青岛滨海学院精品课程
英语精品课程
孙敏副教授
第十一章 论说文的翻译
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I. the Presentation of the Main Contents:
第一节
政论文的翻译
一、政论文的特点：
用词一般都较规范、严谨、庄重。
2. 政论文逻辑严密，说理性强
二、政论文的翻译
1.了解文章的写作意图及写作背景；
2. 透彻理解原文，准确把握词义，慎重选词择句；
3. 通读原文全文，抓住中心论点，分析文章的总体结构和谋篇布局的脉络，理
清作者逻辑推论的层次，领会作者的章法；
4. 弄清作者的立场、观点，搞清文章的出发点，力避歪曲事实。
补充材料：
一、什么是政论文
二、政论文的范围
三、政论文的特点
四、翻译政论文的要点
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1、 忠实原作政治思想内容。
2、义切词严，爱憎分明
3、概念同一
4、逻辑严谨
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目录
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五．政论文翻译注意的问题
1 了解文章的写作意图及写作背景。
2 透彻理解原文，准确把握词意，慎重选词择句。
3 通读原文全文，抓住中心论点，分析文章的总体结构和谋篇布局的脉落，理
清作者逻辑推论的层次，领会作者的章法。
4 弄清作者的立场，观点。搞清文章的出发点，力避歪曲事实。
六．政论文汉译英的常见错误：
1. 过分简单化的直译；
2. 重复和累赘；
3. 滥用修饰语；
4. 不恰当的比喻；
5. 搭配不当
七．如何避免和减少Chinglish
1． 吃透原文精神，摆脱中文句型束缚，注重原文内涵，按照英语规律和习惯，
利用加字、减字、转换词类等技巧，甚至掉证券局结构是一文通顺流畅。
2. 注意英汉句子结构的不同特点
II. The details of the main contents
i. Theory Studying
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第十一章 论说文的翻译
第一节
第二节
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第十一章
论说文的翻译
 论说文又叫议论文，一有白话和文言之分，二有书面和口头之别。当
今的翻译工作，主要是处理用现代汉语写成或讲出的政论文，即白话
政论文。本章以此为重点，并简要介绍文言论说文的英译问题。
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第一节
政论文的翻译
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一、政论文一般具有如下文体持点：
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首先，不论是社科论著、文献资料还是报刊社论，用词一般都较规
范、严谨、庄重。
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其次，政论文逻辑严密，说理性强。由于政论文旨在解析思想，阐
发论点，辩明事理，展开论争，因此内容往往较复杂，句式结构变化
多样，作者在陈述自己的观点时总是力求周密、深入，重整体布局，
重修辞。
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请仔细阅读下文及其英译，注意领会政论文的文体特点。
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 岁月悠悠，沧桑巨变。历史是最生动的教材。法西斯发动的侵略战争
给人类带来了浩劫，也教育了世界人民。世界人民赢得了战争的胜利，
赢得了和平与进步。半个世纪过去了，痛苦的回忆，胜利的喜悦，深
深的思考，使人们更加清醒。
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历史证明，和平来之不易。世界大战的悲剧绝不能重演。必须经常
保持高度警惕，不断发展和壮大和平力量，遏制和消除导致战争的一
切因素。
 历史表明，人民终究是自己命运的主人，是社会前进的推动者。凡是
正义的和进步的事业必然要胜利，这是任何力量也扼杀不了和阻挡不
住的。
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分析：这段文字选自江泽民主席1995年5月在莫斯科卫国战争纪念
馆揭幕式上的讲话。讲话措辞严谨，层次分明，生动有力。
 下面请看译文：
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 As time moves on, everything changes in the world. History
is indeed the most vivid textbook. War of aggression
launched by fascists has brought scourges to mankind, but
also enlightened people throughout the world. People have
not only won the war but also achieved peace and progress.
Half a century later, the painful memories, joy of victory and
soul-searching pondering have made people more soberminded.
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History has demonstrated that peace has not come
about easily. The tragedy of a world war shall never be
allowed to repeat itself. One must always maintain sharp
vigilance, develop and strengthen forces for peace and check
and eliminate all factors leading to war.
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History has demonstrated that people are, in the end,
masters of their destiny and powerful forces promoting social
progress. Anything that is just and progressive is bound to
win, and cannot be smothered or stopped by any force.
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 二、政论文的翻译
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做好政论文的翻译，要多注意以下几点：
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（1）了解文章的写作意图及写作背景；
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（2）透彻理解原文，准确把握词义，慎重选词择句；
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（3）通读原文全文，抓住中心论点，分析文章的总体结构和谋篇布局的脉
络，理清作者逻辑推论的层次，领会作者的章法；
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（4）弄清作者的立场、观点，搞清文章的出发点，力避歪曲事实。
 请阅读下面一段文章：
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1990年以来，美国等西方国家无视中国政治稳定，经济发展，社会进步，
民主与法制日益完善，人民生活水平不断提高的事实，在联合国人权委员会连
续五次抛出反华提案，粗暴干涉中国内政，企图破坏中国稳定，遏制中国发展，
进而改变中国的发展道路和社会制度。他们四处游说，多方施压，以图达到其
不可告人的目的。但是，在中国和广大亚非拉发展中国家及其他主持正义国家
的坚决反对和抵制下，西方的反华图谋连续五次遭到挫败。这不仅是中国的胜
利，也是广大发展中国家和国际正义力量维护《联合国宪章》宗旨和原则的胜
利。（国务院新闻办公室《中国人权事业的进展》1995）
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 分析：这段文章逻辑性强，结构严密，论据确凿，严厉地回击了美国等西方国
家妄图借人权问题干涉中国内政的图谋。翻译时应立场坚定，义正辞严，在透
彻理解原文的基础上，慎重选词组句。
 请看译文：
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Since 1990, the United States and some other western
countries, disregarding China’s political stability, economic
development, social progress, daily perfection of democracy and
the legal system and constant improvement of people’s living
standards, have concocted five anti-China proposals at the United
Nations Human Rights Commission, wantonly interfering in China’s
internal affairs by trying to change China’s development path and
social system through sabotaging its stability and preventing it
from going forward. They have gone everywhere to sell their ideas
and impose pressure from various aspects so as to reach their
sinister political purposes. However, under the resolute opposition
and resistance of China, the vast number of developing countries in
Asia, Africa and Latin America and other countries that support
justice, all five anti-China plots of the West have failed. It is a
victory not only for China, but also for the vast number of
developing countries and international justice forces in developing
the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations.
(From The Progress of Human Rights in China)
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补充材料
一、什么是政论文
1. 政论文是一种议论，说理的文章。
这种文章都有一定的政治倾向。
作者针对当时现实中各种重大的政治问题和社会问题，从一定的立场
出发，阐明自己的见解和主张；赞成什么，反对什么，是非常鲜明的。
为了使别人接受自己的观点和主张，还常常运用各种积极的修辞手段，
以增强感染力。
二、政论文的范围
1. 革命领袖有关政治的文章,报告,演说;
党政机关,政治团体的宣言,声明;
报刊杂志的政治性社论,思想评论,国际时事评论以及编辑部文章等
凡是对时政问题进行议论说理的文章,都可以属于政论文的范畴.
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 三、政论文的特点
 1. 一定的政治倾向
 讲求确切,严谨,鲜明,富有鼓动性. 句式结构变化多样，重整体布局，重
修辞。
 修辞特征：兼有科技语体和文艺语体的某些特点,把科学的论证和形象
的描绘交织在一起,形成自己独特的风格.
 在运用语言材料上要求准确性,严密性同生动性,形象性密切结合起来。
 科学作品中特有的表达方式,如图表,符号,公式等,在政论文中可以适当
地加以运用.文艺作品中常用的比喻,对偶,排比,婉言,反语,设问等修辞
方式,政论文中也可以自由运用.
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 四、翻译政论文的要点
 总体要求：忠实确切地表达原作的思想内容,保持原作的修辞色彩,使译
文能起到与原文相同的宣传鼓动作用.
 1、 忠实原作政治思想内容。
 必须忠实于作者的政治观点.译者必须忠实地表达出原作者鲜明的政治
观点,对原作的立场,所论述的方针,政策不允许有丝毫歪曲篡改,一词一
句都必须仔细推敲,认真选择.
 2、义 切 词 严 ,爱 憎 分 明
 义切词严是指掌握好政治分寸.注意谴词造句的严谨与否.
 政论文用词的语义深度,句意或轻或重,反映了作者的立功和态度. 译者
在谴词造句时,应在透彻理解原文的基础上，认真揣摩,仔细推敲,该重
则重,该轻则轻
 3、概 念 同 一
 术语的准确与统一, 直接影响到逻辑关系的严密.一个名词和词组在同
一篇文章里或不同的文章里多次使用,如果表示同一个概念,论述同一个
事物,那么 这个名词或词组的译名要始终保持同一 性.
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 4、逻辑严谨
 通读原文，抓住中心，分析文章的谋篇布局的脉落，理清作者逻辑推论的层次，
领会作者的章法，可以避免翻译时断章取义，造成逻辑错误。
 例：1.（摘自邓小平1992年在武昌、深圳、珠海、上海等地的谈话要点。英文
出自中共中央马恩列斯著作编译室翻译出版的《邓小平文选（英文版）》第三
卷。）
 要坚持两手抓，一手抓改革开放，一手抓打击各种犯罪活动。这两只手都要硬。
打击各种经济犯罪活动，扫除各种丑恶现象，手软不得。广东二十年赶上亚洲
“四小龙”，不仅经济要上去，社会秩序、社会风气也要搞好，两个文明建设都
要超过他们，这才是有中国特色的社会主义。新加坡的社会秩序算是好的，他们
管得严，我们应当借鉴他们的经验，而且比他们管得更好。
 There are two tasks we have to keep working at: on the one hand,
the reform and opening process, and on the other, the crackdown on
crime. We must be steadfast with regard to both. In combating crime
and eliminating social evils, we must not be soft. Guangdong is
trying to catch up with Asia’s “four little dragons” in 20 years, not
only in terms of economic growth, but also in terms of improved
public order and general social conduct---that is, we should surpass
them in both material and ethical progress. Only that can be
considered building socialism with Chinese characteristics. Thanks to
a strict administration, Singapore has good public order. We should
learn from its experience and surpass it in this respect.
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 开放以后，一些腐朽的东西也跟着进来了，中国的一些地方也出现了
丑恶的现象，如吸毒、嫖娼、经济犯罪等。要注意很好地抓，坚决取
缔和打击，决不能任其发展。新中国成立以后，只花了三年时间，这
些东西就一扫而光。吸鸦片、吃白面，世界上谁能消灭得了？国民党
办不到，资本主义办不到。事实证明，共产党能够消灭丑恶的东西。
 Since China opened its doors to the outside world, decadent
things have come in along with the others, and evils such as
drug abuse, prostitution and economic crimes have emerged
in some areas. Special attention must be paid to these evils,
and resolute measures must be taken to stamp them out
and prevent them from spreading. After the founding of New
China, it took only three years to wipe these things out. Who
in this world has ever been able to eliminate the abuse of
opium and heroin? Neither the Kuomintang nor the capitalist
countries. But facts have shown that the Communist Party
was able to do it.
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五．政论文翻译注意的问题
1 了解文章的写作意图及写作背景。
2 透彻理解原文，准确把握词意，慎重选词择句。
3 通读原文全文，抓住中心论点，分析文章的总体结构和谋篇布局的
脉落，理清作者逻辑推论的层次，领会作者的章法。
 4 弄清作者的立场，观点。搞清文章的出发点，力避歪曲事实。
 例如：1. 我们高兴地看到，一年来以董建华先生为首的特区政府施政
有方，积极致力于香港居民普遍关注的民生问题，稳健地处理内外事
务，沉着地应付各种挑战，特别是为抵御亚洲金融风波对香港的冲击
进行了卓有成效的工作。特区政府成立以后，行政，立法，司法机关
运作正常，公务员队伍保持稳定。
 最近，又顺利地进行了第一届立法会的选举，使香港民主进程向前迈
出重要一步。所有这些， 都显示出香港特区政府具有管理香港社会，
驾御复杂局势的智慧和能力。 中央政府对你们取得的显著政绩表示满
意和赞赏。 事实有力地证明了邓小平先生关于“香港人是能治理好香
港”的论断是完全正确的。
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 We note with pleasure that the HKSAR Government headed
by Mr. Tung Chee Hwa has administered Hong Kong capably
and effectively over the past year in vigorously resolving
issues relating to the welfare and well being of Hong Kong
residents that are of universal concern in HK, handling the
internal and external affairs steadily and surely and taking
up challenges calmly, in particular, in fending off the impact
of Asian Financial turbulence.
 Since the establishment of the SAR Government, the
executive, legislative and judicial bodies in HK, have been
functioning smoothly with a stable civil servants team. The
election for the first legislative council went along smoothly
not long ago, which is an important step forward in the
democratic process in HK.
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 All this testified to the wisdom and the capacity of the SAR
Government in administering the HK society and managing
complex situations . The central government hereby
expresses its satisfaction and appreciation for the
remarkable achievements that you have made. Facts are a
convincing testimony to the sound assertion made by Mr.
Deng Xiao Ping that “Hong Kong people can administer Hong
Kong well”.
 The idea that there is one people in possession of the truth,
one answer to the world’s ills, or one solution to humanity’s
needs, has done untold harm throughout history--especially in the last century. Today, however, even amidst
continuing ethnic conflict around the world, there is a
growing understanding that human diversity is both the
reality that makes dialogue necessary, and the very basis for
that dialogue.
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 有种观点认为，真理只掌握在一国人民手中，消除世界弊端的答案只有一种，
或是满足人类需要的办法只有一个。 这种想法在整个历史进程中，特别是在上
个世纪带来了无尽的祸害。 然而,今天，虽然世界各地仍在不断发生着种族冲
突，人们已越来越认识到人类的多样性。这一认识，不仅作为一种现实情况让
对话变得必要，而且构成了对话的真正基础。
 2004年，全国各族人民在中国共产党领导下，高举邓小平理论和“三个代表”
重要思想伟大旗帜，团结奋进，锐意创新，社会主义现代化事业取得令人鼓舞
的重大成就。
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过去一年，我们是在应对新的挑战和考验中前进的。党中央、国务院审时
度势，及时作出了加强宏观调控的决策和部署，按照果断有力、适时适度、区
别对待、注重实效的原则，综合运用经济、法律手段和必要的行政手段，着力
解决影响经济平稳较快发展的突出问题。经过全国上下共同努力，宏观调控取
得明显成效。经济运行中不稳定不健康因素得到抑制，薄弱环节得到加强，避
免了经济大的起落。
 一年来的成就集中表现在：经济保持平稳较快发展，综合国力进一步增强；改
革取得重要进展，对外开放实现新突破；社会事业加快发展，人民生活继续改
善。2004年，国内生产总值达到13．65万亿元，比上年增长9．5％；财政
收入2．63万亿元，增长21．4％；社会消费品零售总额5．4万亿元，增长
13．3％；进出口贸易总额1．15万亿美元，增长35．7％，由上年居世界第
四位上升为第三位；城镇新增就业980万人，超过预期目标；城镇居民人均可
支配收入9422元，农村居民人均纯收入2936元，扣除价格因素，分别实际增
长7．7％和6．8％。这些成就，标志着我国在全面建设小康社会道路上又迈
出坚实的一步。
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 Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC),
the people of all our ethnic groups held high the great
banners of Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought
of Three Represents, worked together in an innovative spirit,
and made major achievements worth celebrating in the
socialist modernization drive in 2004.
 After sizing up the situation, the CPC Central Committee and
the State Council promptly made decisions and
arrangements for strengthening macro regulation. Acting on
the principles of adopting resolute and effective measures,
taking timely and appropriate steps, dealing with problems
individually and stressing practical results, they worked to
solve prominent problems threatening steady and rapid
economic development through a combination of economic
and legal means, plus administrative means when necessary.
 Thanks to the concerted efforts of the whole nation, their
macro regulation achieved significant results. Destabilizing,
unsound factors threatening economic performance were
contained, weak links were strengthened, and large
economic fluctuations were avoided.
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 The main achievements over the past year were: the
economy maintained steady and rapid development, overall
national strength increased, significant progress was made in
our reform, breakthroughs were achieved in opening up,
social development was accelerated, and people's lives
improved. China's GDP in 2004 reached 13.65 trillion yuan,
an increase of 9.5% over the previous year. Government
revenue came to 2.63 trillion yuan, up 21.4%. Retail sales of
consumer goods totaled 5.4 trillion yuan, up 13.3%.
 The volume of imports and exports totaled US$ 1.15 trillion,
an increase of 35.7%, moving China up to third place in the
world from fourth in the previous year. Some 9.8 million
urban residents entered the workforce for the first time, a
figure that exceeded the target. Urban per capita disposable
income grew by 7.7% in real terms, and rural per capita net
income rose by 6.8% in real terms. All of the above shows
that China has taken another solid step forward on the road
of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.
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 3. 美国国务院3月8日发表的《2005年国别人权报告》，无视自身糟
糕的人权纪录，又一次以“世界人权法官”自居，对包括中国在内的
190多个国家和地区的人权状况指手划脚，惟独对自己严重侵犯人权的
问题闭口不谈。为了帮助世人看清美国“人权卫士” 的真实面目，有
必要对美国过去一年来侵犯人权的情况作一全面的透视。
 On March 8, the U.S. Department of State, posing once
again as "the world's judge of human rights," released its
Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2005. As in
previous years, the State Department pointed the finger at
human rights situations in more than 190 countries and
regions, including China, but kept silent on the serious
violations of human rights in the United States. To help
people realize the true features of this self-styled "guardian
of human rights," it is necessary to probe into the human
rights abuses in the United States in 2005.
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 从以上事实可以看出，美国糟糕的人权纪录不仅与其自我
标榜的“人权大国”的神话形成鲜明的对照，而且与美国
的经济社会发展水平和国际地位极不相称。美国政府在人
权问题上理应先清理自己的门户，根本没有资格对其他国
家颐指气使、发号施令。
 The facts listed above show a poor human rights
record of the United States, which forms not only
a sharp contrast with its image of a self-claimed
"advocate of human rights," but also disaccord
with its level of economic and social development
and international status. The U.S. government
ought to first clean up its own record of human
rights before qualifying itself to comment on
human rights situations in other countries, let
alone arrogantly telling them what to do.
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 美国一向自诩为“民主的典范”，不断向世界兜售其民主模式。实际
上，美国的“民主”始终是少数富人的民主，是“有钱人的游戏”。
 The United States has always boasted itself as the "model of
democracy" and hawked its mode of democracy to the rest
of the world. In fact, American "democracy" is always one for
the wealthy and a "game for the rich."
 总结：政论文中的用语往往体现着我国的时事政策方针，关系到国家
的政治、民主、外交、经济、军事利益，这种严肃性就要求政论文的
译者首先必须具有高度的政治敏感并站稳政治立场。
 对于重要的有政治含义的词句，必须要把握好分寸。
 浓厚的中国特色
 政论文既然涉及中国社会生活、时事政治、经济文化的方方面面，其
中的很多用语都是中国特有的，这样的例子在报刊中随处可见。 如：
“三讲”“两手抓，两手都要硬”“文化搭台，经济唱戏”“菜篮子
工程”“安居工程”“豆腐渣工程”等等。
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 六．政论文汉译英的一大困难
 如何利用多种手段将这些生动活泼的表达方式译成(China English)
（有中国特色的英语），而尽量避免“Chinglish”（中式英语）。
 什么是Chinglish?
 “Chinglish” 是指既不能准确表达中文含义，又不符合英文表达习惯的
一些生硬、牵强、晦涩的译文。
 造成的Chinglish的原因
 1. 过分简单化的直译；例如：
 汉语中经常使用的“化”字，通常对应词缀“-ize/-ization”, 但不可
一概而论。例如：
 （1）. “国民经济信息化”
 A. “the informationization of national economy”
 B. “build an information-based national economy”
 （2） “领导核心年轻化”
 A. “to make the leadership members younger”
 B. “to bring young people into the core of the leadership”
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2. 重复和累赘；例如
“农业获丰收”
“there have been good harvests in agriculture”
“生活水平不断提高”
“living standards for the people continued to rise”
3. 滥用修饰语；例如
“彻底粉碎”
“completely smash”
“非常重要”
“extremely vital”
“伟大的历史时刻”
“a great, historic victory”
4. 不恰当的比喻；
“世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃”
A. “At the turn of the century, China’s diplomacy is the most active.”
B. “The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic area.
5. 搭配不当 例如：“取得成就”
A. “make achievements”
B. “attain/score achievements”
“革命事业接班人”
A. “successors to the revolutionary cause”
B. “successors in the revolutionary cause”
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 七．如何避免和减少Chinglish
 1． 吃透原文精神，摆脱中文句型束缚，注重原文内涵，按照英语规
律和习惯，利用加字、减字、转换词类等技巧，甚至掉证券局结构是
一文通顺流畅。
 在工作中，有意识地记录一些疑难译例。注意英语国家人们的表达方
式及对词的运用。
 做有心人，培养对语言的浓厚兴趣，不断提高自身的综合素质。
 （1）“菜篮子工程”
 “shopping basket project”
 “shopping basket project --- a program aimed to improve
the market supply of non-staple food” （解释性翻译）
 （2）“863 计划”
 1）the “863” Program
 2) the March 1986 Program to stimulate the development of
high technologies
 3) the March 1986 High-tech Program （既准确又简练）
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“提高人民的生活水平”
“to raise/improve the living standard of the people”
“to improve the quality of their lives”
“to better the lives of the people” (借鉴西方表达方式）
(借鉴西方表达方式）更多例子
（3）差额选举: competitive/selective election; multi-candidate
election
（4）等额选举: single-candidate election
（5）下不为例: a special one-time case
（6）关系网: a network of personal connections
（7）给农民打白条: issue IOUs to farmers
（8）人尽其才：bring out the best in people
2. 注意英汉句子结构的不同特点
汉语句子的轻短松散和英语句子的多枝共干 例如：
（1）我们的国家大，人口多，经济落后，农业要搞上去，最重要的还是要依
靠一系列正确的政策调动农民的积极性，自力更生，艰苦奋斗。
Agriculture advance in so vast a country, with such a large
population and backward economy in China, requires above all else
mobilizing, by means of a series of correct policies, the initiative of
the farmers to work hard and self-reliantly.
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 （2）中央认为，这些改革应根据国民经济各个环节的内在联系和主客观条件
的成熟程度，分别轻重缓急和难易，有先有后，逐步进行，争取５年左右的时
间基本实现。
 The Central Committee is of the opinion that these reforms should
be carried out step be step according to the inherent connections
between the various links of the national economy as well as the
degree of ripening of the subjective and objective conditions and in
the right order of importance, urgency and feasibility, and that they
should basically be accomplished in about five years.
 （3）“不辱使命、不负重托”
 Live up to the mission assigned to them and the full trust placed on
them.
 （4）“收入分配关系尚未理顺”
 Things have yet to be straightened out in the matter of income
distribution.
 Income distribution has yet to be rationalized.
 （5）“以村党组织为核心的村级组织配套建设”
 The building of village-level supporting organizations with village
Party organizations as the core
 The building of village-level supporting organizations which rally
around village Party organizations
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（6）“善于进行理论思维和战略思维”
Theoretical and strategic thinking
To be good at thinking on a theoretical plane and in a strategic perspective
（7）“建立和完善三军一体、军民兼容、平战结合的联勤保障体制”
Establishing and improving a joint logistical support system featuring
integration of the three commands of the army, compatibility of military and
civilian purposes and the manufacturing of products for both peacetime and
wartime.
Establishing and improving a joint logistical support system for the three
armed services, for both military and civilian purposes and for both
peacetime and wartime.
（8）“坚持党要管党、从严治党的方针”
Adhere to the principle that the Party exercises self-discipline and is strict
with its members.
（9）“树立全民环保意识”
Help the whole nation see the importance of environmental protection
Make everybody environmentally aware
（10）“完善公开办事制度”
Improve the system of keeping the public informed of matters being
handled
Improve the system of public office transparency
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（11）“政务公开”
Making government affairs known to the public
Government transparency
（12）“社会公示制度”
System of keeping the public informed
System of pre-appointment announcement
（13）“领导干部述职述廉制度”
The system under which leading cadres report on their work
and their efforts to perform their duties honestly
…report on their work and job integrity
（14）“正确处理改革发展稳定的关系”
Properly handle the relationship between reform,
development and stability
Balance reform, development and stability
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（15）“干事业”
(people are encouraged) to achieve something
…to be proactive
（16）“素质”
思想道德素质: ideological and ethical standards
科学文化素质: scientific and educational level
体能健康素质: physical health
素质教育: competence-oriented (or quality-oriented)
education
 提高全民法律素质: raise public awareness of law (People are
better educated in law)
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翻译实践
 将下列各段文字译成英语：
 知识的问题时一个科学的问题，来不得半点的虚伪和骄傲，决定的需
要的倒是其反面——诚实和谦虚的态度。你要有知识，你就得参加变
革现实的实践。你要知道梨子的滋味，你就得变革梨子，亲口吃一吃。
你要知道原子的组织同性质，你就得实行物理学和化学的实验，变革
原子的情况。你要知道革命的理论和方法，你就得参加革命。一切制
止都是从直接经验发源的。但人不能事事直接敬仰，事实上多数的知
识都是间接经验的东西，这就是一切古代的外域的东西。（毛泽东
《实践论》）
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Knowledge is a matter of science, and no dishonesty or
conceit whatsoever is permissible. What is required is
definitely the reverse—honesty and modesty. If you want
knowledge, you must take part in the practice of changing
reality. If you want to know the taste of a pear, you must
change the pear by eating it yourself. If you want to know
the structure and properties of the atom, you must make
physical and chemical experiments to change the state of
the atom. If you want to know the theory and methods of
revolution, you must take part in revolution. All genuine
knowledge originates in direct experience. But one cannot
have direct experience of everything; as a matter of fact,
most of our knowledge comes from indirect experience, for
example, all knowledge from past times and foreign lands.
(On Practice)
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2. 科学研究的区分，就是根据科学对象所具有的特殊的矛盾性。因此，
对于某一现象的领域所特有的某一种矛盾的研究，就构成某一门科学
的对象。例如，数学中的证书和附属，机械学中的作用和反作用，物
理学中的阴电和阳电，化学中的化分和化合，社会科学中的生产力和
生产关系、阶级和阶级的相互斗争，军事学中的攻击和防御，哲学中
的唯心论和唯物论、形而上学观和辩证法观等等，都是具有特殊的矛
盾和特殊的本质，才构成了不同的科学研究的对象。固然，如果不认
识矛盾的普遍性，就无从发现事物的特殊性，就无从发现事物运动发
展的特殊原因，或特殊的根据，也无从辨别事物，无从区分科学研究
的领域。（毛泽东《矛盾论》）
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The science are differentiated precisely on the basis of the
particular contradictions inherent in their respective objects
of study. Thus the contradiction peculiar to a certain field of
phenomena constitutes the object of study for a specific
branch of science. For example, positive and negative
numbers in mathematics; action and reaction in mechanics;
positive and negative electricity in physics; dissociation and
combination in chemistry; forces of production and relations
of production, class struggle, in social science; offence and
defence in military science; idealism and materialism, the
metaphysical outlook and the dialectical outlook, in
philosophy; and so on—all these are he objects of study of
different branches of science precisely because each branch
has its own particular contradiction and particular essence.
Of course, unless we study the particularity of contradiction,
we have no way of determining the particular essence of a
thing which differentiates it from other things, no way of
discovering the particular cause or particular basis for the
movement or development of a thing, and no way of
distinguishing one thing from another or of demarcating the
fields of science. (On Contradiction)
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3. 多极化趋势正在全球范围内继续继续发展。各种重要力量相互依存，
相互合作，有利于世界的和平与稳定。全球有近二百个国家。国家不
论大小、贫富、强弱、都是国际大家庭的平等成员。世界和平要靠各
国人名的努力。世界事务应由世界各国共同参与。我们生活在一个丰
富多彩的世界。世界各国无论社会制度、价值观念和发展水平，还是
历史传统、宗教信仰和文化背景，都存在着差别。各国人名有权选择
符合本国国情的社会制度、发展道路和生活方式。任何国家都无权干
涉他国内政。不承认世界多样性这一客观事实，企图把自己的意志强
加于人，按照一种制度、模式和意识形态来一统天下，是决对行不通
的。（李鹏《共同努力缔造一个和平与发展的世界》）
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 The trend toward multi-polarity continues to gain momentum
throughout the world. The interdependency, constraints and
cooperation amongst various major forces are conductive to world
peace and stability. The world now has some 200 countries, and all,
large or small, rich or poor, strong or weak, are equal members of
the international community. Maintaining world peace requires the
joint efforts of the people from all countries, and world affairs must
be jointly managed by all the people.
 We live in a diversified world a kaleidoscope of social system,
values, levels of development, historical traditions, religions, beliefs
and cultural backgrounds. People in different countries must have
the right to choose their social system and development models, as
well as life styles suited to their own national conditions. No
country has the right to interfere in the internal affairs of other
countries. Turning a blind eye to the objective reality of world
diversity and attempting to impose one’s own will on others in an
attempt to build a world based on a uniform system, model or
ideology will be to no avail.
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第二节 文言论说文的翻译
掌握正确的翻译方法
人们通常以“信、达、雅”作为衡量一篇译文好坏的标准，文言文的
翻译也是如此。好 的译文能够将一篇文章在另一种语言环境中真实、
完美地再现出来。如果将一篇寓意深刻、 很有文采的文章翻译得干巴
生硬，或艰涩难懂，就没有完全达到翻译的目的，同时也歪曲了 原作。
可见，翻译不仅是文言文综合水平的体现，也反映出译者的表达能力
和写作水平。“忠 实原作、字字敲定、直译为主、意译为辅”是翻译
文言文时应遵循的总原则。具体来说，翻 译时要注意以下几点：①补
充省略的部分。原文中省略的部分，如谓语、主语、宾语等，要 视情
况补充完整。②调整语序。文言文中有很多倒装句，如谓语前置、宾
语前置、定语后置 等，都与现代汉语的语序不同，翻译时应调整过来。
③适当增减。有些文言文的语句，非常 精练，言简意丰，翻译时应做
适当扩充，以充分表达原文的意思。相反，有的文章为增加气 势，强
化效果，故意用一串有同样意思而说法不同的句子，这时，翻译就要
合并凝缩。此外， 还要注意句子的语气、句子间的关系、修辞手法等，
翻译时要完整贴切地表达出来。
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 在我国文化宝库中，有不少精美的篇章是用文言写成的论说文。这些
文章评论国事、家事、天下事，结构严谨，节奏有力，言简意赅。本
节介绍几个片段的英译，旨在再次提醒读者对中华民族的这部分文化
遗产的重视，认真对待其发掘、整理、翻译、出版等工作。
 就文言论说文的翻译而言，它同文言叙事文和描写文的翻译一样，需
要首先解决正确理解的问题。解决这个问题，就要在文言文的字法和
句法上下功夫，尤其要弄清文言虚词的意义及用法，分清文言文与白
话文在句法结构上的差异。第二步就是遵循汉英翻译的基本原则和方
法，再现原文的意义、风格和神韵。下面提供几段译例，以便学生在
教师指导下进行分析和研究。
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 1. 子曰：“富与贵，是人之所欲也；不以其道得之，不处也。贫与贱，
是人之所恶也；不以其道得之，不去也。君子去仁，恶乎成名？君子
无终食之间违仁，造次必于是，颠沛必于是。”(《论语》)
 The master said, “Wealth and rank are what everyone
desires; but if they have to be obtained in an improper way,
a gentleman must not accept them. Poverty and meanness
are what everyone abhors; but if they have to be removed in
an improper way, a gentleman can never release himself
from them. Once a gentleman parts with benevolence, how
can he achieve his fame? Never for a moment could he go
against benevolence. He should cherish benevolence all the
time, even when he is in a great hurry or wanders about in a
desperate plight.” (Tr. Li Tianchen, et al.)
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 2. 虽有佳肴，弗食，不知其旨也；虽有至道，弗学，不知其善也。是
故学，然后知不足；教，然后知困。知不足，然后能自反也，知困，
然后能自强也。故曰，教学相长也。
 Even when there is good food, you will not know its
deliciousness, if you don't taste it; even when there is a
good doctrine, you will not know its virtue, if you don't learn
it. Therefore, to learn makes us realize our deficiency, and to
teach makes us know our difficulties. Having realized our
deficiency, we may then come to reflect; having known our
difficulties, we may be able to strengthen ourselves to
overcome them. So we say, to teach is to learn.
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 3. 咫尺天涯，竟成海天之遥。南京匆匆一晤，瞬逾三十六载。幼时同
袍，苏京把晤。往事历历在目。惟长年未通音讯，此诚憾事。近闻政
躬违和，深为悬念。又过七旬，多有病痛，至盼善自珍摄。(廖承志
1982年7月致蒋经国公开信)
 译文I：No one ever expected that a strip of water should
have become so vast a distance. It is now 36 years since our
brief rendezvous in Nanjing. From our childhood friendship to
our chats in the Soviet capital, everything in the past is still
alive in my memory. But it's unfortunate that we haven't
heard from each other for so many years. Recently I was
told that you are somewhat indisposed and this has caused
me much concern. Men in their 70s are often afflicted with
illness. I sincerely hope that you will take good care of
yourself. （新华社英译电讯稿）
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译文II：Who would have expected that the short distance
between us should be keeping us poles apart! It is now more
than 36 years since our brief encounter in Nanjing. The days
we spent together in childhood as well as later in the Soviet
capital, however, are still as fresh as ever in my memory. But
it’s a pity indeed that we haven’t heard from each other for
so many years. Recently it filled me with much concern to
learn of your indisposition. Men aged over seventy are liable
to illness. I hope you will take good care of yourself. （张培基
译）
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 4. 吾弟尝以“计利当计天下利，求名应求万世名”自勉，倘能于吾弟手中成此
伟业，必为举国尊敬，世人推崇，功在国家，名留青史。所谓“罪人”之说，
实相悖谬。
 译文I: You used to spur yourself on with the axiom: “The interests
to be considered should be the interests of all; the fame to be
sought should be a fame that would last for ever.” If the great
cause of reunification would be accomplished through your work,
you will certainly win the esteem of the nation and the praise of all.
You would be doing a meritorious service to the country and your
name would be inscribed in the temple of fame. It is preposterous
to regard such a service as a “guilt”. （新华社英译电讯稿）
 译文II：You used to seek self-encouragement from the motto, “The
interests to be considered should be the interests of all; the fame
to be sought should be an everlasting fame.” If you should be
instrumental in bringing about the great cause of national
reunification, you will certainly win esteem and praise nationwide
and your meritorious service to the country will earn you a niche in
the temple of fame. It is sheer absurdity to think yourself “guilty”
for rendering such a service. （张培基译）
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翻译实践
实践一
实践二
实践三
实践四
实践五
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翻译实践
 1. 明若吾弟，自当了然。如牵延不决，或变之异日，不仅徒生困扰，
吾弟亦将难辞其咎。 （廖承志1982年7月致蒋经国公开信）
 V I. This is of course quite clear for a man as intelligent as
you. Hesitation, procrastination or leaving the problem to
other days would only lead to difficulty and distress and you,
my brother, would hardly be able to escape the blame.
(News Dispatches in English from Xinhua News Agency.
 V. II This should be crystal clear to a man of your wisdom.
Procrastination, hesitation or sleeping over the problem will
only land yourself in trouble and you, my brother, will hardly
be able to escape censure.(Tr. Zhang Peiji)
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 2.天下事有难易乎？为之，则难者亦易：不学，则易者亦难矣。人之
为学有难易乎？ 学之，则难者亦易矣；不学，则易者亦难矣。（彭端
淑《为学—首示子侄》）
 Are things in the world difficult and some easy? Given action,
difficult things may become easy; otherwise easy things may
become difficult. Are man’s studies some difficult and some
easy? Given application, difficult studies may become easy:
otherwise easy studies may become difficult. (On Learning—
to My Nephew, by Peng Duanshu, Tr. Xie Baikui)
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 3． 有子曰，“礼之用，和为贵。先王之道，斯为美；小大由之。有
所不行，知和而和，不以礼节之，亦可行也”。（《论语》）
 Master You said, “In carrying out the rites it is harmony that
is prized. This is what is so fine in the ways of our early
kings. In all affairs, whether great or small, they followed
this principle. But there is only one thing which may go
amiss(出差错的). To practice the principle of harmony without
subjecting it to the restraints of the rites, things will get
nowhere.” (Tr. Li Tianchen)
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 4． 故天将降大任于是人也；必先苦其心志，劳其筋骨，饿其体肤，
空乏其身，行拂乱其所为。所以动心忍性，曾益其所不能。（《孟
子》）
 So if God would give an important task to a certain person,
the first things he does are to temper his will power, fatigue
his muscles and bones, starve his stomach and destitute his
body. God would not make any kind of his action satisfactory
as he wishes in order to shock his heart, make his
temperament persistent and dauntless, and increase his
ability.
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 5． 古之学者必有师。师者。所以传道、授业、解惑也。 人非生而知
之者，孰能无惑？惑而不从师，其为惑也，终不解矣。生乎吾前，其
闻道也，固先乎吾，吾从而师之；生乎吾后，其闻道也，亦先乎吾，
吾从而师之。吾师道也，夫庸知其年之先后生于吾乎？是固无贵无贱，
无长无少，道之所存，师之所存也。（韩愈《师说》）

Ancient scholars certainly had teachers. A teacher is one
who passes on the truth, imparts knowledge and solves
puzzles. Man is not born with knowledge. Who can deny that
he has puzzles. These would remain unsolved, should one
refuse to be instructed by the teacher.

The men born before me surely know the truth before
me, so I respect them as teachers, whereas those born after
me may also know the truthbrfore me, I likewise respect
them as teachers. It is the truth that I endeavour to learn.
Must I know before hand whether my teacher was born
earlier or latee than I? Therefore, no distinction should be
made between the noble and the humble or between the
young and old. Where lies the truth, there is a teacher. (On
Teachers, by Han Yu, Tr. Xie Baikui)
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3.1.1 词与词序
Part One 理论



英汉词汇比较
英语是拼音文字，汉语是表意文字；英语有屈
折变化，汉语没有屈折变化；英语词义比较灵
活多变，汉语词义相对稳定严谨。具体差异如
下：


目录
英语动词形态变化复杂，汉语动词无形态变化
从理论而言，英语动词有十六种时态，而汉语
动词除了“着““了”“过”等虚词可以与英
语进行时、完成时或过去时相比之外，别无其
他能与英语对应表示时体的方式。如：
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3.1.1
词与词序
He has been teaching English for 20
years.
汉语：他已教了20年的英语。
除此之外，英语可以通过固定的语法手段将动作
的进行过程与状况作更准确、更细致的描绘。有
时这种描绘还能融入作者或说话人的一种感情色
彩。而汉语动则无此语法手段。如：I am
living in a very pleasant flat.(表示满意)
汉语：我现在住在一间非常舒适的公寓里。
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3.1.1 词与词序

英语词义灵活多变，汉语词义相对稳定严谨
 如：The relief troops came at the
eleventh hour.
 援兵终于来到了。（这里eleventh 并不是“第
十一”之意，而是“最后”之意。）
 （1）A succulent desert cactus,…
native to tropical and subtropical
America. (专有名词)
 译文：一种多汁沙漠仙人掌，……原产于美洲热
带、亚热带地区。
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3.1.1 词与词序
（2）I have been to Edinburgh just for
two days, and my brothers have
followed in the train of my trip.（普通词
语）
译文：我到达爱丁堡刚刚两天，我的兄弟们就循
着我的行踪到来了。
（3）He…was prominent in the ragged
schools movement. （普通词语+普通词语）
他在推动贫民免费学校运动中表现出色。
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3.1.1 词与词序
3. 英汉词汇间的空缺
如果造成英汉词汇间的空缺，（1）可采用意译或
直译引进新的的表现法。如：
e-mail 电子邮箱，internet 因特网，
mobile phone 手机， Mars Exploration
Rover 火星探索车，knowledge economy
知识经济
（2）根据相应的意义创造新词和新表现法。如：
smog,由smoke+fog 缩合而成，译为“烟
雾），workaholic由work+aholic合成，译
为 “工作狂”。
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3.1.1 词与词序
4. 英汉两种语言的一词多义现象
英汉两种语言都有大量一词多译现象，需要审慎
辨之。词汇不是单独出现的，理解词汇不能离开
词汇出现的语境。判断词语在语篇中的词义，可
以从字、句、篇章等层面上逐步分析。
在理解单个词的层面上，可以通过查阅字典等工
具书来确定词义。在理解句子的层面上，可以通
过分析句子，句群的语法结构来判断词义。在理
解篇章的层面上，可以通过分析上下文逻辑关系、
篇章的整体效果来判断词义。如：
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3.1.1 词与词序
 I saw him lying on the couch asleep.
我看见他躺在沙发是那个睡着了。
 Failure lies in pride. 失败在于骄傲。
 You are lying.你在撒谎。
 5.英语习语的翻译方法
 英语中存在大量的习语 （包括俗语，谚语、俚语
等）。经常采用的译法有：
 （1）套用汉语习语
 Better say ‘here it is’ than ‘here it
was’. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。
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3.1.1 词与词序
 (2) 直译

The bread of charity is bitter.
 施舍的面包是苦的。

Walls have eras. 隔墙有耳。

Pour oil on the flame. 火上浇油
 （3）意译
 A stick is quickly found to beat a dog with.
 欲加之罪，何患无辞？
 He is a man to eat no fish and play the game.
 他忠诚老实又为人正直。
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实践
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3.1.1 词与词序
（4）直意结合
Caution is the parent of safety.
 谨慎为安全之本。
All asses wag their ears。
驴子爱摆耳朵，傻瓜爱装聪明
Every bird likes its own nest.
鸟爱其巢，人爱其家
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3.1.1 词与词序
 二、英汉词类比较
 英汉都又实词（Full Word）与虚词（Form Word）之
分，语法作用也大体相同，但是也有许多不同点。
 英语有冠词（a, an, the ）,而汉语没有。
 英语冠词在汉译中常常作一下处理：
 （1） 因为不定冠词在可数名词前表示“一”的概念，常
译为“一”，如：
 He is a worker. 他是一名工人。
 (2) 表示类别时，不定冠词不必译出，如：
 Don’t mistake an old goat for a preacher
because of his beard.
 老羊长长须，并非传教士。 (年高未必才高，不能只看外
表)
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3.1.1 词与词序
（3）在许多情况下，定冠词the 不必译出，如：
The end does not justify the means.
 即使目的正确，也不能不择手段。
（4） 当the 特指时，常常译成“这”或 “那”，
“这些”或“那些”，如：
The book on the table is very worth
reading.
桌上的那本书值得一读。
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3.1.1 词与词序
 英语重形合，汉语重意合
 因为英语重形合，因此连词使用很频繁，而汉语
重意合，所以很少用连词。英语连词汉译时往往
省略。如：
 Write to me when you have time.
 有时间就给我写信。
 They were so moved that tears came
to their eyes.
 他们激动得热泪盈眶。
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3.1.1 词与词序
 3.英语广泛使用介词，汉语少用介词
 英语介词数量多，使用广泛，意义变化大；汉语介词比较
少，使用面较窄，意义比较稳定。
 英语介词汉译时常可作一下处理。
 （1）表示时间、的介词放在句子的前半部分时，可不译。
如：
 In 1987,he left his old mother alone for New
York.
 1987年，他撇下年迈的母亲到纽约去了。
 但，如果表示时间的介词放在句子的后半部分，常译为
“在”或“于”。如：
 The People’s Republic of China was founded
in 1949.
 中华人民共和国成立于1949年。
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3.1.1 词与词序
 （2） 一些含有动词意味的介词，可转译为动词。如：
 Across the street, he went into the post and
telecommunication office.
 他穿过大街，走进邮局。
 （3）与动词、形容词、名词等搭配的介词多属约定俗成
类，其意义区分比较严格，要根据其固定搭配正确理解和
翻译。如：
 The committee was doubtful of his
qualifications. 委员会怀疑他的资格。
 Mr. Peter was charged with cheating on the
examination.
 彼得先生被指控考试舞弊。
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3.1.1 词与词序
 5. 英语多用代词；汉语少用代词
 代词作为一种形态标记在英语中备受青睐，发挥着极其重
要的作用。相比之下，汉语则尽量使
 名词，而慎用代词。汉译时有时可以省略不译，有时可译
成相应的名词。如：
 He covered his eyes with his hands. 他双手捂住
眼睛。（省略不译）
 英语有关系代词，而汉语无关系代词。关系代词常常译成
“……的”。如：
 One should help those who are in difficulty.
 应该帮助那些有困难的人。
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3.1.1 词与词序
 6. 英语名词的几种翻译方法：
 （1）有些名词单数形式和复数形式意义不同。如：
 custom 习惯
customs 海关，关税
 economy 节约
economies 节约措施
 damage 赔偿
damages 赔偿费
 ground 场地
grounds 理由
 export 出口
ground 出口货物
 (2) 对某些抽象名词采用具体化译法，有时需要增加“现
象”、“状况”、“情绪”等词。如：
 unemployment 事业现象
tension 紧张局势
 arrogance
骄傲情绪
shortage 短缺情况
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3.1.1 词与词序
除此之外，译者在翻译的过程中还可以采取把英
语词义或词组从抽象引向具体，从一般引向特殊，
从概括引向局部，从“虚”引向“实”。如：
Action and foresight will be needed as
well as learning and reputation.
不但需要有博学德高的学者，而且需要有远见卓
识的实干家。（抽象转为具体）
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3.1.1 词与词序
In the mean time, charlatans are all
too happy to exploit people’s
ignorance by selling them “miracle”
diets or products that are worthless
and may even be dangerous.
同时，庸医们都轻而易举地利用人们的无知，向
人们推销“神奇的”饮料配方，以及一文不值甚
至对人们有害的“灵丹妙药”。
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3.1.1 词与词序
（3）把某些具体名词抽象化
“I know I have the body of a weak and
feeble woman,” she said in 1588, “but I
have the heart and stomach of a king,
and a king of England too.”
“我知道我长就了一副柔弱女子的身子，可我有一个
一国之君的心胸，而且还是英格兰的君王。”
（具体名词抽象化）
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3.1.1 词与词序
（4） 复数名词的译法
英语名词有单复树之分，而汉语名词没有。在翻
译英语复数名词时译者可采用以下几种翻译方式：
a. 在名词后加＂们＂,如：ladies and gentle
men 女士们，先生们
b. 重复名量词，如：
Mountains ⇀座座大山，rivers ⇀ 一条条河
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3.1.1 词与词序
c. 加数词, 如：
The lion is the king of the animals.
汉语：狮子是百兽之王。
d. 增加“一些”，“各种”等词，如：
Steps have been taken, but without
success.
尽管已经采取了一些措施，但毫无结果。
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（5）名词所有格译法

名词所有格不一定译成“的：字，如：
a bird’s view 鸟瞰
St. Peter’s
圣彼得教堂
The barber’s 理发店
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7. 英语动词的翻译
（1）英语动词有时态和语态的变化，而汉语动词
没有时态和语态的变化。从理论而言，英语动词
有十六种时态，而汉语动词除了
“着”“了”“过”等虚词可以与英语进行时、
完成时或过去时相比之外，别无其他能与英语对
应表示时体的方式。如：
He has been teaching English for 20
years.
汉语：他已教了20年的英语。
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3.1.1 词与词序
除此之外，英语可以通过固定的语法手段将动作
的进行过程与状况作更准确、更细致的描绘。有
时这种描绘还能融入作者或说话人的一种感情色
彩。而汉语动则无此语法手段。如：I am
living in a very pleasant flat.(表示满意)
汉语：我现在住在一间非常舒适的公寓里。
因此，在翻译时态句时，译者要认真把握好原文
中的时态所表达的内涵，在汉译时准确增添相应
的表示时间的词或增加表示情感的词。
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3.1.1 词与词序
 （2）英语重被动；汉语重主动
 被动语态是英语中一种常见的语法现象。英语中常用被动
句主要是从施事原因，句法要求，修辞考虑，文体的要求
的需要。英文中的科技文章，报刊文章和官方文章等正式
文体等常常使用被动句。英语中也存在意义被动句（如：
This kind of shampoo sells well.）,但远比结构被
动句少。汉语则常用意义被动句，少用结构被动句。这主
要是因为汉语被动式的使用受到意义和形式的限制,当不需
要或不可能说出施事者时，汉语可以采用无主句或主语省
略句来保持句子的主动形式。［4］除此之外，汉语还可
以采用通称或泛称作主语，以保持句子的主动形式，或采
用处置式，“为……所”或“是……的”。“加以/予以”
等转换形式来表示被动。如：
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3.1.1 词与词序
 (1) The result of the invention of steam
engine was that human power was replaced
by mechanical power.
 汉语：蒸汽机发明的结果是，机械力代替了人力。（被动
句译成主动句）
 (2) The history was created by people.
 汉语：历史是人民创造的。（汉译成 “是……的”）
 (3) He was forced by family circumstances to
leave school at sixteen.
 汉语：他为家境所迫，16岁便辍学了。（译成“为……
所”）
实践
目录
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3.1.1 词与词序
 （3）英语中非谓语动词短语的译法
 英语中分词短语、动名词短语、动词不定式短语结构非常
多见，而汉语中没有这种形态，因此翻译时要利用汉语动
词形态变化少，而功能大的特点，重新安排句式。可讲英
语非谓语动词短语译成连动式、复合式等。如：
 The storm being over, we drove on. 暴风雨停了，
我们继续驱车前行。（并列句）
 His being late made the teacher very anger.
因为他来晚了，老师很生气。（偏正复合句）
 He got up early to catch the first bus. 为了赶上
头班车，他一大早就起来了。偏正复合句）
目录
实践
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3.1.1 词与词序
 8. 英语倍数的表示与翻译
 The GNP is four times as high as a decade
ago. 现在的国民总产值是十年前的四倍。
 The GDP is four times higher than a decade
ago. 现在的国民总产值比十年前提高了四倍。
 The rate of recovery from this disease is
estimated to be as low as 20%.
 据估计，这种病的康复率很低，只有20％。
 Its tea export decreased by10% in 1990
compared with 1989.
 1990年，它的茶叶出口量比1989年减少了10％。
目录
实践
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3.1.1 词与词序
 9.英语形容词、副词等比、优比、劣比情况的翻译
 Only people as old as the Speaker of the
House of Representative can safely so bet.
 只有像众议院议长这样高龄的人，才有如此断言的把握。
（等比）（和……一样）
 Jim can swim twice as fast as Jack.吉姆的有用
速度比杰克快一倍。（优比）（比……更……）
 A divorce is less easy to obtain in Asia than
in Europe.
 在亚洲不如像在欧洲那样容易获准离婚。（劣比） （…..
不如……）
目录
实践
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3.1.1 词与词序







定语
英语单词作定语时，大都放在其所修饰的词之前，英汉
类同。短语作定语时，英语一般后置，而汉语前置。
（1） 英语前置，汉语也前置
two comfortable single beds 两张舒适的单
人床
Chinas first SMS (short message service
website) 中国第一家短信网站
（2） 英语后置，汉语前置
a hotel with a few Chinese touches 地下活
动基地
目录
实践
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3.1.1 词与词序
 （2） 状语
 英语中状语的位置比较活，可以放在句前、句中或者句末，
而汉语中，状语往往放在其所修饰的动词之前。如：
 Please read it carefully ！(句末)
 汉译：请仔细阅读此文/句，说明！（动词之前）
 但也有例外，如：
 They did not want him, let alone his
encyclopedias.
 他们连他都不需要，更别说他的那几本百科全书了。
（英汉位置相同）
目录
实践
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3.1.1 词与词序 ——实践
实践
实践
实践
实践
实践
实践
实践
实践
实践
实践
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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3.1.2 词与词序
 Part two 翻译实践练习
 1、Father’s attitude toward anybody who
wasn’t his kind used to puzzle. It was so
dictatorial. There was no live and let live
about it.
 从前，我总不懂父亲为什幺对那些脾气跟他不一样的人采
取那么个态度。那么专制！一点儿“你好我好”也没有。
 2、Hardly a day passes without him getting
scratched or bruised as he scrambles for a
place on a bus.
 他挤公共汽车，身上不是这里擦破，就是那里碰伤，几乎
天天如此。
目录
实践
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3.1.2 词与词序
3、---What’s twice two?
二二得几呀？
-------Why, a child can answer that.
还用问吗？连小孩子都知道。
4.American President Eisenhower
was not so bold as General
Eisenhower.
 艾森豪威尔当总统的时候可没有他当将军的时候
果断。





目录
实践
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3.1.2 词与词序
 5.If you go there, it must be
understood that you do so at your
own risk.
 话得说明白，你要是去的话，自己负责。
 6、You can always tell the
somebodies from the nobodies at a
cocktail party. The somebodies come
late.
 在鸡尾酒会上人们常常可以看出大人物与无名小
卒来。那些迟到的是大人物。
目录
实践
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3.1.2 词与词序
 7、I have let the cat out of the bag
already, Mr. Cornhel, and I might as
well tell the whole thing now.
 既然我已经泄露了秘密，科塞先生，现在不妨把
全部情况告诉我吧。
 8、It used to be said that English
people take their pleasure sadly.
 以前人们常说，英国人享乐时也郁郁寡欢。
目录
实践
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3.1.2 词与词序
 9、The limited gain could hardly serve
as a relieving justification for the
tremendous cost the federal
government had paid so far.
 联邦政府迄今已付出巨大代价，但所得有限，实
难心安理得。
 10、Because of objections, the
engineering project was shelved
temporarily.
 由于他的反对，这项工程只好暂时搁置。
目录
实践
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3.1.2 词与词序
 11、By the time the trial began on July 10,
our town of 1,500 people had taken on a
circus atmosphere.
 7月10日审判开始时，我们这个仅有1500人的小镇像杂
技场一样热闹、喧嚣起来。
 12、Indeed, this nation’s best-loved author
was every bit as adventurous, patriotic,
romantic, and humorous as anyone has ever
imagined.
 的确，这位在位在该国最受欢迎的作家的探索精神、爱国
热情、浪漫风格及幽默感丝毫不亚于人们的想象。
目录
实践
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3.1.2 词与词序
 13、After five months of winter, we are
desperate for some kinder weather and a
chance to enjoy life out of doors.
 经历五个月的严冬，我们渴望天气暖和起来，从而有机会
享受户外生活。
 14、Just days after the birth of calves from
an adult cow, Japanese scientists said that
calves cloned from cells from adults’ ears
and buttocks could be on the way.
 由成年母牛克隆的小牛犊刚刚出生几天之后，日本科学家
说，从成年母牛的耳朵或臀部细胞克隆牛犊的实验也将展
开。
目录
实践
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3.1.2 词与词序
 15、We crept silently and nervously
like prowling cats, making our way
towards the entrance.
 我们像只扑食的猫，屏住呼吸，紧张地向着入口
处移动脚步。
 16、Most people are a mix of
optimism and pessimism, but are
inclined in one direction or the other.
 在多数人身上，乐观主义和悲观主义兼而有之；
但是倾向于其中之一。
目录
实践
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3.1.2 词与词序
 17、Deeply concealed as it is in ordinary
times, a latent dependence reveals itself
when the time of one’s being left alone
lengthens considerably.
 分别得越久，平常潜藏在内心深处的那份依恋暴露得越充
分。
 18、The treaty provides for freedom of
movement, equality before the law,
presumption of innocence, freedom of
conscience and religion, freedom of opinion
and expression, peaceful assembly and
participation in public affairs and elections.
 条约规定了迁徙自由权，法律面前的平等权，无罪推定权，
良心和宗教自由权，言论、和平集会、参与公共事务和选
举的自由权。
目录
实践
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3.1.2 词与词序
 19、Each embraces New York with
the intense excitement of first love,
each absorbs New York with the fresh
eyes of an adventurer, each
generates heat and light to dwarf the
Consolidated Edison Company.
 每个人都带着初恋的激情拥抱纽约，每个人都是
以冒险家的新奇眼光吸纳纽约，每个人所发出的
光和热都足以使爱迪生联合电气公司相形见拙。
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3.1.2 词与词序
20、They found that the kind of stress
most likely to invite a cold is ongoing
(lasting a month or more) and
involves conflict with colleagues,
family or friends.
他们发现，长时间处在压力之下（1个月或更长），
最容易诱发感冒，并使人与同事、家人或朋友之
间产生矛盾。
目录
实践
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3.2.1 句子
 Part One 理论
 英汉句子的特点
 （1）英语重形合，汉语重意合
 英语国家沿袭了古希腊人严格而规范的语词系统。古希腊
人认为，语词系统与思维系统是相一致的，要表达一个清
晰合理的思想离不开清晰合理的词形和句法。而在一个毫
无条理的陈述结构中，思想肯定也是杂乱无章的，而杂乱
无章的思想是毫无意义的。英语形合的特征正是在这样一
个背景下产生的。与之相反，中国人看重直觉，强调意念
流，只要能够达意，词的形式是无关紧要的，词语之间的
关系常在不言中，语法意义和逻辑关系常隐藏在字里行间。
如：
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3.2.1 句子
Even if the monk can run away, his
temple cannot run with him.
跑了和尚，跑不了庙。
Modesty helps one go forward,
whereas conceit makes one lag behind.
 谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。
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3.2.1 句子
 英语句子“多随举随释”枝杈蔓生，呈树状结构，分叉处
有介词，关系代词连接。而汉语按时间顺序或逻辑顺序逐
层展开，节节延伸，犹如竹子。英语的词组与词组、句子
与句子之间结构关系和逻辑联系必须交代的十分清楚。英
语的关系词（包括介词、关系代词、关系副词、连接词
等—）十分丰富，英语正式靠这些关系词的过渡和连接，
从形态上来维系句内和句间的某些成分），主干上枝蔓横
生；句子成分随时可以加以修饰，而修饰语的某一成分又
可以被别的成分修饰。汉语句子结构成竹状，逐节（短语
或小句）展开。汉语的句子可以在同一施事或主题语之下
按逻辑顺序铺陈，虽然小句间有逗号隔开，但语句的联系
仍是紧密的。这样，汉译时经常由英语的树状转化为汉语
的竹节状。
 如：
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3.2.1 句子
 The boy, who was crying as if his heart would
break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was
very hungry because he had Had no food for
two days.
 汉语： 男孩哭得心都要碎了，当我问及他时，他说饿极了，
有两天没吃东西了。
 从上例可以看出，英语十分注重句子的形式和结构的完整，
上面英语句子主干是“the boy said,” 但却节外生枝，
由“who, as if, when, that, because 等多个连接
词连出5个句子，形成一个空间架构，犹如“枝繁叶茂的
参天大树”，呈树状。而汉语则节节展开，言简意赅，语
义连贯，结构紧凑，呈竹状。
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3.2.1 句子
 （2）英语多复合长句；汉语多简单短句
 由于英语重形合，加之各种的替代词与关系词的广泛运用，
导致英语较多出现“多枝共干”式的长句、复合句。而汉
语则多短句、简单句。如：
 As we lived near the road, we often had the
traveler or stranger visit us to taste our
gooseberry wine, for which we had great
reputation, and I confess, with the veracity
of an historian, that I never knew one of
them to find fault with it.
 汉语：我们就住在路边。过路人或外乡人常到我们家,尝尝
我们家酿的酸果。这种酒很有名气。我敢说，尝过的人从
未挑剔过。我这话像史学家的话一样靠得住。
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3.2.1 句子
上述英语句子由一个主句“we often had the
traveler or stranger visit us to taste
our gooseberry wine,” （主干）和三个主从
复合句 （枝干）（分别由“as”“ for which”和
“that”引导）、一个并列句（由and引导）组成,
形成了自然而又条理清晰的复合长句。译成汉语
时，形成了5个自成一体的句子。在翻译的过程中
如果遇到一些特别长，特别复杂的句子时，译者
可以先找出句子的主干，梳理其结构，缕清逻辑
关系，然后化长为短，译成符合汉语表达习惯的
短句。
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3.2.1 句子
 英汉句式转换的方法
 （1）英语单句结构转换为汉语复句结构：
 Written language comes after spoken
language.
 先有口语，后有笔语。（汉语为联合复句）
 He didn’t drop out of school despite his
poverty-stricken family.
 尽管他家境贫寒，但他没有辍学。（汉语为偏正复句）
 （2）英语复合句结构转换成汉语简单句结构
 The policeman came to the criminal, who
was more dead than alive.
 那警察走到半死不活的犯人面前。
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3.2.1 句子
 It was four o’clock and he had a cup of coffee
in the Black & White.
 4点钟他在黑白咖啡屋喝了一杯咖啡。
 （3）英语主从复合句结构转换成汉语联合复句结构
 He said no word to his wife as she passed
with a plate.
 他妻子拿了格盘子走过去，他连一句话也没跟她说。
 4. 英语并列复合句转换成汉语偏正复合句
 Old John stood there speechless, for hews
burning with anger.
 老约翰一声不坑地站在那里，（因为）他正怒火中烧呢。
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3.2.1 句子
5. 英语被动结构转换成汉语主动结构
Semi-finals of the “Mr. America”
contest were held last Sunday.
上星期日举行了“美国先生“半决赛。
3. 英语长句结构的转换
在动笔翻译之前，先要做到三点：
– 弄清语法关系
– 区分主从意思
– 确定表达顺序
如：
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3.2.1 句子
 It was decided that (the former Italian
colonies) should remain under British
military urle for the time being, and that the
four powers could not agree within a year as
to their disposition, the matter would be
referred to the United Nations General
Assembly.
 首先，理清语法关系。这是一个主从复合句，其树形结构
图大致如下：
 主句
|主语从句（1）
 It was decided |that they should…|if the
four…

主句从句（2） the matter…

that
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3.2.1 句子
 其次把握各层意思之间的关系。这个句子的重心不在主句
上，而在两个主句从句上。另外，从形式上看，两个主句
从句式并列的，但从意义上看，第二个主语从句建立在第
一个主语从句的基础上，要弄清后者，必须先弄清前者。
 再次，决定表达顺序，即先译什么，后译什么。既然第一
个从句式第二个从句的基础，理当先译第一个主语从句。
第二个主语从句本身又包含了一个条件状语从句，从逻辑
上看，这个条件在前，结果在后的主从复合句，恰好复合
汉语的表达习惯，翻译时可顺其自然.
 经决定，这些前意大利殖民地暂时仍处于英国军事统治之
下，如果四大国在一年内对它们的处理办法不能取得一直
意见，这个问题将提交联合国大会。
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3.2.1 句子
 请试译下列各句：
 1、In developing countries, funding for
education has been low, average 5.2% of the
tital budget, though in some countries it is
around 26%.

发展钟国家的教育经费一直少,平均占国家总预算的
5.2&,而有些国家则占到了26%。
 2、The book has risen quickly to the top of
the bestseller list, from which his
commission is, for him, astronomical, though
the author is not yet at the peak of his career.
 该书很快跃为畅销书榜首，他因此获得了一笔对他来说是
天文数字的酬金，尽管该书的作者尚未达到其事业的顶峰。
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3.2.1 句子
 3、So I was there (at a cocktail party,
trapped in a crowed room, people milling all
around me, each with a drink in hand,
chitchatting while the waiters skillfully
negotiated their way through the bustle
with trays of colorful beverages and fancy
hors d’oeuvres.
 这样，我便来到鸡尾酒会上。我被困在一个拥挤的房间里，
人们手里拿着酒，在我四周走来走去，交谈者；招待员手
里举着放有五颜六色的饮品和美味小吃的托盘，灵巧地穿
梭在熙熙攘攘的人群中。
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3.2.2 句子实践
实践
实践
实践
实践
实践
实践
实践
实践
实践
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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3.2.2 句子
 Part Two 翻译实践练习
 1.A few of the pictures are worth mentioning
both for their technical excellence and
interesting content.
 其中有几张照片技术高超，内容有趣，值得一提。
 2.The Panamanian leader publicly insinuated
that he possessed compromising information
about Mr. Bush that was liable to harm his
bid for the White House.
 这位巴拿马领导人公开暗示，他掌握着布什先生的材料。
这些材料公开出来会危及布什为入住白宫而进行的竞选。
目录
实践
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3.2.2 句子




3、I assimilated many skills and values that summer,
but I will mention just one more: I remember
objecting to having an election bumper sticker
placed on my car.
那年夏天，我学到的技能，懂得的道理不胜枚举。不过，我只想再
说一件事。记得当时我反对把大幅竞选宣传品贴在我的车上。
4、There is a flurry of hotels construction in
metropolitan Manila, unmatched since 1976, when
seven new hotels opened to coincide with the annual
IMF World Bank meetings held there.
大马尼拉市刮起了一股兴建宾馆之风，这种情况在1976年以来还是
首现。1976年，马尼拉曾有七家宾馆落成开张，迎来了国际货币基
金组织和世界银行在该市举行的年会。
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实践
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3.2.2 句子实践
 5、I had read too many novels and had
learned too much at school not to know a
good deal about love.
 我读过许许多多小说，在学校里也时有所闻，关于爱情不
至于知道的太少吧。
 6、Do you share the view that too many
people are talking too much about China?
 关于中国说长道短的人太多了，你同意这种看法吗？
 7、I was truly dumbfounded by this deep
fury that possessed her whenever she
looked at me.
 她一见到我就这幺气势汹汹，真把我惊呆了。
实践
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3.2.2 句子实践
 8、I’ll have to beard the lion in his den
when I go to ask my boss for a better job.
 我要去求老板给我一份好工作，就不得不壮着胆子当面跟
他理论一番。
 9、A divorced woman is likely to find herself
in an unenviable position.
 离婚女子很容易觉察自己被人另眼相看。
 10、All told China has roughly 380 million
women between the age of 15 and 55, and
few of them---particularly in the cities—
want to look any less that the best their
budgets allows.
 中国年龄在15-55岁之间的妇女总共有3.8亿，只要经
济条件允许，她们几乎人人呢都想尽可能把自己打扮的绰
约靓丽，这种情形在城市尤为明显。
实践
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3.2.2 句子实践
 11、I was such a fan that after reading that
he walked at a rate of 120 steps per minute,
I practiced his pace until it became second
nature.
 我对他仰慕得五体投地。在读到他以每分钟120步的速
度行走以后，我如法炮制，直到成为自己的习惯。
 12、For any machine whose input force and
output force are known, its mechanical
advantage can be calculated.
 只要知道任何一部机器的输入和输出功率，就能求出其机
械效益。
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3.2.2 句子实践




13、A potentially dangerous blunder by police and
security authorities here yesterday saw Mrs.
Thatcher mobbed by yelling demonstrators during a
shopping mall walkabout.
警察和安全部门一时的粗心大意昨天险些惹出大祸。撒切尔夫人在
这里的一个购物中心漫步时，被愤怒喊叫的示威人群团团围住了。
14、Cable television which in many countries now
gives a choice of dozens of channels will soon be
used to protect our homes by operating burglar and
fire alarms linked to police and fire station.
在许多国家，有线电视可提供几十个频道的节目，不久，人们还可
以通过它将盗警与火警报警器分别与警察局与消防站相连，以此看
家护院。
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3.2.2 句子实践




15、Floods occur when soil and vegetation cannot
absorb all the water; water then runs off the land in
quantities that cannot be carried in stream channels
or retained in natural ponds and constructed
reservoirs.
当土壤与植被不能吸纳所有水量时，洪水便会发生；此时水流无法
导入水道，也不能纳入天然水塘或人造的水库，而是在田地上肆虐
横流。
16、Eleven European countries, together producing
20 percent of the world’s exports, will launch the
euro on January 1, 1999, creating what the European
Union’s Statistical Agency (Eurostat) has called “the
world’s.
占世界出口总值20%的欧洲11国将在1999年1月1日启动欧元，
从而产生欧盟统计署所称的“世界上最大的贸易力量”。
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实践
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3.2.2 句子实践
 17、Husbands, kids, careers and
avocations—all require attention; too often,
making time for our friends comes last on
the list of priorities.
 丈夫、孩子、事业和业余爱好都要投入精力。因而很多时
候把朋友撇到了一边。
 18、Star performers at work know that real
initiative means going beyond your regular
work to come up with new ideas that really
help the company’s bottom line.
 明星工作者深知，真正的首创精神意味着超越常规工作，
想出新点子，并使之确实适合公司的基本情况。
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实践
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3.2.2 句子实践
 19、The past of man has been on the whole
a pretty beastly business, a business of
fighting and bullying and gorging and
grabbing and hurting.
 人类的过去总的来说是很野蛮的，人们一直都在打仗斗殴，
恃强欺弱、强抢硬夺和相互伤害。
 20、For all of the political savvy（精明） that
has shaped the planning of Desert Shield so
far, the top brass are keenly aware that
some political dimensions of the military
operation remain beyond their control.
 尽管“沙漠盾牌”行动在形成的过程中有不少精明的政治
见地，但高级军事指挥官十分敏锐地感到，军事行动中的
某些政治因素仍然是他们鞭长莫及的。
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实践
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3.3.1 第三节 篇章
Part One 理论
英文篇章的特点
英语篇章中，不同的文体有不同的特点，掌握不
同文体的写作手法对一个翻译者来说非常重要。
譬如，政论文体重论述，需要很强的逻辑性；科
技文体重叙述，层次要分明，文学语言重描写，
形象、生动、活泼。因此，在翻译英语篇章时要
注意一下几点：
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3.3.1 第三节 篇章





细读文章；
了解该文章的社会文化背景
弄清文体
切记整篇文章的衔接和聚合，注意各句之间的连贯和
一致，前后参照，相互呼应，首尾相贯。
对于不同的文体，我们将在今后的学习中具体
讲述。
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实践
实践
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3.3.2 翻译实践
Part Two 翻译实践练习
1、One of the great charms of Lawrence
as a companion was that he could never
be bored and so could never be boring.
作为朋友，劳伦斯有不少可爱之处，其一是他从不讨
厌人。因此，也从不讨人厌。
2、Life is a gift and privilege, one we
should appreciate every day of our lives.
生命是赐予，是权力，应该珍惜生命的每时每刻。
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实践
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3.3.2 翻译实践
 3、I had not known you a month before I felt
that you were the last man in the world whom
I could ever be prevailed on to marry. (Pride
and Prejudice)
 我还没有认识你一个月，就觉得像你这样一个人，哪怕天下
的男人都死光了我也不愿意嫁给你。
 4、Discipline means choices. Every time you
say yes to a goal or objective, you say no to
many more. Every prize has its price. The
prize is the yes; the price is the no.
 自律就意味着有取有舍。每当选取了一个目标，也就同好似
舍去了其它许多目标。每项成绩的获得都要付出代价。成绩
来自所取，代价就是所舍弃的。
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实践
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3.3.2 翻译实践
 5、Aluminum remained unknown until
the nineteenth century, because
nowhere in nature is it found free,
owing to it always being combined
with elements, most commonly with
oxygen, for which it has s strong
affinity.
 人类直到19世纪才认识铝：因为铝对氧有很强的
亲和力，它总是和其它元素结合在一起，最常见
的是和氧结合在一起，在自然界的任何地方都找
不到处于游离状态的铝。

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3.3.2 翻译实践
6、As we lived near the road, we often
had the traveler or stranger visit us to
taste our gooseberry wine.
我们就住在路边。过路人或外乡人常到我们家，
尝尝我们家酿的醋栗酒。
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实践
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3.3.2 翻译实践
 7、This glorious mishmash constitute
an informal history of the 20th
century America by an inquisitive
writer who interviewed everyone
from Harry Truman to Irving Berlin to
50 cents whores in the slums of New
Orleans.
 这部洋洋大观的“大杂烩）堪称20世纪美国的一
部野史。它是一位充满好奇心的作者对许多美国
人的采访实录，采访对象既有美国总统哈里··杜
鲁门到欧文·柏林这样的名人，也有新奥尔良贫民
窟中为了50美分卖身的妓女。
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3.3.2 翻译实践
 8、Bright red costumes with hats,
shoes and stockings to match, are to
be all the craze in the Spring. Start
women will have to be careful not to
yawn in the streets in case some
short-sighted person is on his way to
post a letter.
 鲜红的套裙配上得体的帽子和鞋袜，是春天女士们
最时髦的着装。但是，她们这种打扮在大街上大哈
欠也要当心，否则近视眼寄信人就可能会把信投到
他们嘴里。
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实践
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3.3.2 翻译实践
 9、In a richly accented voice,
evocative of her Viking forbears, she
said that from the age of twelve,
when she first discovered Pear Buck’s
work, she had read all of it that she
could find in her tiny island library.
 她那浓重的口音使人想起了斯堪的纳维亚的祖先。
她说，她12岁时第一次发现了赛珍珠的作品，从
此便读编了小岛图书馆里所有的赛氏著作。
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3.3.2 翻译实践
 10、The trunks of trees too were dusty
and the leaves fell early that year and
we saw the troops marching along the
road and the dust rising and leaves,
stirred by the breeze, falling and the
soldiers marching and afterwards the
road bare and white except for the
leaves.
 树干也是积满尘土，树叶早落，军队一走过，沙尘
就飞，树叶儿就坠。军队走完之后，路上除落叶外，
白土漫漫，空无他物。

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3.3.2 翻译实践
 11、It would take me an entire book
to list all of the people I have known
in my life who spent the majority of
their lives as single people, but who
were the undisputed focus of a large
group of friends.
 我一生中认识了许多人，他们一生中打部分时间
是单身，但却是无可厚非的众星捧月的核心人物。
要把这些人的名字一一列举可能要编一本书。
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实践
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3.3.2 翻译实践
 12、Spring has always rightly been
identified with youth, and the sorrow
of youth are poignant and bitter.
 春天总是被理所当然地与青春相提并论，但青春
也有辛酸而痛苦的悲哀。
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3.3.2 翻译实践


13、It \was the best of times, it was the worst of
times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of
foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the
epoch of incredulity; it was the season of Light, it
was the season of Darkness; it was the spring of
hope, it was the winter of despair; we had
everything before us, we had nothing before us; we
were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going
direct the other way.
这是一个最好的历史时期，也是一个最坏的历史时期；这是一个充
满智能的年代，又是一个不乏愚蠢的年代；这是一个富有信仰的时
代，这又是一个轻易怀疑的时代；这是一个光明普照的季节，有时
一个黑暗笼罩的季节；这是一个昭示希望的春，这又好似一个导致
绝望的冬天；我们的面前无所不有，我们的面前有一无所有；我们
都将直上天堂，我们有奖直下地狱。
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3.3.2 翻译实践
 14、It is a ling way from Peking to
London. The distance has sometimes
seemed compounded by historical,
philosophical and political gaps in our
outlooks. It is nevertheless many years
since our two worlds first touched. Our
political relations have been more
varied.
 北京和伦敦相距遥远，我们的历史、哲学和政治观
点上的差异有时似乎扩大了这个距离。然而，从我
们两国最初接触到现在，已经很久了，我们的政治
关系中出现了各种变化。
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3.3.2 翻译实践
 15、For hundreds of years, people in
the Middle East have built windcatchers onto their homes. These
structures sit on rooftops and look
somewhat like camping shelters. They
trap cool breeze high in the air and
funnel them into the houses.
 几百年来，中东地区的居民一直在自己家门口建有
捕风口。这些捕风口建在房顶上面，看起来有些像
宿营地的帐篷。它们可以吸入高空的凉风，经通风
筒导入室内。
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实践
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3.3.2 翻译实践
16、The great difficulty of introducing
radically new computer architectures
which requires customers to rewrite
most of their way to the commercial
market place.
采用全新的计算机结构，势必要求用户改写其大
部分软件，因此难以付诸实践，这就排除了这些
技术进入商品市场的可能性
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3.3.2 翻译实践
 17、The selfless act of egg-giving is a very
altruistic act, but we can’t ignore the fact
that it carries risks. Firstly, there is the
general anesthetic when the eggs are
collected. Secondly, we don’t know what the
ling-term cancer risks are for women whose
ovaries have been stimulated in this way.
 无私捐献卵子是一种利他行为，但是我们不能忽视带有危
险成分的事实。首先，在通过手术获得卵子时采用的是全
身麻醉；其次，我们还不知道，女性的卵巢受过这种方式
的刺激后是否有长期致癌的危险。
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3.3.2 翻译实践
 18、Almost single-handedly, she
changed the parameters of British
politics, ending the free-lunch
mentality that prevail since 1945 and
replacing it with an unyielding
commitment to free markets and
individual responsibility.
 她几乎是单枪匹马地改变了英国的政治格局，结
束了1945年以后风行一时的享受免费优惠的心
态，而坚定地奉行自由市场和个人责任。
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3.3.2 翻译实践
 19、The birthrate in Japan has declined to
an all-time low, an average 1.57 children for
each female, and Japanese women are
establishing a new identity, struggling
against entrenched male chauvinism. Now
Japanese men have to pay for their
traditional practice of enslaving their wives
as child-bearers.
 日本的出生率已降到每位妇女只生1.57个孩子的空前的
低水平。日本妇女正在确立新的自我意识，与根深蒂固的
大男子主义作斗争。现在，日本的男子必须为他们的妻子
视为生育工具的传统奴役行为付出代价。
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实践
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3.3.2 翻译实践
 20、What should doctors say, for example,
to a 46-year-old man in for a routine
physical checkup just before going on
vacation with his family who, though he
feels in perfect health, is found to have a
form of cancer that will cause him to die
within six months?
 比方说，有一位46岁的男子在于家人外出度假前，到医
院进行常规体检，尽管他自己觉得身体很棒，却发现自己
患有某种癌症，最多还能活6个月。碰到这种情况，当医
生的该对他说些什么呢？
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3.3.2 翻译实践
 Part Three 总结 （summary）
 本章要点：1.英汉词汇的差异与翻译
 2.英汉词类的差异与翻译
 3.英汉句式的差异与翻译
 4.英语长句的翻译
 Part Four 巩固 （consolidation）
 参读书目：
 1. 英汉翻译基础教程 （穆雷）第二单元 英汉对比
 2.实用翻译教程 （冯庆华） 第二章 语义翻译
 3. 英汉翻译教程 （杨士焯） 第二章翻译理解篇
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