[The name of the series, for example/namnet på serien t.ex:
Linköping University Medical Dissertation
No. 1101]
The Publication Title/Publikationens titel
The Subtitle (if available)/undertitel om sådan finns
The name of the Author/författarens namn
University/Faculty logo (if requested)/universitets- eller fakultetslogo
The name of the department/institution, the name of the Division/avdelning
The name of the faculty/fakultet
Linköpings universitet, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
Linköping [year/år]
© [The name of the author, year/författarens namn, år]
Printed in Sweden by [the name of the printing office and
year/tryckeriets namn och år]
ISSN [series issn (print) and issn (www) in here/seriens issn ska in här]
ISBN 978-91-[rest of/resten av ISBN]
ii
The title of the work/publikationens titel
By/av
The name of the author/författare
Month and year (e.g. April 2009)/månad och år (april 2010)
ISBN 978-91The title of the series/seriens titel
No. XXX/nr. XXXX
ISSN
Local no. (if available)/internt nummer om sådant finns
ABSTRACT
Keywords/nyckelord: (fem till åtta stycken räcker/five to eight will do)
The name of the department and subdepartment/institution och avdelning
Linköpings universitet
SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
iii
Förord/Acknowledgement
I förordet nämner författaren det stöd av olika slag som författaren fått
under arbetet. Det kan vara av personlig, professionell, teknisk eller finansiell karaktär. Alla personer som nämns i förordet, bör vara underrättade om
detta. Tacka de personer som på ett eller annat sätt varit involverad i
arbetet med att börja med handledaren och bihandledaren, studiekamrater, språkgranskare/korrekturläsare, personal på institutionen, familj
m.fl. Här kan författaren också skriva hur idén till arbetet uppkom, som
exemplet nedan.
Beroende på traditionen vid institutionen kan förordet antingen läggas före innehållsförteckningen alternativ före referenslistorna. Detta
sistnämnda gäller vanligtvis i den engelska versionen.
Det har varit en hel del arbete med att försöka skapa en generell mall
som är ämnad att passa så många institutioner som möjligt. Detta arbete
har inte varit möjlig utan vänligt bistånd av flera personer som jag gärna
vill framföra min stora tacksamhet till.
Professor Marie Clark Nelson, ISAK, för goda råd, förslag och att
jag får använda hennes diagram och tabeller som exempel. Dr. Ólöf
Garðarsdóttir för vänligt bidrag med kartexemplet. Docent Dag Linström, Uppsala universitet (tidigare vid ISAK), för bidrag med referenslistor i Oxfordsystemet; Dr. Kristin Zeiler, IMH, för bidrag med referenslistor och löptext i Harvardsystemet, Lisbeth Hägg, Inger Nyberg;
IEI samt Anders Lindeborg och Dennis Netzell, LiU-Tryck) som granskat mallarna och bidragit med värdefulla synpunkter och förslag. Docent David Lawrence har språkgranskat texten i den engelska versionen
och kommit med utmärkta förslag vad gäller innehållet. Tack alla för
hjälpen!
Linköping i december 2011
Peter Berkesand
iv
Acknowledgement
In the Acknowledgement the author mention the different kind of support the author got during the work. It may be of personal, professional,
technical or financial character. All person, who is mentioned in the
Acknowledgement, should be informed in advanced. When thanking all
persons who, in some way, have been involved in the work by starting
with the Supervisor(s), study colleagues, language reviewer, proofreader, staff at the department, family etc. The author could also mention how the idea for the work arose as the example below.
Depending of the tradition at the department the Acknowledgement
might be put before the table of contents or before the reference lists.
The latter is most common in the English versions.
It has been a lot of work trying to create a general template which is
supposed to be suitable for as many departments as possible. This work
would not be possible without kind assistance from persons to whom I
would like to give my gratefulness to:
Professor Marie Clark Nelson, ISAK, for good advice, suggestions and
the fact that she let me use her diagrams and tables as examples. Dr.
Ólöf Garðarsdóttir for kind contribution of maps. Assistand Professor
Dag Lindström, Uppsala University (before at ISAK), for his contribution of Oxford system reference lists, Dr. Kristin Zeiler, IMH, for
reference lists in the Harvard system. Lisbeth Hägg, Inger Nyberg, IEI
and Anders Lindeborg och Dennis Netzell, LiU-Tryck, who have
reviewed the template and contributed with valuable point of views and
suggestions. Assistant Professor David Lawrence who have reviewed
the English text and for his valuable and excellent advices regarding the
contents. Thank you all for your help!
Linköping in December 2011
Peter Berkesand
v
Innehållsförteckning/Table of Contents
Inledning................................................................................................. ix
Löptext/Article Text .............................................................................. 11
Rubriker/Headlines ........................................................................... 11
Jämna och ojämna sidor/Odd and Even Pages .................................. 12
Dokumentation av källa/Documentation System .................................. 13
Inledning/Introduction....................................................................... 13
Oxfordsystemet/The Oxford System ................................................. 17
Böcker /Books ........................................................................... 17
Artiklar/Articles ........................................................................ 17
Harvardsystemet/The Harvard system .............................................. 17
Hänvisningar till Internet/References to the Internet ........................ 17
Referenslistor/Reference Lists .............................................................. 19
Oxfordsystemet/The Oxford system ................................................. 19
Bok/Book .................................................................................. 19
Tidksriftsartikel/Journal article ............................................... 19
Kapitel i en redigerad antologi som är en del av en
serie/Chapter in an edited anthology that is part of a series ... 19
Artikel i en konferensrapport/Article in a conference report ... 19
Kapitel i bok med redaktör/Chapter in an edited book ............ 20
Harvadsystemet/The Harvard system................................................ 20
Bok/Book .................................................................................. 20
Tidksriftsartikel/Journal article ............................................... 20
Kapitel i en redigerad antologi som är en del av en
serie/Chapter in an edited anthology that is part of a series ... 20
Artikel i en konferensrapport/Article in a conference report ... 20
Kapitel i bok med redaktör/Chapter in an edited book ............ 21
Referenser till Internet/References to the Internet ............................ 21
Exempel på löptext, Oxfordsystemet/Text Example,
The Oxford System ............................................................................... 23
Textexempel/Text Example .............................................................. 23
Kapitel 5/Chapter 5 ............................................................................... 25
Exempel på referenser, Oxfordsystemet/Exampel of References,
Oxford System....................................................................................... 25
Referenser/References ....................................................................... 25
Exempel på löptext, Harvadsystemet/Text Example,
the Harvard System ............................................................................... 31
vi
Textexempel/Text Example .............................................................. 31
Exempel på referenslistor, Harvardsystemet/Example on Reference
Lists, the Harvard System ..................................................................... 37
References ............................................................................................. 37
Bilder, figurer, diagram och tabeller/Images,
Figures, Diagrams and Tables.............................................................. 41
Figurer/Figures .................................................................................. 41
Kartor/Maps ...................................................................................... 44
Tabeller/Tables ................................................................................. 44
Citat/Quotations .................................................................................... 47
Listor/Lists ............................................................................................ 49
Numrerade listor/Numeric Lists ....................................................... 49
Övriga listor/Other lists..................................................................... 49
Skapa innehållsförteckning/Create Table of Contents ...................... 51
vii
Inledning
Denna mall är tänkt att fungera som en vägledning till författare som
inte har tillgång till mallar via sin institution. Det är viktigt att kontrollera vilka skrivregler som gäller vid institutionen innan mallen används.
De förslag som presenteras i denna mall är generella och således endast
rekommendationer och inget krav. Avvikelser vid institutionerna kan
naturligtvis förekomma. Använd ett typsnitt som är allmängiltigt och
känt och undvik typsnitt utan serifer (t.ex. arial, helvetica m.fl.). Byt ut
rubriknamn och/eller avlägsna de sidor som du inte behöver och anpassa mallen efter dina behov. Se även vår referensguide som också
innehåller länkar till andra sidor. Observera att LiU E-Press inte kan
bidra med någon support för MS Word. För support hänvisas till institutionens eller universitetets helpdesk.
Vid den elektroniska publiceringen på www.ep.liu.se är det viktigt
att avhandlingen alltid börjar med en titelsida. Vi publicerar även omslagen till avhandlingar. De publiceras som en separat pdf-fil.
Lycka till!
This template is a guide to authors who do not have access to templates
via their departments. It is important for all authors to check which writing traditions are valid at the department before using the template. All
proposals, which are presented here are general and are only a recommendation and not a requirement. Deviations at the department may, of
course, occur. Use only fonts, which are generally applicable and well
known. Avoid fonts like Arial, Helvetica etc. Change the headline
and/or remove the pages you do not need and adjust the template to
your requirements. See also our reference guide, which contains links to
other pages. Note that LiU E-Press is unable to contribute with any support concerning the templates. We refer you to your department or the
university helpdesk.
When publishing the thesis electronically at www.ep.liu.se it is important that the thesis begins with the title page. We also publish the
cover of the Thesis as a separate pdf file.
Good Luck!
ix
Kapitel 1/Chapter 1
Löptext/Article Text
All text bör vara skriven med ett känt typsnitt som t.ex. Times New
Roman med teckenstorlek 12 p. Undvik udda teckensnitt. Raka vänsteroch högermarginaler bör användas. Den första raden efter en rubrik bör
inte vara indragen. Den första raden i andra stycket efter en rubrik kan
vara indragen med 0,5 cm-1 cm.
Tips: Alla siffror kan minskas med en punkt för att förbättra utseendet på avhandlingen. Detta gäller även siffror i fotnötter, figurrubriker,
etc. Exempel: Om texten är i 12 punkter minskas alla siffror ned till 11
punkters storlek. Om texten är skriven med 11 punkter minskas siffrorna ned till 9 punkter. Använd funktionen Sök/Ersätt.
All text should be written with a common and well-known font, for example Times New Roman, font size 12 p. Please do not use any other
fonts. Straight margins should be used both left and right. Please do not
divide words into syllables at the end of lines. The first word in the first
line after a headline should not be indented. In the second paragraph the
first line should be indented 0.5 cm (0.2") to 1 cm (0.4").
Tips: All numbers may be reduced by one point in the text including the footnotes, figure headlines, figure numbers, etc. This gives the
thesis a better appearance. For example, if the text is in 12 p, all numbers may be written in 11 p; if the text is in 10 p, the numbers may be
written in 9 p. Use the function Search/Replace.
Rubriker/Headlines
Använd högst tre rubriknivåer. Flera nivåer gör texten svårläst: kapiteltiteln (rubrik 1) och om nödvändigt underrubrik till huvudrubriken. Övriga nivåer är underrubrik två och tre. Avsluta aldrig en rubrik med
punkt. Avstava aldrig en rubrik om den är för lång. Gör en radbrytning
och låt rubriken gå över två rader istället. Här nedan finns flera exempel
på rubriker.
11
Kaptiel 1/Chapter 1
En bra hjälp att se styckeformatering är att klicka på ikonen
i menyn. Då visas t.ex. tecknet för mellanslag, ny rad, tabulator, m.m.
Use only three levels of headlines. Added levels make the text difficult
to read: chapter title (level one) and, if necessary, a subtitle to the main
title. Remaining levels are subtitle two (level two) and subtitle three
(level three). All headlines should be written with the first letter in each
word capitalised except for words such as prepositions (at, for, in, of, to,
etc.). Never end a headline with a full stop. If the headline is too long,
do not divide a headline into syllables. Split up the headline into two
lines instead. The headlines below serve as examples.
It can be useful to see where your paragraph and page breaks are. Clickin the tool bar at the top will make this visible. as
ing onthe icon
well as the signs for space, new line, tab etc.
Jämna och ojämna sidor/Odd and Even Pages
Ett nytt kapitel brukar oftast börja på uppslagets högra sida d.v.s. en
ojämn sida. Om föregående kapitel slutar på en ojämn sida måste en
blanksida läggas till. Om ett kapitel slutar på sidan 33 läggs en blanksida till så att nästa kapitel börja på sidan 35. Se t.ex. sammanfattningen, förordet, innehållsförteckningen eller inledningen som exempel.
A new chapter usually starts on the right side of a spread i.e. an odd
page. If the previous chapter ends on an even page you have to add a
blank page. If a chapter ends on page 33, a blank page is inserted so that
the next chapter starts on page 35. As an example have a look at the
abstract, acknowledgement, table of contents or the introduction.
12
Kapitel 2/Chapter 2
Dokumentation av källa/Documentation System
De två vanligaste sätten att dokumentera en källa är Harvard- och
Oxfordsystemet. Harvardsystemet är vanligast förekommande inom
natur- och socialvetenskapliga områden. I detta system skrivs källan,
oftast inom parentes, med författarens efternamn och publikationsåret.
Oxfordsystemet är vanligast inom historia, litteratur och humaniora och
källan anges i en fotnot med bibliografiska uppgifter och en fullständig
bibliografi i slutet av avhandlingen. Nedan visas endast några enkla
exempel för utförligare information se även Examples of Chicago-Style
Documentation.
Inledning/Introduction
Oxfordsystemet använder sig av fotnoter som anges med en upphöjd
siffra i texten (se nedan). Texten till noten skrivs sedan, antingen längst
ned på sidan eller i slutet av ett kapitel, i slutet av en bok eller i slutet av
ett dokument- I de tre sista exemplen kallas det för slutnoter.
Om källhänvisningen är densamma två eller flera gånger efter
varandra anges detta med ordet ibid. (av latinets Ibidem som betyder på
samma ställe). Ibid. är en förkortning och avslutas därför med en punkt.
Uttrycket används i både engelska och svenska vetenskapliga publikationer.
Uttrycket passim (från latinet och betyder ungefär här och var) används när författaren hämtat uppgifter ur en och samma källa (t.ex. ur
en bok eller artikel) men från olika sidor och fört in dessa i en och
samma not. Passim rekommenderas inte eftersom det är svårt att kontrollera en sådan källhänvisning.
Cf. Är en förkortning av det latinska ordet confer som betyder jämför eller konsultera. Det kan användas istället för ordet se t.ex. Se Jansson, Jan. How to Publish Electroncally. Linköping 2007, p.123.
The Oxford system uses footnotes, written as a superscript i.e. with
slightly higher numerical character in the text (see below). The text
connected to the footnote may be written at the end of the same page or
13
Kapitel 2/Chapter 2
at the end of the chapter, at the end of a book or at the end of the document. The three last cases are called endnotes.
If the reference to a source is the same two or several times after
each other use“ibid”. (from the latin word Ibidem which means from the
same place). Ibid. is an abbreviation and as such is ended with a period.
The expression is used both in English and in Swedish scientific publications.
The expression passim (from the latin and means here and there) is
used when the author has got the information from the same source (e.g.
from a book or an article) but from different pages and put the information into one note. Passim is not recommended since it is very difficult to check that kind of source.
Harvardsystemet använder sig av i huvudsak av referenser direkt i texten. Fotnoter används i de fall en förklaring behövs (se nedan) och som
inte anges i referensen. Se Oxfordsystemet ovan för information om
Ibidum och Cf.
Om flera författare förekommer i samma hänvisning används förkortningen et al. (av latinets et alii som betyder med flera). Ordet alii
förkortas al. och ska därför avslutas med en punkt.
Det finns olika sätt att skriva en referens i texten. Referensen ska
vara så tydlig som möjligt. Här följer därför några exempel på hur en
tydlig referens i en text kan se ut:
1. Vid endast en författare används inget kommatecken mellan författarens efternamn och årtalet utan endast ett blanksteg: (Smith
2002).
2. Förekommer det flera författare i samma referens avskiljs dessa
med ett semikolon: (Smith 2002; Jones 1999).
3. Om referensen innehåller t.ex. flera författare, där alla är medförfattare till samma referens bör man överväga alternativ att
skriva referensen. Är det endast två författare kan man välja att
skriva ut bägge två: (Smith & Brown 2001). Observera att det
går att använda antingen ordet och eller et-tecknet & (et-tecknet
är en ligatur som kommer från latinet och betyder binda, förena). Om det är fler än två författare rekommenderas att använda
uttrycket et al.: (Smith et al. 2002).
14
Dokumentation av källa
4. I de fall författaren väljer att ange endast en författare men visa
att det finns fler källor i samma ämne anges et al. efter årtalet:
(Smith 2002 et al.).
5. En referens kan också innehålla flera källhänvisningar med et al.
(Brown 2002; Smith et al. 2003; Jones et al. 2004).
6. Ange inte sidhänvisningar i textreferensen eftersom sidhänvisningen ska finnas i referenslistan.
Referensen i texten måste ha en motsvarande referens i referenslistan
och tvärtom.
Det kan vara en stor fördel att vara sparsam med antalet tecken och
författarnamn i referenserna eftersom varje kommatecken, punkt osv.
samt bokstäver räknas som ett tecken. Om en författare väljer att skicka
in ett manus till en tidskrift har tidskrifterna i allmänhet en regel om hur
många tecken en artikel får innehålla. Av den anledningen rekommenderas att inte sätta kommatecken mellan författare och årtal i referensen
och att använda et al. vid fler än två författare.
Var konsekvent när referenserna skrivs så att alla hänvisningar som
görs blir likvärdiga i hela texten och i referenslistan. Det gäller framför
allt stavning av författarnamn och användningen av tecken som komma
och semikolon eller kolon.
The two most commonly used systems of documenting a source are the
Oxford and Harvard systems also known as Humanities style and the
Author-date system. Physical, natural science and social science mostly
use the Harvard system and the sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by authors’ last name and publication date. The
short citations are amplified in a list of references with full bibliographic information. History, literature and the arts use the Oxford system. It
presents the source as a footnote with bibliographic information and a
bibliographic list at the end of the work. Below are some simple examples. For further information see also the Examples of Chicago-Style
Documentation.
The Harvardsystem contains mainly references directly in the text.
Footnotes are used in those cases an explanation is needed (see below)
and for which there is not a reference.
If more than two authors are in the same reference the short et al. is
used (from the latin et alii which means and more). The word alii is
15
Kapitel 2/Chapter 2
shortened as al. and should therefore end with a period. For information
about Ibidum and Cf see the Oxford system above.
A reference may be written in different ways in the text. The reference should be as clear as possible. Below are some examples of how a
clear reference in a text may look like.
With only one author in the reference the comma is not used between the author’s family name and the year, just a blank space: (Smith
2002).
If more than one author occur in the same reference separate the
names with a semicolon: (Smith 2002; Jones 1999).
If the reference contains several authors where all of them are coauthors to the same reference one should consider an alternative way of
writing the reference. If there are only two authors one can chose writing both: (Smith & Brown 2001). Note that it is possible to use the word
and or the et sign & (the et sign is a ligature. The word ligature is from
the latin and means bind, join). If there are more than two authors it is
recommended to use the expression et al.: (Smith et al. 2002).
If the author choose to mention only one author but show there are
more sources in the same subject state et al. after the year: (Smith 2002
et al.).
A reference may also contain several references to different sources
with et al.: (Brown 2002; Smith et al. 2003; Jones et al. 2004).
Do not indicate references to pages in the text reference since the
reference should be in the reference list.
The reference in the text must have a corresponding reference in the
reference list and the opposite.
It may of great advantage to be modest with the number of characters and author name in the references since every comma, full stop etc.
and letters is count as a character. If an author would like to submit a
manuscript to a journal and the journals usually have rules about how
many characters an article may contain. By that reason it is recommended not to place a comma between the author and the year in the
reference and use et al. with more than two authors.
Be consistent when writing the references so that all references are
equivalent throughout the text and in the reference list. That concerns
particularly the spelling of author names and the usage of characters
like comma, semicolon or colon.
16
Dokumentation av källa
Oxfordsystemet/The Oxford System
Alla fotnoter kan skrivas enligt nedan med ett indrag om 5 cm från siffran räknat och andra raden ska börja där den första började. En referens
till en bok kan se ut som exemplet nedan. Texten i Times New Roman
10 punkter och siffrorna i 9 punkter
All footnotes may be written following the examples below indented 0,5
cm (0.2") and with the second line starting at the margin. A reference to
a book should be written as the example below. Footnote text in Times
New Roman size 10 p and numbers in size 9 p.
Böcker /Books
1. Jane Lewis, What Price Community Medicine? The Philosophy, Practice and Politics of Public Health since 1919 (Brighton, 1986), pp. 10–11.
2. Virginia Berridge, Health and Society in Britain since 1939. Studies in Economic
and Social History (Cambridge, 1999), pp. 20–21.
Artiklar/Articles
3. Asa Briggs, “Cholera and Society in the Nineteenth Century”, Past and Present, 19
(1961), 76–96.
4. Dorothy Porter, “Stratification and its discontents: professionalization and conflict
in the British public health service, 1848–1914”, in E. Fee and R. M. Acheson,
eds., A History of Public Health (Oxford, 1991), p. 115.
Harvardsystemet/The Harvard system
Harvardsystemet använder sig inte av fotnoter utan skriver referensen
direkt i texten med en utförligare referens i referenslistan. Fotnötter används istället vid förklaringar.
Hänvisningar till Internet/References to the Internet
Se vår sida om hur man refererar till en URL-adress.
Se our page on how to refer to an URL-address.
17
Kapitel 3/Chapter 3
Referenslistor/Reference Lists
Referenslistan bör se ut som exemplet nedan. Den första raden bör vara
vänsterställd mot marginalen, den andra och följande rader bör vara
indragna med 0,5 cm.
The reference list should follow the examples below. The first line
should extend to the margin and the second line and the following lines
should be indented 0.5 cm (0.2").
Oxfordsystemet/The Oxford system
Bok/Book
Ann G. Carmichael, Plague and the Poor in Renaissance Florence.
Cambridge, 1986.
Tidksriftsartikel/Journal article
Brändström, Anders, Joel B. Greenhouse and Katherine A. Lynch, “Biometric Modeling in the Study of Infant Mortality: Evidence from
Nineteenth-Century Sweden,” Historical Methods 31:2 (1998), 53–
64.
Kapitel i en redigerad antologi som är en del av en serie/Chapter in
an edited anthology that is part of a series
Edvinsson, Sören, “Adult mortality and childhood conditions. Longterm effects of urban life in 19th century Sweden,” pp. 247–268 in
Lars-Göran Tedebrand och Peter Sköld, eds., Nordic Demography in
History and Present-Day Society. Report no. 18 from the Demographic Data Base. Umeå University. Umeå, 2001.
Artikel i en konferensrapport/Article in a conference report
Garðarsdóttir, Ólöf, ”Redefining childhood and child-labour in a changing society. Gender division in children’s work in urban Island,” in
19
Kapitel 3/Chapter 3
Kjönn, makt, samfunn i Norden i et historiskt perspektiv, Volume II.
Konferanserapport fra det 5. nordiske kvinnohistorikermötet 8–11
augusti 1996. Oslo, 1997.
Kapitel i bok med redaktör/Chapter in an edited book
Løkke, Anne, “Infancy and Old Age as Causes of Death,” pp. 55–73 in
N. de Conick Smith and S. Mellemgaard, eds., Childhood and Old
Age. Equals or Opposites, Odense, 1999.
Harvadsystemet/The Harvard system
Bok/Book
Ann G. Carmichael. 1999. Plague and the Poor in Renaissance Florence. Cambridge.
Tidksriftsartikel/Journal article
Brändström, Anders, Joel B. Greenhouse and Katherine A. Lynch.
1998, Biometric Modeling in the Study of Infant Mortality: Evidence
from Nineteenth-Century Sweden. In Historical Methods 31:2, 53–
64.
Kapitel i en redigerad antologi som är en del av en serie/Chapter in
an edited anthology that is part of a series
Edvinsson, Sören. 2001. Adult mortality and childhood conditions.
Long-term effects of urban life in 19th century Sweden, In Nordic
Demography in History and Present-Day Society. Report no. 18 from
the Demographic Data Base. Umeå University. Umeå. Edited by
Lars-Göran Tedebrand och Peter Sköld.
Artikel i en konferensrapport/Article in a conference report
Garðarsdóttir, Ólöf. ”Redefining childhood and child-labour in a changing society. Gender division in children’s work in urban Island,” in
Kjönn, makt, samfunn i Norden i et historiskt perspektiv, Volume II.
Konferanserapport. Paper presented at the 5 nordiske kvinnohistorikermötet, August 8–11 1996. Oslo, 1997.
20
Referenslistor
Kapitel i bok med redaktör/Chapter in an edited book
Løkke, Anne. Infancy and Old Age as Causes of Death. In Childhood
and Old Age. Equals or Opposites, edited by N. de Conick Smith and
S. Mellemgaard, Odense.1999.
Referenser till Internet/References to the Internet
Se vår referensguide som även innehåller länkar till andra sidor.
See our page reference guide which also contains links to other pages.
21
Kapitel 4/Chapter 4
Exempel på löptext, Oxfordsystemet/Text Example,
Oxford System
Textexempel/Text Example
In order to give some foundation to the story it is necessary to begin in
the 18th century. Generally speaking the interest in population statistics
that grew out of the mercantilistic search for knowledge concerning
population resources has been extensively examined in a number of
Swedish studies.1 With the appointment of Tabellkommissionen and the
establishment of Tabellverket in the mid-eighteenth century, the foundation for statistical studies in population was laid in Sweden. This provided the basis for not only 18th century policy formation, but also the
historical endeavors of later generations, a story that has been related in
detail in Peter Sköld’s book Kunskap och kontroll – Den svenska befolkningsstatistikens historia [Knowledge and control – The History of
Swedish Population Statistics] (2001). The gathering of parish based
statistics, that were later aggregated to regional and national levels,
were the subject of analysis by a number of scientists, especially those
directly involved in the work of the commission. Let it suffice to mention only a couple here. One was the man often referred to as the father
of Swedish statistics, Pehr Wargentin. During the years 1754–1755 six
articles were published in Sweden’s leading scientific journal of the
day, Vetenskapsakademiens handlingar, that dealt with fertility; the
relationship between population growth, fertility and mortality; agespecific mortality and life expectancy; and causes of death. He later
went on to analyze other elements of the statistics. Henric Nicander
took over responsibilities at Tabellverket at the end of the century and
1
Karin Johannisson, Det mätbara samhället : statistik och samhällsdröm i 1700–
talets Europa. Stockholm: Norstedt, 1988; Peter Sköld, Kunskap och kontroll –
Den svenska befokningsstatistikens historia. Report no. 17 from the Demographic
Data Base. Umeå University. Umeå: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 2001.
23
Kaptiel 4/Chpater 4
carried out a necessary reorganization. He also made a number of important analyses and comparisons with Wargentin’s work.2
The nineteenth century saw the growth of significant problems in
the collection of statistics that resulted the founding of the Central Bureau of Statistics (Statistiska centralbyrån) that began operation in 1860.
The bureau’s first head, Fredrik Theodor Berg, had an illustrious medical career behind him when he took over the reins, after having served a
decade as a member of the Tabellkommissionen. The publication series
from the new bureau received the title Bidrag till Sveriges Officiella
Statistik [Contributions to Sweden’s Official Statistics], and by the mid1870’s boasted 22 series, increasing to 24 by 1893. Berg’s writings in
the field reflected not only his new found interest in statistics, but also
his earlier interest in the health of infants and children.3 One of his classical essays concerned seasonal variations in mortality.4 Such works by
early statisticians provide significant material and insight into the thinking of previous centuries.
With the growing interest in public health and epidemics of infectious diseases in the late 19th century, numerous physicians published
relevant material in what might be called medical topography or medical geography. These essays often analyzed various aspects of population statistics and compiled much useful material from raw tables. One
example of such a person is Ernst Almqvist (1852–1946), a physician
who served as health inspector in Stockholm, then as first city physician
in Gothenburg 1883, and from 1891 as professor of public health
(allmän hälsovårdslära) in Stockholm at Karolinska Institute. His many
studies in infectious diseases were printed in the Swedish medical journals of the day, including his source critical analysis of causes of death
in the church records, that is, the material on which the Swedish mortality material is based.5
2
3
4
5
24
Sköld 2001, pp. 88–95, 171–211.
Sköld 2001, pp. 265–301.
Fr. Th. Berg, “Årstidens inflytande på dödligheten,” Statistisk tidskrift 13 (1879),
88–120.
Ernst Almquist, “Hygieniska studier i kyrkoarkiven,” Eira 8 (1884), 673–92.
Kapitel 5/Chapter 5
Exempel på referenser, Oxfordsystemet/Exampel of
References, Oxford System
Referenser/References
Notera att referenslistan är skriven enligt internationell standard vilket
betyder att de svenska bokstäverna å, ä och ö inte står sist i listan som i
svensk standard. Å och ä skrivs före a medan ö skrivs före o.
Note that the reference list is written according to the international
standard which means that the Swedish characters å, ä and ö are not
placed in the end of the list as usual. The letters å and ä is placed before
the letter a and the letter ö is placed before o.
Ågren, M. Att lösa ekonomiska tvister – domstolarnas främsta sysselsättning på 1700-talet? Historisk tidskrift, 108, (1988), 481–511
Appel, H. H. (1999). Tinget, magten og æren. Studier i sociale processer
og magtrelationer i et jysk bondesamfund i 1600-tallet. Odense:
Odense Universitetsforlag.
Abel-Smith, B., Cost Containment in Health Care. Occasional Papers on
Social Administration 73 (London, Bedford Square Press, 1984).
Apple, R., Reaching Out to Mothers: Public Health and Child Welfare.
Evening Lecture Series 5 (Sheffield, European Association for the
History of Medicine and Health Publications, 2002).
Beito, D., From Mutual Aid to the Welfare State: Fraternal Societies
and Social Services, 1890–1967 (Chapel Hill, University of North
Carolina Press, 2000).
Beito, D. et al., The Voluntary City: Choice, Community, and Civil Society (Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 2002).
Brown, L. and Sparer, M., ‘Poor program's progress: The unanticipated
politics of Medicaid policy’, Health Affairs, 22,1 (2003), 31–44.
Cain, L. P. and Rotella, E. J., ‘Death and spending: Urban mortality and
municipal expenditure on sanitation’, Annales de démographie historique, 2001–1: 139–154 (2001).
25
Kapitel 5/Chapter 5
Chapin, C., ‘Variation in type of infectious disease as shown by the history of smallpox in the United States, 1895–1912’, Journal of Infectious Diseases, 13,2 (1913), 171–196.
Chapin, C., ‘Permanency of the mild type of smallpox’, Journal of Preventiv Medicine, 6 (1932), 273–320.
Chapin, J. and Fetter, B., ‘Performance-based contracting in Wisconsin
public health: Transforming state-local relations’, Milbank Quarterly, 80,1 (2002), 97–124.
Chatters, L. M., Taylor, R. J. and Lincoln, K. D., ‘African American
religious participation: A multi-sample comparison’, Journal for the
Scientific Study of Religion, 38,1 (1999), 132–145.
Committee on the Costs of Medical Care 1932, Medical Care for the
American People (Chicago, University of Chicago Press).
Condran, G., ‘Declining mortality in the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries’, Annales de Démographie Historique (1987), 119–141.
Dublin, L. I., Lotka, A. J., and Spiegelman, M., Length of Life: A Study
of the Life Table (New York, Ronald Press, 1949).
Easterlin, R. A., ‘Growth and composition of the American Population
in the twentieth century’, in Haines and Steckel (2000), 631–675.
Felix-Aaron, K., Levine, D. and Burstin, H. R., ‘African American
church participation and health care practices’, Journal of General
Internal Medicine, 18,11 (2003), 908–915.
Fishback, P. V., Haines, M. R., and Kantor, S., ‘The impact of the New
Deal on black and white infant mortality in the South’, Explorations
in Economic History, 38 (2001), 93–122.
Forbes, D. and Frisbie, W. P., ‘Spanish surname and Anglo infant mortality: Differentials over half a century’, Demography, 28,4 (1991),
639–660.
Fox, D. M., Power and Illness: The Failure and Future of American
Health Policy (Berkeley, University of California, 1993).
Fox, D. M., ‘Health policy and the history of welfare states: A reinterpretation’, Journal of Policy History, 10,2 (1998), 239–256.
Fox, D. M., and Fronstin, ‘Public spending for health care approaches
60 percent’, Health Affairs, March/April (2000), 271–273.
Frisbie, W. P. and Song, S., ‘Hispanic pregnancy outcomes: Differentials over time and current risk factor effects’, Policy Studies Journal,
31,2 (2003), 237–252.
26
Exempel på referenser, Oxfordsystemet
Green, L. et al., ‘The ecology of medical care revisited’, New England
Journal of Medicine, 344,26 (2001), 2021–25.
Gutmann, Myron P. et al., ‘Intra-ethnic diversity in Hispanic child mortality, 1890–1910’, Demography, 37,4 (2000), 467–475.
Haines, M. R., ‘The white population of the United States, 1790–1920’,
in Haines and Steckel (2000), 305–369.
Haines, M. R., ‘The urban mortality transition in the United States,
1800–1940’, Annales de démographie historique, 2001–1: 33–64
(2001).
Haines, M. R. and Steckel, R. H., A Population History of North America (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000), Table A.2.
Historical Statistics of the United States: Millenial Edition. (Preprint.
Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999).
von Hofer, H. (1997). Nordic Criminal Statistics 1950 – 1995 (Depratment of Criminology, Stockholm University, Report 1997:2). Stockholm.
von Hofer, H. (2003). Crime and Punishment in Sweden: Historical
Criminal Justice Statistics 1750–2000. Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention, 4, 162–179.
Hummer, R. A. et al., ‘Religious involvement and U.S. adult mortality’,
Demography, 36,2 (1999), 273–285.
Humphreys, M., Yellow Fever and the South (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins, 1992).
Humpreys, M., Malaria: Poverty, Race, and Public Health in the United
States (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins, 2001).
Hunt, L. L. and Hunt, M. O., ‘Regional patterns of African American
church attendance: Revisiting the semi-involuntary thesis’, Social
Forces, 78,2 (1999), 779–791.
Hunt, L. L. and Hunt, M. O., ‘Race, religion, and religious involvement:
A comparative study of whites and African Americans’, Social Forces, 80,2 (2001), 605–631.
Klein, R., The New Politics of the NHS (Third Edition, Harlow, Longman, 1995).
Kreling, D. H., Mott, D. A., Wiederholt, J. B., Prescription Drug
Trends: A Chartbook Update (Menlo Park, CA, Kaiser Family Foundation, 2001).
Levit, K. et al., ‘Trends in U.S. health care spending, 2001’, Health Affairs, 22, 1 (2003), 154–164.
27
Kapitel 5/Chapter 5
Ludmerer, K. M., Learning to Heal: The Development of American
Medical Education (New York, Basic Books, 1985).
Ludmerer, K. M., Time to Heal: American Medical Education from the
Turn of the Century to the Era of Managed Care (New York, Oxford
University Press, 1999).
Meeker, E., ‘The improving health of the United States: 1850–1915’,
Explorations in Economic History, 9 (1972), 353–373.
Meeker, E., ‘The social rate of return on investment in public health,
1880–1910’, Journal of Economic History, 34 (1974), 392–421.
Melosi, M. V., The Sanitary City: Urban Infrastructure in America from
Colonial Times to the Present (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins, 2000).
Miniño, A. M. et al., ‘Deaths: Final data for 2000’, National Vital Statistics Reports, 50,16 (2002).
Mullan, F., Plagues and Politics: The Story of the United States Public
Health Service (New York, Basic Books, 1989).
Österberg, E. (1991a). Brott och social kontroll i Sverige från medeltid
till stormaktstid. Godtycke och grymhet – eller sunt förnuft och
statskontroll. Historisk Tidsskrift (Norway), 70, 150–165.
Österberg, E. (1991b). Kontroll och kriminalitet i Sverige från medeltid
till nutid: Tendenser och tolkningar. Scandia, 57, 65–87.
Österberg, E. (1991c). Violence among Peasants. Comparative Perspectives on Sixteenth- and Sevententh-Century Sweden. In E. Österberg,
Mentalities and Other Realities. Essays in Medieval and Early Modern Scandinavian History. Lund: Lund University Press., 89–112.
Paquy, L., Les systèmes européens de protection sociale en perspective
(2003). [http://phoenixtn.net/monographs.jsp].
Putnam, R., Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American
Community, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000).
Riley, J. C., Sickness, Recovery, and Death (Iowa City, University of
Iowa Press, 1989).
Rosenkrantz, B. G., Public Health and the State: Changing Views in
Massachusetts (Cambridge MA, Harvard, 1972).
Southall, H., ‘Ageing, health and ending with: A study of life cycle and
life chances among 19th century British artisans’. Presented to the
International Congress of Historical Sciences, Beijing (1995).
Starr, P., The Social Transformation of American Medicine (New York,
Basic Books, 1987).
Steckel, R. H., ‘The African American population of the United States,
28
Exempel på referenser, Oxfordsystemet
1790–1920’, in Haines and Steckel (2000), 433–481.
White, K. M. and Preston, S. H., ‘How many Americans are alive because of twentieth-century improvements in mortality?’, Population
and Development Review, 22,3 (1996), 415–429.
Young, J. H., The Toadstool Millionaires: A Social History of Patent
Medicine in America before Federal Regulation (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1961).
29
Kapitel 6/Chapter 6
Exempel på löptext, Harvadsystemet/Text Example,
the Harvard System
Textexempel/Text Example
It has been described as a means to increase the success-rate of excorporeal assisted conception technologies such as in vitro fertilisation,6 particularly for women above a certain age and women who have
had previous miscarriages. It has been held that these women’s embryos
may carry chromosomal deviations and such deviations have been considered a main reason why implantations fail or the women miscarry.
Embryos with chromosomal deviations can be sorted out after genetic
screening (Wilton 2002; Rubio et al. 2003; Werlin et al. 2004).
Whereas PGD and preimplantation genetic screening are performed
in some European countries today (Sermon 2005 et al.),7 this is not the
case with the second technology discussed in this study. Germ-line gene
therapy is not performed on humans.
The term gene therapy encompasses different strategies designed to
overcome or alleviate disease by introducing or replacing genes or gene
segments into the cell of an affected individual. Such a transfer can be
performed with different technologies, biological as well as nonbiological,8 and genetic material may be directly transferred into cells
within a person (in vivo gene therapy). It may also be inserted in vitro,
6
7
8
The success-rate for IVF has been low world-wide, though it varies between
different clinics. The take-home baby rate from PGD in the UK, Lavery et al.
state (2002:2466) is at best 15–20 per cent per cycle started.
It is also noteworthy that between 1999–2001, in almost half of the reported
cases of genetic testing on embryos to the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology, screening was used (SMER 2004:19).
In the case of biological methods for transfer, viruses are used as carriers of genetic material. In the case of non-biological methods, the genetic make-up is
changed chemically so that genes or gene segments can be transferred into the
cells.
31
Kapitel 6/Chapter 6
if cells are removed from the person, genetic material transferred and
inserted in the cells and the cells replaced within the person.
Germ-line gene therapy that affects the germ cells has been discussed as an undesirable side-effect of in utero or adult somatic gene
therapy (Coutelle et al. 2003). It is argued that during gene delivery,
foreign DNA may be inserted into the germ cell genome and, if so,
transmitted to future generations. The question has been whether – and
if so what level of – insertion is tolerable (Kazazian 1999; Coutell &
Rodeck 2002). Technologies are also being elaborated for detecting
gene transfer in developing sperm so as to know whether these germ
cells have been affected (Gordon 2003). GMGT has also been discussed
as the result of insertion of a gene into the mitochondrial DNA9 in an
embryo or into germ cells of an individual (ova, sperm and its progenitors). It has been discussed as a possible ‘treatment’ of certain mitochondrially encoded diseases, i.e. diseases due to DNA deviations in
genes in the mitochondrial DNA, in embryos. The idea is to exchange
the cytoplasm, so that the cell nucleus of one egg cell is transferred into
an egg cell of another woman (whose cytoplasm contain no deviant mitochondria DNA) from which the cell nucleus has been removed (SOU
2004:20:319).
Whereas PGD and preimplantation genetic screening are performed
in some European countries today (Sermon 2005 et al.),10 this is not the
case with the second technology discussed in this study. Germ-line gene
therapy is not performed on humans.
The term gene therapy encompasses different strategies designed to
overcome or alleviate disease by introducing or replacing genes or gene
segments into the cell of an affected individual. Such a transfer can be
performed with different technologies, biological as well as nonbiological,11 and genetic material may be directly transferred into cells
9
Mitochondrion is an organelle in the cell’s cytoplasm that produces 95 per cent of
the cell’s energy supply. For explanations of medical notions used in the book,
see also Appendix A.
10 It is also noteworthy that between 1999–2001, in almost half of the reported
cases of genetic testing on embryos to the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology, screening was used (SMER 2004:19).
11 In the case of biological methods for transfer, viruses are used as carriers of genetic material. In the case of non-biological methods, the genetic make-up is
32
Exempel på löptext, Harvardsystemet
within a person (in vivo gene therapy). It may also be inserted in vitro,
if cells are removed from the person, genetic material transferred and
inserted in the cells and the cells replaced within the person.
Germ-line gene therapy that affects the germ cells has been discussed as an undesirable side-effect of in utero or adult somatic gene
therapy (Coutelle et al. 2003). It is argued that during gene delivery,
foreign DNA may be inserted into the germ cell genome and, if so,
transmitted to future generations. The question has been whether – and
if so what level of – insertion is tolerable (Kazazian 1999; Coutell &
Rodeck 2002). Technologies are also being elaborated for detecting
gene transfer in developing sperm so as to know whether these germ
cells have been affected (Gordon 2003). GMGT has also been discussed
as the result of insertion of a gene into the mitochondrial DNA12 in an
embryo or into germ cells of an individual (ova, sperm and its progenitors). It has been discussed as a possible ‘treatment’ of certain mitochondrially encoded diseases, i.e. diseases due to DNA deviations in
genes in the mitochondrial DNA, in embryos. The idea is to exchange
the cytoplasm, so that the cell nucleus of one egg cell is transferred into
an egg cell of another woman (whose cytoplasm contain no deviant mitochondria DNA) from which the cell nucleus has been removed (SOU
2004:20:319).
changed chemically so that genes or gene segments can be transferred into the
cells.
12 Mitochondrion is an organelle in the cell’s cytoplasm that produces 95 per cent of
the cell’s energy supply. For explanations of medical notions used in the book,
see also Appendix A.
33
Kapitel 7/Chapter 7
Exempel på referenslistor, Harvardsystemet/Example
on Reference Lists, the Harvard System
En referenslista innehåller oftast referenser till en och samma författare
men med olika årtal. Antingen skriver man ut samma författarenamn för
varje referens eller skrivs namnet ut en gång och därefter använder man
ett ”långt streck” (dubbla em-dash: ——). Om en författare, som förekommer i referenslistan flera gånger och som skrivit fler än en bok
samma år, åtföljs årtalet med en bokstav: 2001a, 2001b osv. i den ordning böckerna givits ut.
A reference list often consists of references to the same author but with
different year. Either one writes the author’s name for each reference or
writes the name once and instead of the author’s name a long hyphern
(double em-dash: ——)is used. If an author in the reference list occurs
in the reference list several times and has written more than one book in
the same year then the years are followed by a letter: 2001a. 2001b in
the same order as the books were published.
References
Adelswärd, V. (1991) ‘Vems är poängen? En empirisk studie av den
personliga berättelsen i institutionella samtal,’ Nysvenska studier,
70:71–93.
—— (1997) ‘Berättelser från älgpasset. Om metoder för att analysera
jaktberättelsers struktur, poäng och sensmoral,’ in I. Hydén and L-C.
Hydén (eds) Att studera berättelser, Stockholm: Liber AB.
Al-Odiab, A.N., Abu-Amero, K.K., Ozand, P.T. and Al-Hellani, A.M.
(2003) ‘A new era for preventive genetic programs in the Arabian
Peninsula,’ Saudi Medical Journal, 24:1168–1175.
Andersen, S. (2002) ‘Patienten – Etikken,’ Præimplantationsdiagnostik
– En MTV Analyse, København: Center for Evaluering og
Medicinsk Teknologivurdering, Sundhetsstyrelsen.
Anderson, W.F. (1989a) ‘Pre-protocol: In Utero Gene-Transfer for the
Treatment of ADA-Deficiency SCID,’ The New Human Genetic
37
Kapitel 7/Chapter 7
Technologies: Science, Society, Politics – A Reader. Workshop on
the Social Impacts of the New Human Genetic Technologies, Berkerley: University of California at Berkerley.
—— (1989b) ‘Human Gene Therapy: Why Draw a Line?,’ Journal of
Medicine & Philosophy, 14:681–693.
Anton, C. (2001) ‘Beyond Theoretical Ethics: Bakhtinian AntiTheoreticism,’ Human Studies, 24:211–225.
Aramini, M. (1999) La Procreazione Assistita. Scoprire il Senso di un
Nuovo Modo di Nascere, Milano: Paoline Editoriale Libri.
Arnold, R. and Forrow, L. (1993) ‘Empirical Research in Medical Ethics: An Introduction,’ Theoretical Medicine, 14: 195–196.
Aulén, G. (1967) Kristen gudstro i förändringens värld, Stockholm:
Verbum.
Axelrod, D.A. and Goold, S.D. (2000) ‘Maintaining trust in the surgeon-patient relationship. Challenges for the new millenium,’ Archives of Surgery, 135:55–61.
Baier, A.C. (1996) Moral Prejudices. Essays on Ethics, Cambridge,
Massachussetts and London: Harvard University Press.
Barber, B. (1983) The Logic and Limits of Trust, New Brunswick, N.J.:
Rutgers University Press.
Bakshi, A-S. (2000) Tilltro och misstanke: Genteknik och fosterdiagnostik i det offentliga rummet, (Diss.) Linköping Studies in Arts
and Science 207, Linköping: Linköping University Press.
Bauman, Z. (1995) Postmodern etik, Göteborg: Bokförlaget Daidalos
AB.
Baylis, F. and Downie, J. (2001) ‘Professional recommendations: Disclosing facts and values,’ Journal of Medical Ethics, 27:20–24.
Beauchamp, T.L. and Childress, J.F. (2001 [1979]) Principles of Biomedical Ethics, Ed. 5, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Beck, U. (1992) Risk Society. Toward A New Modernity, London:
SAGE.
Beecher, H.K. (1966) ‘Ethics in Clinical Research,’ New England Journal of Medicine, 274:1354–1360.
Benhabib, S. (1992) Autonomi och gemenskap. Kommunikativ etik,
feminism och postmodernism, Göteborg: Bokförlaget Daidalos.
Benson, P. (1990) ‘Feminist Second Thoughts About Free Agency,’
Hypatia, 5:47–64.
Bergström, L. (1996) ‘Om livsåskådningar,’ Filosofisk tidsskrift, 16:3–
38
Exempel på referenslistor, Harvardsystemet
32.
Bet. 1994/95: SoU18 Socialutskottets betänkande, Stockholm: Socialdepartementet.
Billig, M., Condor, S., Edwards, D., Gane, M., Middelton, D. and
Radley, A. (1988) Idelogical Dilemmas. A Social Psychology of
Everyday Thinking, London: SAGE Publications.
Billings, P.R. (1999) ‘In utero gene therapy. The case against,’ Nature
Medicine, 5:255–256.
Birnbacher, D. (1999) ‘Ethics and social science. Which kind of cooperation?,’ Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 2:319–336.
Blum, L. (1991) ‘Moral Perception and Particularity,’ Ethics, 101:710–
725.
Borry, P., Schotsmans, P. and Dierickx, K. (2005) ‘The Birth of the
Empirical Turn in Bioethics,’ Bioethics, 19:49–71.
Bosch, X. (2004) ‘UK criticized for embryo screening decision,’ Nature
Medicine, 10:1266.
Bosk, C. (1993) ‘The Work-Place Ideology of Genetic Counselors,’ in
D.M. Bartel, B.S. LeRoy and A.L. Caplan (eds) Prescribing Our Future: Ethical Challenges in Genetic Counselling, New York: Alter De
Gruyter.
CNB, Il Comitato Nazionale per la Bioetica [The Italian National
Committee for Bioethics] (1991) Terapia Genica, 15 Febbraio 1991.
Available online at http://www.palazzochigi.it/bioetica/pareri.html
(accessed 30 April 2005).
—— (1994) Pareri del Comitato Nazionale per la Bioetica sulle Tecniche di Procreazione Assistita. Sintesi e Conclusioni 17 Giugno
1994. Available online at
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2005).
—— (1995) La Fecondazione Assistita, 17 Febbraio 1995. Available
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April 2005).
—— (1996) Identità e Statuto dell’Embrione Umano, 22 giugno 1996.
Available online at
http://www.palazzochigi.it/bioetica/pareri.html (accessed 30 April
2005).
Council of Europe (1997) ‘Convention for the protection of human
rights and dignity of the human being with regard to the application
39
Kapitel 7/Chapter 7
of biology and medicine; convention on human rights and biomedicine (adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 19 November
1996),’ Human Reproduction, 12:2076–2080.
European Parliamentary Assembly (1982) Recommendation 934 (1982)
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m (accessed 6 July 2005).
Governo Italiano, Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri (2005) Legge
sulla Procreazione Assistita: Referendum 12 e 13 Giugno 2005.
Online. Available at
http://www.governo.it/GovernoInforma/Dossier/procreazione_refere
ndum (accessed 1 July 2005).
McCormick, R. (1987) Health and Medicine in the Catholic Tradition:
Tradition in Transition, New York: Crossroad Publishing.
——. (1989) The Critical Calling. Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
Meyers, D.T. (1987) ‘Personal Autonomy and the Paradox of Feminine
Socialization,’ Journal of Philosophy, 84:619–628.
—— (1989) Self, Society, and Personal Choice, New York: Columbia
University Press.
—— (2000) ‘Intersectional Identity and the Authentic Self? Opposites
Attract!,’ in C. Mackenzie and N. Stoljar (eds) Relational Autonomy
– Feminist Perspectives on Autonomy, Agency and the Social Self,
Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Et cetera, et cetera.
40
Chapter 8/Kapitel 8
Bilder, figurer, diagram och tabeller/Images, Figures,
Diagrams and Tables
Helst bör alla bilder och övrig grafik inkluderas i dokumentet i formaten
tif- eller bmp med en upplösning av 300 ppi eller högre för den tryckta
versionen. I elektroniska versionen måste upplösningen minskas annars
kan filen bli för stor för att publicera elektronsikt. Observera, att om du
publicerar din avhandling elektroniskt, kan du behålla alla eventuella
färger i grafiken. Den tryckta versionen är oftast tryckt i svart/vit utom
för bokomslaget.
Vid arbetet med vetenskapliga texter och bilder är det är viktigt att
känna till rådande upphovsrättslag. Se gärna vår sida om upphovsrätt.
Preferably all images and graphics should be included in the document
as tif- or bmp-file format with a minimum resolution of 300 ppi or higher for the printed version. The electronic version must be reduced to a
lower resolution; otherwise the file may be too large to publish electronically. Note that if you publish your thesis electronically you may keep
any colour graphics. The printed version is usually printed in black and
white except for the book cover.
It is important when working with scientific texts and images to
have knowledge of current copyright laws. See also our copyright page.
Figurer/Figures
Undvik att inkludera rubriken i diagrammet. Alla rubriker bör vara placerade separat. Se exemplen här nedan. Undvik olika färger i diagrammen. Om du använder ett stapeldiagram, använd mönster som syns tydligt i svart/vit. Använd olika mönster istället för färger eftersom färger
som trycks i svart/vit oftast får olika kontraster som kan vara svåra att
urskilja. Om du i alla fall vill använda färger i diagrammet, använd färger som visas i olika gråskalor vid utskrift i svart/vit (se figur 2 som
exempel). Diagrammets bakgrundsfärg bör alltid vara vit. Numrera figurerna separat från kartor och tabeller. En källhänvisning bör alltid finnas
41
Kapitel 8/Chapter 8
under diagrammet. Eftersom en figur eller bild alltid först fångar läsarens blick bör denna placeras längst upp på sidan.
Avoid including titles in the diagram. All titles should be written separately. See the examples below. Avoid different colours in diagrams. If
you use a bar graph, use a pattern that will appear clearly in black and
white. Use different patterns instead of colours, as the colours will not
provide sufficient contrast when printed in black and white. Do not add
any kind of background colour in the graph. If you still choose to use
colours in your figures, use colours that will appear in different shades
of grey when printing out in black and white (see figure 2 as an example). The background should always be white. Number the figures separately from maps and tables. A source should always be included below
the diagram. Since images and figures always catch the reader’s eyes
the images and figures should be placed at the top of a page.
Figure 1. Estimated age-specific mortality in the 1877 scarlet fever
epidemic in Sweden.
0
y
itl 1
–
a
tr 0
o s
e
Mg
d a
,
e
t 0
a 0
0
m
it 1
s re
E p
25
20
15
10
5
0
Province
Source: Bidrag till Sveriges Officiella Statistik (BiSOS). A) Befolkning
1870:3 Table 1; 1877. Table 16; 1880:3, Table 1.
Figure 2. Age-specific mortality in northern Sweden, 1861–65.
42
Bilder, figurer, diagram och tabeller
70
Jämtland
Västerbotten
Norrbotten
Deaths per thousand
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Age 1-4
Age 5-9
Age 10-14
Source: BiSOS. A) Befolkning, 1856–60:3, Table 1; 1861–65, Table 13;
1870:3, Table 1.
Figure 3. Age-specific mortality in Sweden, 1820–1920.
35
Deaths per thousand
30
1-4 years
5-9 years
10-14 years
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
92
/1
11
19
0
91
/1
01
19
0
90
/1
91
18
0
89
/1
81
18
0
88
/1
71
18
0
87
/1
61
18
0
86
/1
51
18
0
85
/1
41
18
0
84
/1
31
18
0
83
/1
21
18
Source: Historisk statistik för Sverige. Vol. 1. Befolkning, 1720–1967
(Stockholm, 1969), Table 40.
43
Kapitel 8/Chapter 8
Kartor/Maps
Map 1. Infant mortality rates in Iceland by counties, 1840–1852.
Source: NAI (National Archive Island). Bps. C. VI. Skýrslur um fædda,
gifta og dána 1838–1871 (The map was created by Ólöf Garðarsdóttir
on the basis of a map by Björn Gunnlaugsson (1846)).
Om du använder kartor i avhandlingen, undvik alla slag av färger eftersom mörka färger blir svarta i svart/vit tryck. Försök använda svart,
grå och vit. Se exemplet ovan. Numrera kartorna separat från figurer
och tabeller.
If you include a map do not use colours since a dark colour will turn out
black if printed in black and white. Try to use black, grey and white.
See the example above. Number the maps separately from the figures
and tables.
Tabeller/Tables
Tabeller bör vara så enkla som möjligt. Skapa alltid en tabell med
Words funktion infoga en tabell och undvik att generera tabeller med
44
Bilder, figurer, diagram och tabeller
tabulator. För att skapa en tabell i Word klicka på ikonen
i menyraden. För muspekaren över fälten för att välja hur många rader och kolumner du vill skapa (se bilden Skapa tabell i Word nedan). Klicka på
ikonen
i menyraden för att formatera bilden. En dialogruta öppnas
(se bilden Tabeller och kantlinjer nedan). Här kan du sedan välja centrerade eller vänsterställda kolumner, linjer, fyllning m.m. genom att
klicka på respektive ikon.
Undvik en massa extra linjer. Använd endast linjer för rubriker,
summeringar o.s.v. som exemplet här nedan. Numrera tabellerna separat
från figurer och kartor.
The tables should be illustrated as simply as possible. Always create a
table with Word’s function for inserting a table and avoid generating
tables by using the tabulator key. In order to create a table in Word,
in the menu. Choose the number of columns and
click on the icon
rows by moving the curser over the fields (see figure Create a table in
Word below). Format the table by clicking on the icon
in the menu.
A dialog box is shown (see the figure Tabeller och kantlinjer below).
Here you can chose to center or left handed columns, lines, filling etc.
by clicking on the respective icon.
45
Kapitel 8/Chapter 8
Avoid extra lines, use only lines for the headlines, totals, etc. as in the
example in table 1. Number the tables separately from the figures and
maps.
Table 1. Indexed age-specific mortality in Sweden, 1831–1930. Index
100=1821–1830.
Year
1–2 years
3–4 years
5–9 years
10–14 years
1831–1840
94
92
99
104
1841–1850
87
97
103
98
1851–1860
103
133
144
122
1861–1870
106
134
120
97
1871–1880
88
112
112
93
1881–1890
77
98
102
90
1891–1900
61
72
79
80
1901–1910
44
45
54
70
1911–1920
33
36
46
65
1921–1930
20
19
26
40
Source: Calculated from Historisk statistik för Sverige. Vol. 1. Befolkning, 1720–1967, Table 40.
46
Kapitel 9/Chapter 9
Citat/Quotations
Det måste klart framgå när citat används i texten. Ett citat mindre än två
rader bör markeras med citattecken. Det bästa sättet att visa ett längre
citat är exemplet nedan. Det bör vara indraget och skrivet med mindre
stil utan citattecken.
It must be shown clearly if quotations are used in the text. A quote of
less than two lines should be indicated by double quotation marks. The
best way to indicate a longer quotation is illustrated below. It should be
indented and printed in a smaller font without quotation marks.
We children were allowed to nurse until we were a couple of years of
age. I remember still the sensation of my mother’s skin. .... When my
mother sat suckling the youngest of us, she was often glad – almost delighted. So it happened, she took the small one away, played a little with
the breast and then put it to the mouth of one of the older children, saying, “Do you want a bit too, ducky?” I have stood in my wooden shoes
before my mum and had my part of the feast.
Det är inte nödvändigt att lägga till citattecken i indragen text. Texten är
i 11 punkter med 12 punkters mellanrum före och efter citatet. Den
vänstra och högra marginalen är indragen med 1 cm. Ett citat inom citat
markeras genom att använda enkla citattecken som exemplet nedan.
It is not necessary to add quotation marks if the text is indented. The
text is 11p with a spacing of at least 12p. The left and right margins are
indented 0.98 cm (0.39"). A quote within a quote should be marked by
using single quotation marks in the original quote and double in the
longer, the latter as in the example below.
“The elder statesman exclaimed: ‘I've been misquoted’”.
47
Kaptiel 10/Chapter 10
Listor/Lists
Numrerade listor/Numeric Lists
Numrerade listor bör visas enligt exemplet nedan med vänstra marginalen indragen och den högra marginalen som stycketext d.v.s. inte rak.
Numeric lists should be presented as below, with the left margin indented and the right margin as a paragraph text.
1. the infant may ingest harmful micro-organisms.
2. the food may contain too few nutrients in forms the infant is
able to use.
3. the food may contain nutrients in forms or concentrations which
cause indigestion or other illnesses, both short- and long-term.
4. any other sustenance will reduce breast milk production because
the infant’s demand, expressed in suckling, guides the production of the milk supply. An infant satisfied by something else
will not suckle sufficiently to ensure the proper amount of milk.
Övriga listor/Other lists
Indragningen är olika mellan en numrerad lista och andra listor. Justera
indraget efter eget tycke och smak men lämna högra marginalen som
stycketext, alltså inte rak.
Indentation differs a bit between numeric and other kinds of lists. Adjust the indentation after your own wish but leave the right margin as a
paragraph text.


the infant may ingest harmful micro-organisms.
the food may contain too few nutrients in forms the infant is
able to use.
49
Kapitel 10/Chapter 10


50
the food may contain nutrients in forms or concentrations which
cause indigestion or other illnesses, both short- and long-term.
any other sustenance will reduce breast milk production because
the infant’s demand, expressed in suckling, guides the production of the milk supply. An infant satisfied by something else
will not suckle sufficiently to ensure the proper amount of milk.
Kapitel 11/Chapter 11
Skapa innehållsförteckning/Create Table of Contents
Ett enkelt sätt att skapa innehållsförteckningar är att använda sig av
rubriknivåer, precis som i detta dokument. Skapa en innehållsförteckning genom att placera markören på den sida som innehållsförteckningen ska visas. På menyraden längst upp på skärmen välj Infoga, sedan
Referens och därefter Index och förteckningar. Klicka sedan på fliken
Innehållsförteckningar och slutligen på OK. En viss efterformatering
av innehållsförteckningen kan ibland vara nödvändig för att den ska se
riktigt snyggt ut.
It is easy to create a table of contents by using the headline levels, as
used in this document. Create a table of contents by placing the cursor
on the particular page where the table of content should be inserted. On
the menu bar at the top of the screen choose Insert, then Reference and
continue with Index and Lists, choose the flip Table of contents and end
by clicking OK. It is sometime necessary to do some editing in the table
of contents in order to make it look real neat.
51