Chemistry in Biology
Mr. Wagner
Biology
Chapter 6.1 Vocabulary
1. Atom
2. Compound
3. Electron
4. Element
5. Nucleus
6. Neutron
7. Proton
Chapter 6 Notes
Atoms, Elements & Compounds
Chemical Reactions
Water & Solutions
The Building Blocks of Life
Chapter 6 Section 1 Notes
Atoms, Elements & Compounds
What is Chemistry?
 Chemistry is the study of matter.
 Matter is anything that has mass
and takes up space.
 All organisms in Biology are made up
of matter.
 Atoms are the building blocks of
matter.
Atoms, Elements & Compounds
 Hierarchy of Chemistry:
 Atoms  Matter  Organisms
 The Structure of Atoms
 Electrons constantly move around an atom’s
nucleus in energy levels.
 The basic structure of an atom is the result of
the attraction between protons and electrons.
 Atoms contain an equal number of protons and
electrons, so the overall charge of an atom is
zero.
Basic Structure of Atoms
ELECTRON
-
e
PROTON
NEUTRON
e
-
NUCLEUS
+
P
0
N
e
-
e
-
 Electrons are negatively charged
particles that are located outside
the nucleus.
 Protons are positively charged
particles
 Neutrons are particles that have no
charge
 The nucleus is the center of the atom
consisting of protons and neutrons
Atoms, Elements & Compounds
 There are over 100 known elements, 92
which occur naturally.
 Each element has:
 Atomic mass
 Unique name
 Unique symbol
 All elements make up the periodic table.
 An element is a pure substance that
cannot be broken down into other
substances by physical or chemical
means.
Periodic Table
 Horizontal rows  Periods
 Vertical columns  Groups
 Categorized by similar chemical & physical
properties.
Atoms, Elements & Compounds
 Compounds
 Pure substances formed when 2 or more
different elements combine.
 Two rules about compounds:
 1. Combine in a fixed ration
 2. Chemically/physically different than
what they combine with.
 Cannot tear or crush compounds back
into their previous element unless the
compound undergoes a chemical
reaction.
Checkpoint
 What compound forms when combining H





+
(hydrogen) and O2 (oxygen)?
H2O, water
What compound forms when combining Na
(Sodium) and Cl- (chlorine)?
NaCl, sodium chloride, table salt
What compound forms when combining C
(carbon) and 4 H+ (hydrogen) molecules?
CH4, methane
Page 155 Question 2
 After the textbook questions are done, write
your summary. 3-5 sentences in length.
Chapter 6 Section 2 Notes
Chemical Reactions
Chapter 6.2 Vocabulary
1. Catalyst
2. Chemical
Reaction
3. Enzyme
Chemical Reactions
 Chemical Reactions are processes by which
atoms or groups of atoms in substances are
re-organized into different substances.
 This occurs by way of chemical reactions.
 Examples– photosynthesis, cellular respiration
 Structure of chemical reactions:
 Reactants  Products
 A + B  AB
Balancing Chemical Reactions
 Due to the fact that matter cannot be created
nor destroyed:
 The number of atoms each element on the
reactant side must equal the number of
atoms of the same element on the product
side.
 The number of atoms of each element in a
molecule is found on the subscript # to the
right of each element.
O2
Checkpoint
 Balance the following equation:
 C6H12O6 + __ O2  __ CO2 + __ H2O
 Rules: count how many molecules you have
each side of the equation.
Reactants
Products
C- 6
H-12
O-8
CHO-
 C6H12O6 +
6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Chemical Reactions
 Some chemical reactions require activation
energy.
 This is the minimum amount of energy needed
for reactants to form products in a chemical
reaction.
Enzymes
 Enzymes are catalysts,
which are substances
that lowers the
activation energy
needed to start a
reaction.
 Enzymes speed up
the rate of a chemical
reaction without
being consumed.
 Substrates and
enzymes bind
together allowing the
reaction to take
place.
W/out an
enzyme
Activation
Energy
W/an enzyme
Chapter 6.2 Assessment ?’s
 PUT WITH YOUR NOTES!!!
 On page 160 answer questions 1-4. Please write
out the question.
 NOW make sure you have 4 ?’s on the left
side excluding your checkpoint ?’s and
assessment ?’s.
 FINALLY you can write your summary, it must
be 5 sentences in length.
Chapter 6 Section 3 Notes
Water & Solutions
Chapter 6.3 Vocabulary
1. Hydrogen
2.
3.
4.
5.
Bond
Solution
Acid
Base
pH
WORD
DEFINITION
PICTURE—COLORED
Mixtures
 A mixture is a combination of 2 or more
substances that retain their individual
characteristics & properties.
Solute (solid substance)
Solute + Solvent  Solution
Solvent (liquid substance)
Types of Mixtures
Homogeneous
(Solutions)
Heterogeneous
(Suspensions)
 Forms 1 uniform
 Forms a colloid—
solution.
doesn’t settle
together.
Checkpoint
 Give an example of a homogeneous






solution.
Salt Water
Give an example of a heterogeneous
solution.
Chocolate chip cookie, salad with all the
fixings, blood etc.
Kool-Aid is made by mixing the contents from
the package, sugar and water. Identify the
solutes and the solvent.
Solutes: Kool-Aid mix and sugar
Solvent: Water
Acids & Bases
 Acids release H+ ions when
dissolved in H2O
 Bases release OH- ions when
dissolved in H2O
 Measure of the concentration
of H+ in a solution is called pH.
Chapter 6 Section 4 Notes
The Building Blocks of Life
Chapter 6.4 Vocabulary
1. Macromolecule
2. Polymer
3. Carbohydrate
4. Lipid
5. Protein
6. Amino Acid
7. Nucleic Acid
8. Nucleotide
Atoms!
 The Structure of Atoms
 Electrons constantly move around an atom’s
nucleus in energy levels.
 Atoms have several layers of electrons called
“shells”. Different numbers of electrons can fit
into each shell.
• 1st level is smallest, can only hold 2 e• 2nd level can hold 8 e• 3rd level can hold 18 eAtoms fill up the first levels with
electrons and then go into next
Can I get your (atomic)
number baby?
 Elements are arranged on the periodic table
by their atomic number, which is the number
of protons in the nucleus.
Checkpoint
 In pairs, tell me the atomic number of
hydrogen, helium, and carbon. Look to your
left for clues. Write your answer of your
whiteboards.
 How many electrons do hydrogen, helium,
and carbon have?
 Write your answer on your whiteboards.
Carbon
 Carbon is a component of almost all
biological molecules.
 For this reason, life on earth is often
considered carbon-based!
 The half-filled outer shell allows for the
formation of straight chains, branches and
rings. The different shapes make it able to
form lots of different things.
Macromolecules
 Large molecules formed by joining smaller
organic molecules (monomers) into chains.
 Polymers are large molecules made up of
repeating identical segments of monomers
Checkpoint (COPY TO NOTES!)
Macromolecule
Protein
Carbohydrate
Nucleic
Acid
Lipid
Building
Block
Function
Example
Carbohydrate
 Compounds made of C, H, and O, usually seen
as (CH2O)n .
 N indicates the number of compounds that are
connected.
 The building blocks of carbohydrates are
monosaccharides (simple sugars) that contain 3
to 7 compounds and:
 Polysaccharides that contain 8 or more
compounds.
 Examples include glycogen which can be broken
down into glucose. (Found in liver & skeletal
muscles)
 Other examples include: Chitin which plays a
structural role in crustaceans.
Pair Checkpoint (COPY TO WB!)
Macromolecule
Building
Block
Function
Example
FILL IN
FILL IN
FILL IN
Protein
Carbohydrate
Nucleic
Acid
Lipid
Pair Checkpoint (COPY TO NOTES!)
Macromolecule
Protein
Building
Block
Function
Example
Carbohydrate
Monosaccharides
Store energy/
used for
structural
support in
cells
Glucose
Nucleic
Acid
Lipid
Lipids
 Lipids are biological molecules made mostly of C
and H; fats, oils, and waxes are all lipids
 Lipids are composed of fatty acids, glycerol and
other components. Most are insoluble (do not
dissolve in water – think of oil and water).
 Organisms needs lipids in order to function
properly.
 Phospholipids
 Responsible for the function and structure of the cell
membrane.
 Hydrophobic—do not dissolve in water.
 Steroids
 Cholesterol and hormones
Saturated & Unsaturated
Pair Checkpoint (COPY TO WB!)
Macromolecule
Building
Block
Function
Example
FILL IN
FILL IN
FILL IN
Protein
Carbohydrate
Nucleic
Acid
Lipid
Pair Checkpoint (COPY TO NOTES!)
Macromolecule
Building
Block
Function
Example
Fatty acids
Store energy
Provide
barriers
Fats, Oils and
Waxes
Protein
Carbohydrate
Nucleic
Acid
Lipid
Proteins
 A protein is a compound made of small carbon
compounds called amino acids.
 Amino acids are small compounds that are made
of C, N, O, H and sometimes S.
 Amino Acids
 There are 22 different types of amino acids.
 3-D protein structure
 The # of amino acids in a chain and the order in
which the amino acids are joined define the
protein’s primary structure.
 Connected by peptide bonds.
 Protein Function
 Make up 15% of your total body mass and are
involved in nearly every function of your body.
 Examples: muscles, skin and hair and enzymes.
Checkpoint (COPY TO WB!)
Macromolecule
Building
Block
Function
Example
Protein
FILL IN
FILL IN
FILL IN
Carbohydrate
Nucleic
Acid
Lipid
Pair Checkpoint (COPY TO NOTES!)
Macromolecule
Protein
Carbohydrate
Nucleic
Acid
Lipid
Building
Block
Function
Example
Amino acids
Transport
substances
Speed up
reactions
Structural
support
Enzymes
Nucleic Acids
 Nucleic Acids are complex macromolecules that
store and transmit genetic information.
 Nucleotides are small repeating units that make up
nucleic acids.
 Nucleotides are composed of C, N, O, P and H.
 There are 6 major nucleotides all contain a
phosphate, nitrogenous base and a ribose sugar.
 Two major types of nucleic acids that store
genetic information:
 DNA—deoxyribonucleic acid
 RNA—ribonucleic acid
 Another major nucleotide is ATP, which is a
storehouse of chemical energy that can be used
by cells to carry out chemical reactions.
Checkpoint (COPY TO WB!)
Macromolecule
Building
Block
Function
Example
FILL IN
FILL IN
FILL IN
Protein
Carbohydrate
Nucleic
Acid
Lipid
Pair Checkpoint (COPY TO NOTES!)
Macromolecule
Building
Block
Function
Example
Nucleotide
Store &
DNA
communicate RNA
genetic
information
Protein
Carbohydrate
Nucleic
Acid
Lipid
Practice!
In pairs, answer #’s 38-41 on
page 177. I will call on pairs to
give their answers.
Macromolecule
Building
Block
Function
Example
Protein
Amino Acids
Transport
substances
Speed up
reactions
Structural
support
Enzymes
Carbohydrate
Monosaccharides
Store energy/
used for
structural
support in cells
Glucose
Nucleic
Acid
Nucleotide
Store &
communicate
genetic
information
DNA
RNA
Lipid
Fatty acids
Store energy
Fats, Oils and
Provide barriers Waxes