INTRODUCTION TO
CLASSICAL APPROACH
DEFINITION OF CLASSICAL APPROACH
“Classical approach of management professes
the body of management thought based on
the belief that employees have only
economical and physical needs and that the
social needs & need for job satisfaction either
does not exist or are unimportant. Accordingly
it advocates high specialization of
labour,centralized decision making & profit
maximization.”
• Classical approach is the oldest formal school of thought
which began around 1900 and continued into the 1920s.
• Its mainly concerned with the increasing the efficiency of
workers and organizations based on management
practices, which were an outcome of careful observation.
• Classical approach mainly looks for the universal
principles of operation in the striving for economic
efficiency.
• Classical approach includes scientific, administrative &
bureaucratic management.
• SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT focuses on the
“one best way” to do a job.
• ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT focuses on
the manager & basic managerial functions.
• BUREAUCRACTIC MANAGEMENT focuses on
the guidelines for structuring with
formalization of rules, procedures and a clear
division of labour.
MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS
• FREDERICK WINSLOW
TAYLOR
(1856-1915)
• FRANK GILBERTH (18681924) & LILLIAN
GILBERTH(1878-1972)
• HENRI FAYOL
(1841-1925)
• MAX WEBER
(1864-1920)
CLASSICAL APPROACH
• SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
THEORY
• GENERAL ADMINSTRATIVE
MANAGEMENT THEORY
•
•
FREDERICK W.TAYLOR
(1856-1915)
- FATHER OF SCIENTIFIC
MANAGEMENT
• ANALYSED MANAGEMENT
SCIENTIFICALLY TO FIND OUT THE
MOST EFFICTIVE WAY TO DO A
JOB - “ONE BEST WAY” TO DO
THE JOB.
HENRI FAYOL (1841- 1925)
- FATHER OF MODERN
MANAGEMENT
• ANALYSED MANAGEMENT AS A
UNIVERSAL PROCESS OF
PLANNING,ORGANIZING,
COMMANDING,COORDINATING& CONTROLLING. ALSO
INTRODUCED FOURTEEN
PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT.
THEORIES
• TAYLOR’S THEORY OF SCIENTIFIC
MANAGEMENT
• FAYOL’S ADMINISTRATIVE THEORY
• WEBER’S THEORY OF BUREAUCRACY
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
FEDRICK WINSLOW TAYLOR(1856-1915)
Father of Scientific Management
“one best way for doing the job”
Definition
Scientific management was a theory of management
that analyzed and workflows, with the objective of
improving labor productivity
management of a business, industry, or economy,
according to principles of efficiency derived from
experiments in methods of work and production,
especially from time-and-motion studies- (mass noun)
In 1898, Taylor joined Bethlehem Steel.
Taylor was a mechanical engineer who sought to
improve industrial efficiency.
Working in the steel industry, Taylor had observed
the phenomenon of workers' purposely operating
well below their capacity, that is, soldiering. He
attributed soldiering to three causes:
The almost universally held belief among workers that if
they became more productive, fewer of them would be
needed and jobs would be eliminated.
Employees take great care never to work at a good pace for fear
that this faster pace would become the new standard. If
employees are paid by the quantity they produce, they fear that
management will decrease their per-unit pay if the quantity
increases.
Workers waste much of their effort by relying on rule-ofthumb methods rather than on optimal work methods that
can be determined by scientific study of the task.
Taylor insisted that management itself would
have to change and further, that the manner
of change could be determined only by
scientific study.
Hence, term ‘Scientific Management’ evolved.
Taylor suggested that decisions based on rules
of thumb and tradition be replaced with
precise procedures developed after careful
study of individual situations
Time Studies
Taylor argued that even the most basic, mindless tasks could be
planned in a way that dramatically would increase productivity,
and that scientific management of the work was more effective
than the "initiative and incentive" method of motivating workers.
To scientifically determine the optimal way to perform a job,
Taylor performed experiments that he called time studies, (also
known as time and motion studies).
He use stop watches to measure the workers efficiency
The following are examples of some of the
time-and-motion studies that were
performed by Taylor.
1.Pig Iron
If workers were moving 12 1/2 tons of pig iron per day
and they could be incentivized to try to move 47 1/2
tons per day, left to their own wits they probably
would become exhausted after a few hours and fail to
reach their goal.
By first conducting experiments to determine the
amount of resting that was necessary, the worker's
manager could determine the optimal timing of lifting
and resting so that the worker could move the 47 1/2
tons per day without tiring.
Not all workers were physically capable of moving 47 1/2
tons per day; perhaps only 1/8 of the pig iron handlers
were capable of doing so.
While these 1/8 were not extraordinary people who
were highly prized by society, their physical capabilities
were well-suited to moving pig iron. This example
suggests that workers should be selected according to
how well they are suited for a particular job.
2.The Science of Shoveling
In another study of the "science of shoveling", Taylor ran
time studies to determine that the optimal weight that a
worker should lift in a shovel was 21 pounds. Since there is
a wide range of densities of materials, the shovel should be
sized so that it would hold 21 pounds of the substance
being shoveled.
firm provided the workers with optimal shovels. The result
was a three to four fold increase in productivity and
workers were rewarded with pay increases. Prior to
scientific management, workers used their own shovels and
rarely had the optimal one for the job.
The main things Taylor noticed for inefficiency
The lack of
standard tools
or techniques
There is no
match between
skill and job
No motivation
from the
management
Taylor's 4
Principles of
Scientific
Management
Replace rule-of-thumb work methods with methods based on a
scientific study of the tasks.
Scientifically select, train, and develop each worker rather than
passively leaving them to train themselves.
Cooperate with the workers to ensure that the scientifically
developed methods are being followed.
Divide work nearly equally between managers and workers, so
that the managers apply scientific management principles to
planning the work and the workers actually perform the tasks.
Basic idea of
Scientific Management
General approach
Developed standard
method for performing
each job
Selected workers with
appropriate abilities for
each job
Trained workers in
standard method.
Supported workers by
planning their work and
eliminating interruptions.
Provided wage incentives
to workers for increased
output.
Contributions
Demonstrated the importance
of compensation for
performance
Initiated the careful study of
tasks and jobs
Demonstrated the importance
of personal selection and
training
Criticism
Did not appreciate the social context
of work and higher needs of workers.
Did not acknowledge variance among
individuals.
Tended to regard workers as
uninformed and ignored their ideas
for suggestions
FRANK B GILBRETH & LILLIAN M GILBRETH
Followers of Taylor
Frank B Gilbreth (1868-1924) pioneered time and motion study and
arrived at many of his management techniques independently of Taylor .
He stressed efficiency and was known for his
quest for “one best way” to do work.
His work had great impact on medical surgery by
drastically reducing the time patients spent on
operating table.
He invented a device – ‘MICRO CHRONOMETER’ in
order to record workers movement and the
amount of time spend to done a job
Experiments
Gilbreth performed experiments that
focused on specific motions, such as
bricklaying experiments that resulted in a
dramatic decrease in the number of
motions required to lay bricks. The
husband and wife Gilbreth team used
motion picture technology to study the
motions of the workers in some of their
experiments.
Lady Gilbreth was more interested in human
aspect of work
On the basis of their study and experiments
frank give shape to 17 principles known as
“Therblig”
Implementation
Frederick Taylor’s scientific management
techniques were expanded by automaker Henry
Ford
Replaced workers with machines for heavy lifting
and moving
Applied to total car assembly, Improving
efficiency and reducing worker-hours required to
produce a model-t ford to less than two
Drawbacks of Scientific Management
While scientific management principles improved
productivity and had a substantial impact on industry, they
also increased the monotony of work
While in many cases the new ways of working were
accepted by the workers, in some cases they were not.
The use of stopwatches often was a protested issue and led
to a strike at one factory where "Taylorism" was being
tested.
Complaints that Taylorism was dehumanizing led to an
investigation by the United States Congress.
Despite its controversy, scientific
management changed the way that
work was done, and forms of it continue
to be used today.
General
Management Theory
o Henri Fayol(1841-1925)
Father of
modern operational
management theory
Fayol:
-French mining engineer and a management
theorist.
-Started as an engineer at a mining company and
became Director in 1888.
- Viewed management as a profession that can be
trained and developed.
-First one to analyze the functions of management.
Contd.
-Made three major contributions to the
theory of Management:
(A)A clear distinction b/n technical &
managerial skills.
(B)Identified functions constituting the
management process.
(C)Developed principles of management.
(A)
According to,
-Activities of an industrial
enterprise can be
grouped in to six categories: technical,
commercial, financial, security, accounting &
managerial.
(1)Technical Processing production &
operation
(2)Commercial Buying, selling &
exchange
(3)Financial Optimum use of capital
(4)Security Protection of asset and
resources
(5)Accounting Ascertaining the
financial position
(6)Managerial Optimum use of
resources for optimum result
(B) Fayol described management as a
scientific process built up of five
immutable elements:
Planning, Organizing, Commanding,
Coordinating, Controlling
Functions of Management
1. Planning –process of activities required
to meet a goal.
2. Organizing – making orderly determination &
arrangement of a task.
3. Commanding(Directing) – involves guiding,
supervising, motivating & leading people for
attainment of the time-oriented tasks.
Contd.
4. Coordinating- bringing together the elements
5. Controlling- having control over all of the aspects
that contribute to meeting the goal.
(C)
Fayol’s Principles
• Henri Fayol, developed a set of 14 principles:
1. Division of Labour: allows for job specialization.
• Fayol noted firms can have too much specialization
leading to poor quality and worker involvement.
2.. Authority and Responsibility: Fayol included both
formal and informal authority resulting from special
expertise.
3. Discipline: obedient, applied, respectful employees
needed
4. Line of Authority: a clear chain from top to bottom of
the firm[ ‘Gang Plank’]
5. Centralization: the degree to which authority rests at
the very top.
Fayol’s Principles
6.
Unity of Direction: One plan of action to
guide the organization.
7. Unity of Command: Employees should have
only one boss.
8. Order: Each employee is put where they
have the most value.
9. Initiative: Encourage innovation.
10. Equity: Treat all employees fairly in justice
and respect.
Fayol’s Principles
11. Remuneration of Personnel: The payment
system contributes to success.
12. Stability of Tenure: Long-term employment
is important.
13. General interest over individual interest:
The organization takes precedence over the
individual.
14. Esprit de corps: ‘Union is strength’- refers
to harmony & mutual understanding among
the members of an organization.
MAX WEBER(1864-1920)
• German theorist and sociologist.
• Follower of General Administrative Theory
proposed by Henry Fayol.
• Introduced most of the concepts on
Bureaucratic Organizations.
Birth of Bureaucracy
• During 1800’s, European Org. were managed on a
personal, family-like basis.
• Employees loyal towards a single individual.
• Resources used to realize individual desires.
• Weber envisioned Org. would be managed on an
impersonal, rational basis. This form of Org. is
known as Bureaucracy.
Characteristics
• Org. based on rational authority would be
more efficient and adaptable to changes.
• Employee selection and advancement is based
on competence and technical qualification.
• Org. relies on rules and regulations which are
impersonal and applied uniformly to all
employees.
Cont…
• Division of labour.
• Positions in an Org. are organised in a
hierarchy.
• Managers depends not on personality for
successfully giving orders but on legal power
invested in managerial position.
Division of
labour
Managers
subject to
rules &
procedures
Management
& ownership
is separate
The Ideal
Bureaucracy
Positions
organised in
hierarchy
Decisions
recorded in
writing
Selection
based on
technical
qualification
• Today, the term Bureaucracy is taken on a negative
meaning.
• Its associated with endless rules and red tapism.
• But still they provide a standard way of dealing with
employees.
• Equal treatment for all employees.
• This foundation enables many Org. to become
extremely efficient.
MANAGEMENT AS AN ART
Art means the application of
knowledge and personal skills to
achieve desired result. Art involves
practical application of theoretical
knowledge and skill. Management is
an art because it fulfils this feature.
Management as an art: features
•
•
•
•
•
Situational
Personal skill
Personal judgment
Continuous practice
Practical knowledge
Management as a science
Science is a systematically organized body
of knowledge. It is based on logically
observed findings, facts and events. It
consist of exact principles which are
capable of verification and its findings
are universal truths and could be applied
in any situation.
Management as a science: features
• Management is now a systematized body of
knowledge.
• Principles and theories are now available in every
area of management.
• Principles of management has evolved through
practical experience and theoretical research.
• Management principles have wide range of
application
• Management theory and principles can be taught
in classrooms and industry.
Management- Both art and science
It means management is a combination of an
organized body of knowledge and skillful
application of this knowledge.
• It is a science because it uses certain principles.
• It is a art because it requires continuous practice
and personal skill
Thus science and art in management exist together
in every function of management.