Synthetic and Natural
Organic Polymer
Chapter 22
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
A polymer is a high molar mass molecular compound made up
of many repeating chemical units.
Naturally occurring polymers
•Proteins
•Nucleic acids
•Cellulose
•Rubber
Synthetic polymers
•Nylon
•Dacron
•Lucite
History of Polymers
• 1839년 Charles
Goodyear 가
천연고무(latex)에
황을 가하여
타이어용의 고무
대량생산
• 고무의 내열 특성
때문에 타이어에
적합
History of Polymers
• 1870년 미국 John Hyatt 셀루로이드(nitrocellulose + camphor) 개발
– 영국의 Alexander Parkes가 최초 개발한 Parksine을 응용
– 상아 대체 - 당구공 제조회사의 만 달러 공모
• 1907년 Leo Baekeland가 Bakelite(페놀-포름알데히드수지)개발,
대량 생산
• 1938년 Dow사는 폴리스티렌 대량생산
• 1939년 듀퐁사는 나일론(nylon-6,6)을 대량생산하여 스타킹 판매
시작. 고분자 화학 발달에 계기
Wallace Carothers, inventor of Nylon (1930 at DuPont).
(1896 - 1937)
5
Hermann Staudinger(1953 Nobel Prize for chemistry)
•In a landmark paper published in 1920, Staudinger concluded the
structure of rubber and other polymeric substances: “polymers were long
chains of short repeating molecular units linked by covalent bonds.”
•Staudinger termed makromoleküls paved the way for the birth of the field
of polymer chemistry.
Nobel laureates in polymer science
화학
K. Ziegler
H. Staudinger
(1897-1973)
(1881-1965)
1953
A.J.Heeger
(1910-1985)
G. Natta
(1903-1979)
(1927-
)
H.Shirakawa
(1936-
(1936-
P.-G de Gennes
)
(1932-
물리
2000
)
1974
1963
A.G. MacDiarmid
P.J.Flory
1991
)
Polymers
• Polyethylene: most common plastic from the
monomer ethylene (C2H4)
ethylene
polyethylene
The simple repeating unit of a polymer is the monomer.
Homopolymer
a polymer made
up of only one
type of monomer
Copolymer is a polymer made up of two or more monomers
( CH
CH2
CH2
CH
CH
CH2 )n
Styrene-butadiene rubber
Buna S
random
alternating
block
graft
Stereoisomers of Polymers
R groups
on same side
Isotactic
alternate
Syndiotactic
at random
Atactic
Protein: Peptide bonding
• Amino acid → polypeptide → protein
O
O
H 2N
CH C
H
N
H
OH
CH 3
O
CH C
OH
H
N
H
CH C
CH 2
CH 2
SH
C
amino
OH
O
O
H 2N
CH C
CH 3
H
N
CH C
O
N
H
CH C
CH 2
CH 2
SH
C
Peptide bonds
OH
O
OH
OH
O
carbonyl
Protein Structure
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
R group
Hydrogen
The structure is
held in position by
intramolecular
hydrogen bonds
(………)
Protein Structure
Protein Structure
Intermolecular Forces in a Protein Molecule
ionic forces
hydrogen
bonds
dispersion
forces
ionic forces
dispersion
forces
dispersion
forces
dipole-dipole
forces
Hydrogen Bonds in Parallel and Antiparallel b-pleated Sheets
Protein Structure
The structural changes that occur when oxygen binds to the
heme group in hemoglobin.
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are high molar mass polymers that play an
essential role in protein synthesis.
1. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
2. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
DNA molecule has 2 helical strands.
Each strand is made up of nucleotides.
The Components of the Nucleic Acids DNA and RNA
Base-Pair Formation by Adenine and Thymine and by
Cytosine and Guanine
Chemistry In Action: DNA Fingerprinting