CHEM 5013
Applied Chemical Principles
Chapter One
Professor Bensley
Alfred State College
Chapter Objectives



Explain the usefulness of the macroscopic,
microscopic, and symbolic perspectives in
understanding chemical systems.
Explain the differences between physical
and chemical properties of matter and
provide examples of each.
Define the following types of matter:
substance, element, compound, mixture.
The Study of Chemistry

The study of chemistry involves three
levels of understanding or three
perspectives.
1.
_
2.
_
3.
_
The Macroscopic Perspective


Matter:
Matter is observed
through two types of
changes:
1.
2.
_
_
The Macroscopic Perspective

Physical properties:


Examples:
Chemical properties:

Examples:
Physical Property vs.
Chemical Property

Example:
Potassium is a soft, silvery-colored metal that
melts at 64°C. It reacts vigorously with
water, with oxygen, and with chlorine.
Identify all of the physical properties given in
this description.
Identify all of the chemical properties given.
The Macroscopic Perspective

1.
2.
3.
Three phases
of matter:
The Microscopic or Particulate Perspective

Substances:


Examples:
Elements:

Examples:
Elements
Elements: sulfur, arsenic, iodine, magnesium,
bismuth, mercury.
The Microscopic or Particulate Perspective

Compounds:


Examples:
Mixtures:

Examples:
Mixtures

Two types of mixtures:
1.
Examples:
2.
Examples:
Which of the following are pure substances
and which are mixtures? For each, list all of
the different phases present.
a) bromine liquid and its vapor
b) paint, containing a liquid solution and a dispersed solid
pigment
c) partially molten iron
d) baking powder containing sodium hydrogen carbonate
and potassium hydrogen tartrate
e) A glass of ice water
The Microscopic or Particulate
Perspective

For solids, the
molecules or
atoms maintain a
regular ordered
structure, so a
sample maintains
its size and
shape.
The Microscopic or Particulate
Perspective

For liquids, the
molecules or atoms
remain close to one
another, but the
ordered array breaks
down. This allows
the liquid to flow and
take the shape of its
container.
The Microscopic or Particulate
Perspective

For gases, the
molecules or atoms
are very widely
separated, and
move independently
of one another.
This allows the gas
to fill the available
volume of the
container.
The Microscopic or Particulate
Perspective
The Microscopic or Particulate
Perspective
The Symbolic Representation
What are the symbols used to represent each of
these substances?