The Church
Sacrament of Salvation
The Church
Chapter 5
Chapter 5
The Four Marks of
the Church: One, Holy,
Catholic, and Apostolic
Chapter Objectives
The student will be able to understand:
• The Church is One
• The unity of the Church in
the Mystical Body of Christ
• Wounds to the unity of
the Church
• Neo-Platonism and the nature
of Christ
• Gnosticism, Arianism,
Apollinarianism,
Nestorianism, and
Monophysitism
• The Protestant
Reformation
• Ecumenism
• The holiness of the Church
• The Church is Catholic
• The Church is Apostolic
Keys to Chapter 5
• Christ founded only one Church, and he is the
source of her unity.
• The unity of the Church has been and
continues to be wounded through apostasy,
heresy, and schism.
• We work and pray for the reunion of all
Christians in the Catholic Church in which
the true Church of Christ subsists.
Keys to Chapter 5
• Though made up of sinful members, the Church
is holy with the holiness of Christ.
• The Church has a universal mission to fulfill.
• The Church’s foundation is the Apostles and
their teaching.
For Discussion:
•
•
•
•
What are the four marks of the Catholic Church?
What does it mean that the Church is One?
How has the unity of the Church been wounded?
What ecumenical efforts are being made
at present?
• What does it mean that the Church is Holy?
For Discussion:
• What does it mean that the Church is Catholic?
• What does it mean that the Church is Apostolic?
• What is apostolic succession, and why is
it important?
• What is apostolic Tradition?
The First Mark:
One
Lesson Objectives
•The Church is One
•The unity of the Church in the Mystical Body of Christ
•Wounds to the unity of the Church
The First Mark: One
Basic Questions
What does it mean to say the Church is One?
The Church is One, meaning there is only one Church
whose source of unity is the unity of God himself.
The First Mark: One
Basic Questions
How does the image of the Church as the
Mystical Body of Christ help us understand
the unity of the Church?
The unity of the Church can be seen in the unity of
faith, worship, and leadership of the Catholic Church
as the Mystical Body of Christ.
The First Mark: One
Basic Questions
What has wounded the unity of the Church?
Wounds to the unity of the Church have occurred over
the centuries due to heresy, apostasy, and schism.
Focus Question
What does it mean to say that the Church is
both a visible and an invisible community?
The one Church established by Christ is present both on
earth and in Heaven. On earth she is a visible
community. The Church in Purgatory and in Heaven is
invisible to us on earth. At the same time, the spiritual
riches, which the Church on earth possesses, are also
invisible. For example, the Real Presence of Christ in
the Eucharist is invisible.
Focus Question
What are the four marks of the Church, both
on earth and in Heaven?
The Church is One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic.
Focus Question
What is an immediate, practical value of the
four marks?
They help distinguish the true pilgrim Church
on earth from any others that claim to be
Christ’s Church.
Focus Question
How do we know the Catholic Church
possesses the four marks of the Church?
Through faith and the historical record. Only faith
can recognize that the Church possesses these marks
because of her divine origin, but the historical
manifestations of these marks are signs that clearly
speak to human reason.
Focus Question
Where does the Church get the Four Marks,
or characteristics?
She receives them from God.
Guided Exercise
Conduct a think/pair/share
using the following question:
How is the unity of the Church different from
that of any other social group or organization?
Focus Question
What do we mean when we say,
“The Church is one”?
The Church is unique and singular. Jesus has instituted
one Church and not multiple churches.
Extension:
One way of understanding this is that Jesus Christ has
not forged multiple paths to salvation but only one way.
Focus Question
How many “flocks” did Christ intend to have?
He has just “one flock” as he is “one shepherd.”
Focus Question
What did Christ mean in saying, “I am the way,
and the truth, and the life; no one comes to
the Father, but by me”?
He meant that he is the only way to salvation.
Focus Question
Why is one Church enough?
In establishing the Church on earth, Christ gives all
mankind the opportunity to be united to him, the
one Savior of the world, by becoming part of his
one Mystical Body.
Focus Question
What is the second meaning of the statement,
“The Church is one”?
The unity and solidarity of the Church.
Focus Question
What is perhaps the best image of the Church
to express the unity of the Church?
The Church as the Mystical Body of Christ.
Focus Question
How does the Mystical Body of Christ express
the unity of the Church?
In the Mystical Body of Christ, the many diverse
members of the Church are united to Jesus, our
head, to form the whole Christ, united and animated
by the Holy Spirit, the “soul” of the Mystical Body.
Focus Question
What are the three visible ways or attributes of
the unity of the Mystical Body of Christ?
She has a unity of faith, worship, and leadership.
Focus Question
What does it mean to say that the unity of the
Church will “perdure”?
The unity achieved at the beginning of the Church’s
life will never disappear.
Graphic Organizer
Complete the following table to summarize the three unities
of the Church.
Unity
Unity of Faith
Unity of Worship
Unity of Leadership
Explanation
Focus Question
What were the two major problems that
Pope St. Leo the Great faced?
1. The once great Roman Empire was dividing
and disintegrating.
2. The heresies of Pelagianism, Nestorianism,
Monophysitism, and Manichaeism were
gaining adherents.
Focus Question
How did the “Tome of Leo” affect the
Council of Chalcedon?
When those present heard the words of
Pope St. Leo the Great’s letter, they readily assented
to his teaching and exclaimed, “Peter has spoken
through Leo.”
Focus Question
How did Pope St. Leo the Great save the city
of Rome from Attila the Hun?
He met the notorious barbarian outside the walls of
the city and persuaded Attila and his men to leave
Rome without a fight.
Focus Question
What was one division that arose in the
Church at the very beginning?
The first division was over the question of
whether Gentile converts had to be circumcised
and live according to the Mosaic Law in order
to become Christians.
Focus Question
How was this resolved?
The Council of Jerusalem, under the leadership of
St. Peter, gave the response to this question.
Focus Question
What happened to the unity of the Church in
subsequent centuries?
More serious dissensions appeared and large
communities became separated from full communion
with the Catholic Church.
Focus Question
What are the three types of ruptures that
wound the unity of Christ’s Body?
Heresy, apostasy, and schism.
Focus Question
What is apostasy?
Apostasy is the total rejection of the Christian
Faith by someone already baptized.
Focus Question
What is heresy?
Heresy is the deliberate and persistent post-baptismal
denial of a truth of the Faith taught by the Church.
Focus Question
What is schism?
It is the post-baptismal refusal of unity with the
Pope or the refusal of communion with the members
of the Church.
Focus Question
Can a non-Christian be a heretic or schismatic
or be in a state of apostasy?
No. These are states that only a baptized member
of the Church can possess.
Focus Question
What are two major schisms that have
occurred in the history of the Church?
The first, with the Eastern Orthodox Churches,
took place in the eleventh century. The second was
with the various denominations that were founded
during the Protestant Reformation in the
sixteenth century.
Focus Question
How do Catholics today view the members
born into these schismatic communities?
Catholics view them as separated brethren who often,
through no fault of their own, remain unaware of
the truth of the Catholic Faith.
Focus Question
What are some elements of sanctification and
truth found within the separated Churches and
ecclesial communities of Eastern Orthodoxy
and Protestantism?
Sacred Scripture, some or all of the Seven
Sacraments, the theological virtues of faith, hope,
and charity, and the gifts of the Holy Spirit.
Focus Question
What is the origin of the elements of the true
Faith, which our separated brethren possess?
These elements, which come from Christ and lead
back to him, belong by right to the Catholic Church,
the one Church founded by Christ, which possesses
them in their fullness.
Focus Question
How are the seeds of reunification present in
the elements of sanctification and truth that
our separated brethren possess?
The fact that some of these elements are present to
some degree within other communities is evidence of
those communities’ origins (i.e., they separated from
the Catholic Church) and may provide an avenue for
their eventual return to Catholic unity.
Early Christian
Heresies
Lesson Objectives
•Neo-Platonism and the nature of Christ
•Gnosticism, Arianism, Apollinarianism, Nestorianism,
and Monophysitism
Early Christian Heresies
Basic Questions
What error was Neo-Platonism prone to in regard
to the nature of Christ?
While Greek language and the philosophy of Plato and
Aristotle were invaluable for articulating Catholic
doctrine, the Neo-Platonic understanding of the logos
made Greek thought prone to misunderstanding the
nature of Jesus Christ.
Early Christian Heresies
Basic Questions
What is the heresy of Gnosticism?
Gnosticism claimed a secret knowledge of Christ.
Early Christian Heresies
Basic Questions
What is the heresy of Arianism?
Arianism denied the divinity of the Son of God.
Early Christian Heresies
Basic Questions
What is the heresy of Apollinarianism?
Apollinarianism denied that Christ had a human
mind and will.
Early Christian Heresies
Basic Questions
What is the heresy of Nestorianism?
Nestorianism claimed Christ was two persons, one
human and the other divine.
Early Christian Heresies
Basic Questions
What is the heresy of Monophysitism?
Monophysitism claimed Christ had only one nature.
Guided Exercise
Conduct a think/pair/share
using the following prompt:
Compare and contrast the Christian
and Neo-Platonic ideas of the logos.
Graphic Organizer
Identify and briefly explain the five heresies discussed in this
lesson.
Heresy
Gnosticism
Arianism
Apollinarianism
Nestorianism
Monophysitism
Brief Explanation Orthodox Catholic Teaching
Focus Question
Where do Catholic religious doctrines
come from?
They derive from the revealed truths contained in the
Deposit of Faith that Christ entrusted to his
Church and which are found in Sacred Scripture
and Sacred Tradition.
Focus Question
What did the first heresies concern?
The Person of Christ.
Focus Question
What does early Christianity owe to the
Greek language and the philosophies of
Plato and Aristotle?
The richness of the Greek language and the Greek
philosophical tradition were invaluable for
articulating and developing the Christian message.
Focus Question
How did Neo-Platonists see God and
the logos?
These non-Christian pagans held that there was a
Supreme Being, who created the world through lesser
beings, one of which was the logos.
Focus Question
How did St. John use the word Logos?
He used it to refer to God the Son.
Focus Question
Why would the Neo-Platonists likely
misunderstand the Person of Christ?
Their way of looking at their logos was as a created
being, inferior to God; therefore, they would tend to
believe that Jesus could not be truly divine.
Focus Question
What problem did the Neo-Platonists have
with creation in general?
They saw the created world as an obstacle to
contemplation and personal perfection and so would
not like the idea that Christ is true man.
Focus Question
What is the gnosis in Gnosticism?
Gnosis is knowledge, in this case a secret
knowledge, which is the basis of salvation.
Focus Question
What did the Gnostics believe about God?
The Gnostics taught that there were two gods;
the creator god who propagated evil (the Old
Testament) and the unknowable divine being
(the New Testament).
Focus Question
What is the role of the logos in Gnosticism?
Christ, the logos, had been sent to give secret
knowledge to a select few so that they could return to
the unknowable divine being. This was only possible
if the individuals understood the secret knowledge
of the redeemer’s teaching and practiced the
appropriate Gnostic rituals.
Guided Exercise
Discuss the following question:
Why does denying the divinity of Christ
invariably lead to the rejection of the doctrines
of the Trinity and the redemption?
Focus Question
Who was Arius?
He was a Catholic priest whose study of
neo-Platonism and familiarity with Gnosticism
led him to claim the Son of God was neither
God nor equal to the Father.
Focus Question
How did Arius see Jesus Christ?
Jesus was the supreme creation of God, but not his
eternally begotten Son, Second Person of the Blessed
Trinity. He denied the divinity of Christ.
Focus Question
Gnosticism
What Church doctrines regarding Christ’s
nature did Gnosticism reject?
It rejected both Christ’s human and divine nature.
It rejected Christ’s divine nature because the logos
was not God. It rejected Christ’s human nature,
because it would be material and therefore evil.
Focus Question
Gnosticism
What was Christ’s Body, according to
the Gnostics?
It was an apparition.
Focus Question
Gnosticism
What are the two major errors of
the Gnostics?
The Gnostics denied the goodness of the created world, the
existence and supremacy of the one true God, the clear
meaning of the Old and New Testament Scriptures, and
the reality of Christ’s human and divine nature, along
with his redemptive Passion, Death, and Resurrection.
Focus Question
Gnosticism
How is the New Age movement
essentially Gnostic?
New Age promises a secret knowledge gained through
pagan or ritual ceremony, which can be released through
amulets, crystals, secret incantations, fortunetelling,
horoscopes, zodiac signs, or tarot cards. With both
Gnosticism and New Age, salvation ultimately comes from
within a person, thus eliminating the need for a Redeemer.
Focus Question
Arianism
How strong was the Arian heresy?
This heresy ravaged the Church in the east and was
adopted by many of the Visogothic tribes that
dominated central and northern Europe. It seriously
threatened the existence of orthodox Christianity.
Focus Question
Arianism
How did the Church defend traditional
Catholic teaching?
She reaffirmed the traditional belief in the divinity
of Jesus Christ, proclaiming that the Son is
consubstantial with the Father.
Focus Question
Arianism
How was Arianism overcome?
Bishops from throughout the world, meeting in the First
Ecumenical Council of Nicaea (AD 325), solemnly defined
the consubstantiality of God the Father and God the Son.
Extension: Emperor Constantine expelled Arian bishops
from the Roman Empire and restored deposed, faithful
bishops to their sees.
Focus Question
Arianism
How has Arianism been revived in the
modern age?
It can be seen in the tendency among some to stress
Christ’s humanity at the expense of his divinity.
For example, some today see a historical Jesus who
was a wise teacher, but not divine.
Focus Question
Arianism
What are some Christian sects today that deny
the divinity of Christ?
The Jehovah’s Witnesses and the Church of Jesus Christ
of Latter Day Saints (Mormons) view Christ as the “son
of God,” but not equal to or consubstantial with the
Father, making them incompatible with the teachings of
the Catholic Church in regard to the divinity of Jesus
Christ.
Focus Question
Nestorianism
Who was Nestorius?
He was the Patriarch of Constantinople.
Focus Question
Nestorianism
What did he teach about Christ?
He maintained that Christ was the unity of a
divine Person and a human person and thus a
person neither human nor divine but an admixture
of the two.
Focus Question
Nestorianism
Why did Nestorius deny the title of Theotokos
(“Bearer of God”) to Mary?
He taught that the Blessed Virgin Mary was the
Mother of the human person Christ but not the
Mother of the divine Person of the Son of God.
Focus Question
Nestorianism
What is wrong with Nestorianism?
Catholic belief is that Jesus Christ is one divine
Person with two natures, human and divine.
Focus Question
Nestorianism
What is the Hypostatic Union?
It is a doctrine, formally accepted by the Church at
the Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon (451), that
explained that Jesus Christ is one divine Person who
simultaneously possesses two natures, one human
and one divine, without any admixture of the two.
Focus Question
Nestorianism
Why is Mary understood as the Mother
of God?
Mothers are mothers not of natures but of persons.
She is the mother of the Person of Jesus Christ,
who is a divine Person.
Focus Question
Monophysitism
What is the meaning of the word
monophysitism?
Monos is Greek, meaning “single,” and physis,
meaning “nature”; thus, monophysitism is the belief
that Christ has only one nature.
Focus Question
Monophysitism
What is the heresy of Monophysitism?
Monophysitism claimed that there is only one nature
in Christ—not two. It claimed that the human
nature of Christ was “incorporated” into the
Divine Nature in the same way that a drop of
vinegar might be absorbed into an ocean of water.
Focus Question
Monophysitism
Which Pope basically defeated Monophysitism?
Pope St. Leo the Great’s Tome stated the orthodox
Catholic position, which was accepted at the
Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon (451).
Focus Question
Where does Apollinarianism get its name?
It is named for Apollinaris, the Bishop of Laodicea
in Syria who formulated it.
Focus Question
What is the Apollinarian heresy?
Apollinaris taught that although Jesus Christ is true
God and has a human body, he did not have a
human mind and will.
Focus Question
What was wrong with Apollinarianism?
If Christ did not have a human mind and will, he
was not fully human, and, therefore, human beings
could not have been redeemed by his Passion,
Death, and Resurrection. “That which is not
assumed is not saved.”
Protestantism and
Ecumenism
Lesson Objectives
•The Protestant Reformation
•Ecumenism
Protestantism and Ecumenism
Basic Questions
What was the Protestant Reformation?
The Protestant Reformation was an interrelated series
of schisms that took place from 1517 to 1648 over the
teachings, worship, and structure of the Church,
resulting in Protestant communities and over 30,000
separate denominations today.
Protestantism and Ecumenism
Basic Questions
What is Ecumenism?
Ecumenism calls all Christians to unity through sincere
dialogue, prayer, and discernment.
Focus Question
What was the Protestant Reformation?
It was an interrelated series of schisms that took
place from 1517 to 1648.
Focus Question
What abuse did Martin Luther rightly criticize?
He criticized the sale of indulgences.
Focus Question
What did Martin Luther wrongly criticize?
He criticized the validity of indulgences.
Guided Exercise
Research online the differences between Catholics
and Protestants using the following topics:
•What is Original Sin?
•How are we saved?
•What is the source of our knowledge about religion?
•What is the role of Mary, the saints, and angels in
our lives?
•Who leads the Church on earth?
•What are the Sacraments?
Focus Question
What was the result of the Protestant
independence from Rome?
These new Christian communities found that they
disagreed with one another. These new
denominations generally have been limited to their
country of origin or have continued to splinter.
Today, there are more than thirty thousand different
Protestant denominations throughout the world.
Focus Question
Who are some of the great saints of the
Catholic Reformation?
God gave the world saints like Ignatius of Loyola,
Francis Xavier, John of the Cross, Teresa of Avila,
and Francis de Sales to assist the pilgrim Church.
Guided Exercise
Conduct a think/pair/share
using the following question:
Based on Christ’s prayer, “That they may all be one.
As you, Father, are in me and I am in you, may they
also be one in us… so that the world may know that
you have sent me,” how does Christian disunity
harm the Church’s evangelical efforts?
Focus Question
To which Christian body is the Catholic
Church the closest in terms of worship
and belief ?
She is closest to the Eastern Orthodox Churches.
Focus Question
How does the problem of leadership in
Protestantism compound ecumenical
dialogue?
Each of the Protestant communities generally
does not have a hierarchy or teaching authority
that can officially speak for all the members of
its denomination.
Focus Question
What does the Church hope to gain
from interfaith dialogue with Jewish and
Muslim leaders and representatives of the
Oriental religions?
While unity is unlikely, the Church seeks common
ground and mutual respect.
Guided Exercise
Articulate the principles for engaging
in ecumenical work identified by the
documents of the Second Vatican Council.
Focus Question
What is ecumenism?
It is the task of working toward Christian unity.
Focus Question
According to CCC 816, why do Catholics
engage in ecumenical work?
Only the Catholic Church contains the fullness of
salvation, and all members of the People of God
should be incorporated into her.
The Second Mark:
Holy
Lesson Objectives
•The holiness of the Church
The Second Mark: Holy
Basic Questions
In what sense is the Church holy?
The Church, though made up of sinful members on
earth, is holy because of the holiness of Christ her head.
The Church on earth and each of her members
participate in a hidden way in Christ’s holiness. The
Church will be perfected at the end of time in the glory
of Heaven.
Focus Question
What is the origin of the holiness of
the Church?
The Church receives her holiness from Christ her
founder through the indwelling of the Holy Spirit.
Focus Question
What are the means the Church possesses to
sanctify people?
She has the teachings of Christ, the Sacraments,
and the life of prayer.
Focus Question
How is the Church holy if her members
are sinners?
The Church’s holiness is not defiled by the presence
of sinners; rather, her holiness can transform sinners
into saints.
Focus Question
Which members of the Church are
absolutely holy?
The Church’s members in Heaven have reached the
perfection of holiness.
Focus Question
According to CCC 827, how do members of
the Church become holy?
By entering into the life of the Church, which is
Jesus Christ.
Guided Exercise
Perform a paragraph shrink on the
final paragraph of this section, beginning,
“In 2000…” through the two quotes
from Pope Bl. John Paul II (p. 160).
Focus Question
What is the effect of the sins of individual
members of the Church on people outside
the Church?
Our sins obscure the Church’s holiness in the eyes of
the world.
Extension:
Because people tend to notice other’s sins but are blind
to their own, critics may accuse the Church of hypocrisy
or failure.
Focus Question
What is the antidote to the sins of individual
members of the Church?
Everyone must seek and practice purification,
penance, and renewal.
Focus Question
In what sense is the Church the point of
human history?
From all eternity, God envisioned the Church as the
means to bring the human family back to himself
after the Fall. God used human history to prepare
humanity for the coming of Christ and his Church.
Focus Question
What is God’s ultimate vision of the Church
as the people of God?
It is the eternal communion of the human family
with him in Heaven.
Focus Question
What three qualities does the Church possess
because of holiness?
The Church is immutable, meaning she will never
change in her essential aspects; indefectible, meaning
she will never perish nor go astray; and perennial,
meaning it will exist until the end of time.
Guided Exercise
Conduct a think/pair/share
using the following question:
Based on the section, “Participation in the Holiness
of Christ” (p. 160), how does the Church
already share in Christ’s Resurrection?
Focus Question
According to St. Paul, why is Christ’s
Resurrection of first importance for Christians?
If Christ did not rise from the dead, then our faith
is futile and we are still in a state of sin.
Focus Question
How is Christ’s Resurrection different
from the resurrections Christ performed
while on earth?
The persons Christ miraculously raised returned to
ordinary earthly life and later died. Christ’s risen
body possessed new properties, which reflected the
glory of his divinity, and was not limited to time
and space.
Focus Question
What will our resurrected bodies be like?
They will not be like Lazarus’s body, which died
again, but like Christ’s, which is intended for
dwelling in Heaven.
Focus Question
When will the bodily resurrection take place?
At the end of history.
Guided Exercise
Write a bullet-point analysis of CCC 769
to “unpack” its many ideas.
The Third and
Fourth Marks:
Catholic and Apostolic
Lesson Objectives
•The Church is Catholic
•The Church is Apostolic
The Third and Fourth Marks:
Catholic and Apostolic
Basic Questions
What does it mean to say the Church is Catholic?
The Church is Catholic because she has a universal
authority to fulfill her universal mission.
The Third and Fourth Marks:
Catholic and Apostolic
Basic Questions
What does it mean to say the Church is Apostolic?
The Church is Apostolic because it is built on the
teaching of the Apostles, whose authority she possesses
through apostolic succession.
Guided Exercise
Break down the paragraph beginning,
“From the day of Pentecost…” (p. 162),
into bullet points to identify the various
ways the Church is universal.
Focus Question
What does the word “catholic” typically mean
as used today?
It is a denominational term, much like “Baptist” or
“Lutheran,” and refers to Catholics.
Focus Question
What does catholic actually mean?
The word “catholic” comes from the Greek word
katholikos, meaning “universal,” or “pertaining
to the whole.”
Focus Question
What are the two meanings of “catholic” as
they describe the nature of the Church?
The Church is catholic because:
1.she is whole and complete; and
2.she has received universal authority from Christ
to fulfill her universal mission.
Focus Question
To what extent does each local Church possess
the presence of Christ?
Each possesses it fully.
Focus Question
How is the universality of the Church more
than international?
Through her unity with Christ, the Church includes
the faithful on earth, in Purgatory, and in Heaven.
Focus Question
What is the diversity that exists within the
universality of the Church?
The Church possesses a rich diversity of external
expressions of faith and worship, according to the
culture in which she has taken root.
Focus Question
Why are there different Rites in the Church?
From the earliest years the Catholic Faith has found
expressions and ways of worship that are distinctive
to individual cultures.
Focus Question
What does every legitimate Rite of the
Catholic Church have in common?
Each shares the same Apostolic origin
and Sacraments.
Focus Question
How do the Rites differ?
Each Rite preserves its own linguistic, artistic,
architectural, spiritual, and cultural heritage.
Focus Question
What is the parallel between the
Twelve Apostles and the twelve
ministers of Solomon?
Solomon appointed twelve ministers to assist him in
ruling his kingdom and Christ appointed Twelve
Apostles to assist him in ruling his kingdom.
Focus Question
What tasks did Christ give his Apostles the
authority to carry out?
He gave them his authority to teach, sanctify, and
govern his Church.
Focus Question
According to CCC 861, how did the Apostles
pass on their authority?
They appointed successors to carry on their work
and directed those men to appoint other proven men
to take over their ministry when they died.
Focus Question
How can one recognize the true Church of
Christ on earth?
The test is whether the church in question can be
shown to be led by shepherds who received their
mission and powers from the Apostles through an
uninterrupted chain of succession.
Focus Question
What reflects a bishop’s direct link with the
Apostles during installation?
The laying on of hands signifies this.
Graphic Organizer
Complete the following table to capture the senses in which
the Church is Apostolic.
Sense
Apostolic Foundation
Apostolic Faith
Apostolic Succession
Meaning