وبغرامة ال تزيد على عشرة ماليين دينار كل من قام بتجنيد أشخاص او نقلهم او إيواءهم او استقبالهم بهدف بيعهم أو استغاللهم في‬
‫العمليات االرهابيةاو في أعمال الدعارة أو االستغالل الجنسي او السخرة او العمل القسري اواالسترقاق او المتاجرة باعضاءهم البشرية اوالتجارب الطبية بغية‬
‫الحصول على منافع مادية او معنوية باحدى الوسائل اآلتية ‪-:‬‬
‫ا ‪ -:‬استخدام العنف اوالقوة او الخضاع الضحايا‪.‬‬
‫ب ‪ -:‬استخدام اساليب احتيالية لخداع الضحايا او التغرير بهم ‪.‬‬
‫ج ‪ -:‬استغالل السلطة والنفوذ اواستغالل ضعف الضحايا اوحاجتهم ‪.‬‬
‫د ‪ -:‬إعطاء او تلقي مبالغ مالية او منافع للحصول على موافقة من له السلطة او‬
‫الوالية عليهم‪.‬‬
‫ه ‪ -:‬استخدام اي شكل من إشكال اإلكراه كاالبتزاز او التهديد او حجز وثائق السفر او المستمسكات الرسمية‪.‬‬
‫ثانيا ‪ -:‬يعاقب بالسجن المؤبد وبغرامة ال تزيد ‪ 25‬مليون دينار كل من ارتكب احد االفعال‬
‫المشار اليها في البند اوال في األحوال اآلتية ‪-:‬‬
‫•اذا كانت المجنى عليه لم يتم الثامنة عشر او أنثى او من ذوي االحتياجات الخاصة ‪.‬‬
‫•اذا كانت الجريمة مرتكبة من قبل جماعة إجرامية منظمة او ذات دولي طابع‪.‬‬
‫•اذا ارتكبت الجريمة عن طريق االختطاف او التعذيب‪.‬‬
‫•اذا كان الجاني من أصول المجنى عليه او فروعه او ممن له الوالية عليه او زوجاً‪.‬‬
‫•اذا أصيب المجنى عليه بمرض ال يرجى شفائه نتيجة هذا االستغالل ‪.‬‬
‫ثالثا ‪:‬تكون العقوبة االعدام اذا ادى الفعل الى موت المجنى عليه‬
‫المادة ‪-2-‬‬
‫ال يعتد بموافقة ضحايا االتجار على خضوعهم ألي شكل من اشكال االستغالل بأي وسيلة من الوسائل المشار اليها أعاله ‪.‬‬
‫المادة ‪-3-‬‬
‫يعاقب بالسجن مدة التزيد على عشرة سنوات وبغرامة التقل عن عشرة ماليين‬
‫ديناروالتزيدعلى عشرين مليون ديناركل من‪-:‬‬
‫اوال ‪ -:‬انشا اوادار موقعا على شبكة المعلومات بقصد االتجار باالشخاص‪.‬‬
‫ثانيا ‪ -:‬تعاقد او تعامل او تفاوض بشان صفقة تتعلق باالتجار باالشخاص او سهل ذلك‬
‫باية وسيلة كانت‬
‫المادة ‪-4-‬‬
‫أوال ‪ -:‬يعاقب بالغرامة بمبلغ ال يزيد على خمسة وعشرين مليون دينارويحكم بمصادرة االشياء الستخدمة في ارتكاب الجريمة كل شخص‬
‫معنوي ارتكبت الجريمة باسمه او لحسابه او لمنفعته وال يخل هذا بالعقوبة التي تقرر بحق المدير المفوض او المسؤول عن ادارة الشخص‬
‫المعنوي اذا ثبت تورطه في الجريمة ‪.‬‬
‫ثانيا ‪ -:‬لمجلس الوزراء حل الشخص المعنوي اوايقاف نشاطاته بصورة نهائية او مؤقتة اوغلق مقره اذا ثبت ارتكابه الحد االفعال الجرمية‬
‫المنصوص عليها في هذا القانون بناءاً على اقتراح من وزير الداخلية ‪.‬‬
‫المادة ‪-5-‬‬
‫اوالً ‪ -:‬تتولى المحكمة الجنائية العراقية العليا الفصل في الدعاوى المتعلقة بجرائم االتجار المرتكبة للفترة من ‪ 17/7/1968‬ولغاية ‪. 1/5/2003‬‬
‫ثانياً ‪ -:‬تتولى محاكم الجنايات الفصل بالدعاوى المتعلقة بجرائم االتجار المرتكبة للفترة من ‪ 2/5/2003‬وما بعدها ‪.‬‬
‫المادة ‪-6-‬‬
‫أوال ‪ -:‬تلتزم الدولة بتقديم المساعدة للضحايا عن طريق ما يأتي ‪-:‬‬
‫•عرض المجنى عليه على طبيب مختص للتحقق من حالته الصحية ‪.‬‬
‫•تقديم المساعدة اللغوية للضحايا اذا كان الضحايا من غير العراقيين ‪.‬‬
‫•تقديم المساعدة والمشورة القانونية والمعلومات االرشادية للمجنى عليهم ‪.‬‬
‫•تأمين االتصال بعائلته ان وجدت ‪.‬‬
‫والحفاظ على سرية المعلومات المتعلقة بالضحايا وصون‬
‫•توفير الحماية الالزمة للضحايا ‪.‬‬
‫كرامتهم‪.‬‬
‫و‪.‬توفير مكان سكن موءقت للضحايا وبشكل يتالئم مع جنسهم وفئاتهم العمرية ‪.‬‬
‫ز‪.‬إعادة تأهيلهم من الناحية االجتماعية والنفسية والبدنية من خالل إنشاء مراكز تأهيل متخصصة او دور للرعاية ‪.‬‬
‫ح‪.‬توفير فرص للعمل والتدريب والتعليم بالتنسيق مع الو ازرات األخرى ‪.‬‬
‫ط‪.‬تسهيل عملية دخول الضحايا الى العراق بمنحهم تأشيرات‬
‫الدخول واإلقامة وو وثائق سفر خاصة لهذا الغرض‪.‬‬
‫ي‪.‬بتقديم الدعم الدبلوماسي للضحايا من غير العراقيين لتسهيل‬
‫عملية عودتهم الى بلدانهم ‪.‬‬
‫ثانيا‪:‬تحددمهام الو ازرات المعنية واختصاصاته بموجب نظام‬
‫المادة ‪-7-‬‬
‫أوال‪ -:‬تشكل لجنة تسمى ( اللجنة العليا لمكافحة االتجار بالبشر ) يرأسها نائب رئيس الوزراء‬
‫تضم ممثلين عن ‪-:‬‬
‫ب‪.‬و ازرة الداخلية‬
‫•األمانة العامة لمجلس الوزراء ‪.‬‬
‫ج‪.‬و ازرة المهجرين والمهاجرين ‪.‬‬
‫د‪.‬و ازرة الخارجية ‪.‬‬
‫ه‪.‬و ازرة العدل ‪.‬‬
‫و‪.‬و ازرة الصحة ‪.‬‬
‫ز‪.‬و ازرة العمل والشؤون االجتماعية ‪.‬‬
‫ح‪.‬و ازرة حقوق اإلنسان ‪.‬‬
‫ط‪.‬و ازرة المالية ‪.‬‬
‫ي‪.‬جهاز المخابرات الوطني العراقي ‪.‬‬
‫ثانيا ‪ -:‬تتولى اللجنة المهام االتية ‪-:‬‬
‫وضع الخطط والبرامج لمكافحة ظاهرة االتجار بالبشر والحد منها ‪.‬‬
‫•‬
‫تقديم التوصيات الالزمة لمكافحة االتجار بالبشر ومتابعة تنفيذها من قبل األجهزة الحكومية‪.‬‬
‫•‬
‫إعداد التقارير المتعلقة باالتجار ورفعها الى األمانة العامة لمجلس الوزراء ‪.‬‬
‫•‬
‫التنسيق بين األجهزة الحكومية لمساعدة ضحايا االتجار وتبادل المعلومات المتعلقة بها ‪.‬‬
‫•‬
‫اقتراح اإلجراءات المناسبة لمساعدة ضحايا االتجار بالبشر ‪.‬‬
‫•‬
‫أي مهام أخرى يحددها مجلس الوزراء ‪.‬‬
‫•‬
‫ثالثا‪:‬‬
‫تشكل في كل محافظة لجنة فرعية يرأسها المحافظ تضم ممثلين عن و ازرات الداخلية والمالية والعدل والمهجرين والمهاجرين والصحة والعمل‬
‫•‬
‫والشؤون االجتماعية وحقوق اإلنسان وجهاز المخابرات الوطني العراقي ‪.‬‬
‫تحدد بتعليمات تصدر عن مجلس الوزراء مهام واختصاصات تلك اللجان ‪.‬‬
‫•‬
‫المادة ‪-8-‬‬
‫لمجلس الوزراء إصدار أنظمة و تعليمات لتسهيل تنفيذ أحكام هذا القانون ‪.‬‬
‫المادة ‪-9-‬‬
‫ينشر هذا القانون في الجريدة الرسمية ويعد نافذاً من تاريخ نشره ‪.‬‬
‫االسباب الموجبة‬
‫بهدف الحد من ظاهرة االتجار باالشخاص ومعاقبة مرتكبي هذا الفعل الخطير الذي يمتهن الكرامة اإلنسانية وبغية وضع اآلليات التي تكفل‬
‫مساعدة ضحايا االتجار بالبشر‪ .‬شــرع هـذا القانــون‪.‬‬