Chemistry 1.1
Chapter 1:
Introduction
To
Chemistry
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1.1
Chemistry
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What Is Chemistry?
What Is Chemistry?
Why is the scope of chemistry so vast?
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1.1
Chemistry
>
What Is Chemistry?
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies
space.
Chemistry is the study of the composition of
matter and the changes that matter undergoes.
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1.1
Chemistry
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What Is Chemistry?
Because living and nonliving things are
made of matter, chemistry affects all
aspects of life and most natural events.
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1.1
Chemistry
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Areas of Study
Areas of Study
What are five traditional areas of study
in chemistry?
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1.1
Chemistry
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Areas of Study
Five traditional areas of study are
• organic chemistry
• inorganic chemistry
• biochemistry
• analytical chemistry
• physical chemistry
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1.1
Chemistry
>
Areas of Study
Organic chemistry is
defined as the study of
all chemicals containing
carbon.
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1.1
Chemistry
>
Areas of Study
Inorganic chemistry is
the study of chemicals
that, in general, do not
contain carbon.
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1.1
Chemistry
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Areas of Study
The study of processes that
take place in organisms is
biochemistry.
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1.1
Chemistry
>
Areas of Study
Analytical chemistry
is the area of study
that focuses on the
composition of matter.
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1.1
Chemistry
>
Areas of Study
Physical chemistry is
the area that deals with
the mechanism, the
rate, and the energy
transfer that occurs
when matter undergoes
a change.
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1.1
Chemistry
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Pure and Applied Chemistry
Pure and Applied Chemistry
How are pure and applied chemistry
related?
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1.1
Chemistry
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Pure and Applied Chemistry
Pure chemistry is the pursuit of chemical
knowledge for its own sake.
Applied chemistry is research that is directed
toward a practical goal or application.
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1.1
Chemistry
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Pure and Applied Chemistry
Pure research can lead directly to an
application, but an application can exist
before research is done to explain how
it works.
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Chemistry
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Pure and Applied Chemistry
Nylon
In the early 1930’s, Wallace
Carothers produced nylon
while researching cotton and
silk.
A team of scientists and
engineers applied Carothers’s
research to the commercial
production of nylon.
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1.1
Chemistry
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Pure and Applied Chemistry
Aspirin
Long before researchers figured out how aspirin
works, people used it to relieve pain, and
doctors prescribed it for patients who were at
risk for a heart attack.
In 1971, it was discovered that aspirin can block
the production of a group of chemicals that
cause pain and lead to the formation of blood
clots. This is an example of pure research.
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1.1
Chemistry
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Pure and Applied Chemistry
Technology
Technology is the means by which a society
provides its members with those things needed
and desired.
• Technology allows humans to do some
things more quickly or with less effort.
• There are debates about the risks and
benefits of technology.
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1.1
Chemistry
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Why Study Chemistry?
Why Study Chemistry?
What are three general reasons to
study chemistry?
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1.1
Chemistry
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Why Study Chemistry?
Chemistry can be useful in explaining
the natural world, preparing people for
career opportunities, and producing
informed citizens.
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1.1
Chemistry
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Why Study Chemistry?
Explaining the Natural World
Chemistry can help you satisfy your natural
desire to understand how things work.
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1.1
Chemistry
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Why Study Chemistry?
Preparing For a Career
Many careers require knowledge of chemistry. A
photographer uses chemical processes to
control the development of photographs in a
darkroom.
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1.1
Chemistry
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Why Study Chemistry?
Being an Informed Citizen
Knowledge of chemistry
and other sciences can
help you evaluate the data
presented, arrive at an
informed opinion, and take
appropriate action.
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1.1 Section Quiz
1. Which of these traditional areas of study mostly
involve compounds containing carbon?
(1) organic chemistry
(2) inorganic chemistry
(3) biochemistry
a. (1) and (2)
b. (1) and (3)
c. (2) and (3)
d. (1), (2), and (3)
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1.1 Section Quiz
2. Which phrase best describes applied
chemistry?
a. the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake
b. research that answers a general question
c. addresses fundamental aspects of a
question
d. research directed toward a practical goal
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1.1 Section Quiz
3. Informed citizens are most likely to
a. provide funds for scientific research.
b. determine which areas of research are
valid.
c. decide who is qualified to do research.
d. influence the development of technology.
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Homework:
read Section 1.1 and
Pages 5-8 in your lab Manual
(see lab safety powerpoint)
Chemistry 1.1
Chapter 1:
Section 2
Chemistry
Far and Wide
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1.2
Chemistry
>
Materials
Materials
What impact do chemists have on
materials, energy, medicine,
agriculture, the environment, and the
study of the universe?
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1.2
Chemistry
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Materials
Chemists design materials to fit specific
needs.
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1.2
Chemistry
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Materials
In 1948, George de Mestral
took a close look at the burrs
that stuck to his clothing. He
saw that each burr was
covered with many tiny
hooks.
In 1955, de Mestral patented
the design for the hook-andloop tapes. These are used
as fasteners in shoes and
gloves.
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1.2
Chemistry
>
Materials
This story illustrates two ways of looking at the
world—the macroscopic view and the
microscopic view.
• Burrs belong to the macroscopic world, the
world of objects that are large enough to see
with the unaided eye.
• The hooks belong to the microscopic world,
or the world of objects that can be seen only
under magnification.
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1.2
Chemistry
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Energy
Energy
Chemists play an essential role in
finding ways to conserve energy,
produce energy, and store energy.
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Chemistry
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Energy
Conservation
One of the easiest ways to conserve energy is
through insulation. Insulation acts as a barrier to
heat flow from the inside to the outside of a
house or from the outside to the inside of a
freezer.
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Chemistry
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Energy
SEAgel is a modern insulation that is light
enough to float on soap bubbles.
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1.2
Chemistry
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Energy
Production
The burning of coal, petroleum, and natural gas
is a major source of energy. These materials are
called fossil fuels. Oil from the soybeans is used
to make biodiesel.
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1.2
Chemistry
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Energy
Storage
Batteries are devices that use chemicals to store
energy that will be released as electric current.
For some applications, it important to have
batteries that can be recharged rather than
thrown away. Digital cameras, wireless phones,
and laptop computers use rechargeable
batteries.
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1.2
Chemistry
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Medicine and Biotechnology
Medicine and Biotechnology
Chemistry supplies the medicines, materials,
and technology that doctors use to treat their
patients.
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1.2
Chemistry
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Medicine and Biotechnology
Medicines
There are over 2000 prescription drugs. Many
drugs are effective because they interact in a
specific way with chemicals in cells. Knowledge
of the structure and function of these target
chemicals helps a chemist design safe and
effective drugs.
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1.2
Chemistry
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Medicine and Biotechnology
Materials
Chemistry can supply materials to repair or
replace body parts. Artificial hips and knees
made from metals and plastics can replace wornout joints and allow people to walk again without
pain.
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1.2
Chemistry
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Medicine and Biotechnology
Biotechnology
From 1990 to 2003,
scientists worldwide worked
on the Human Genome
Project. They identified the
genes that comprise human
DNA—about 30,000. The
discovery of the structure of
DNA led to the development
of biotechnology.
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1.2
Chemistry
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Medicine and Biotechnology
Biotechnology applies science to the
production of biological products or processes.
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1.2
Chemistry
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Agriculture
Agriculture
Chemists help to develop more
productive crops and safer, more
effective ways to protect crops.
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1.2
Chemistry
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Agriculture
Productivity
One way to track productivity is to measure the
amount of edible food that is grown on a given
unit of land.
Chemists test soil to see if it contains the right
chemicals to grow a particular crop and
recommend ways to improve the soil.
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1.2
Chemistry
>
Agriculture
Chemists also help
determine when a crop
needs water.
If the genes from a
jellyfish that glows are
transferred to a potato
plant, the plant glows
when it needs to be
watered.
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1.2
Chemistry
>
Agriculture
Crop Protection
Chemists sometimes use chemicals produced
by insects to fight insect pests. The plastic tube
wrapped around the stem of the tomato plant
contains a chemical that a female pinworm moth
emits to attract male moths. It interferes with the
mating process so that fewer pinworms are
produced.
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1.2
Chemistry
>
The Environment
The Environment
A pollutant is a material found in air, water, or
soil that is harmful to humans or other
organisms.
•Chemists help to identify pollutants
and prevent pollution.
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1.2
Chemistry
>
The Environment
Identify Pollutants
Until the mid-1900s, lead was used in many
products, including paints and gasoline.
A study done in 1971 showed that the level of
lead that is harmful to humans is much lower
than had been thought, especially for children.
Even low levels of lead in the blood can
permanently damage the nervous system of a
growing child.
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1.2
Chemistry
>
The Environment
Prevent Pollution
The strategies used to
prevent lead poisoning
include testing children’s
blood for lead, regulation
of home sales to families
with young children, and
public awareness
campaigns with posters.
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1.2
Chemistry
>
The Environment
The percentage of children with elevated blood
levels has decreased since the 1970s.
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1.2
Chemistry
>
The Universe
The Universe
To study the universe, chemists
gather data from afar and analyze
matter that is brought back to Earth.
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1.2
Chemistry
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The Universe
Chemists have analyzed more than 850 pounds
of moon rocks that were brought back to Earth.
Some of these rocks are similar to rocks formed
by volcanoes on Earth, suggesting that vast
oceans of molten lava once covered the moon's
surface.
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1.2 Section Quiz.
1. Choose the correct words for the spaces. To
meet the demand for energy, chemists find
ways to __________ energy and
__________ energy.
a. conserve, produce
b. conserve, use
c. produce, use
d. convert, store
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1.2 Section Quiz.
2. Which of the following is an example of
biotechnology?
a. using soybeans to produce biodiesel
b. replacing diseased arteries with plastic
tubes
c. testing the lead content of blood
d. transferring a jellyfish gene into a potato
plant
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1.2 Section Quiz.
3. To understand how a burr could stick to
clothing, George de Mestral had to take which
view of a burr?
a. chemical
b. material
c. macroscopic
d. microscopic
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Homework:
Read Section 1.2 and
pages 9-11 in your lab manual
Chemistry 1.1
Chapter 1:
Section 3
Thinking
Like a
Scientist
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1.3
Chemistry
>
Thinking Like a Scientist
In 1928, Alexander
Fleming noticed that
bacteria he was studying
did not grow in the
presence of a yellowgreen mold. In 1945,
Fleming shared a Nobel
Prize for Medicine with
Howard Florey and Ernst
Chain, who led the team
that isolated penicillin.
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1.3
Chemistry
>
Alchemy
Alchemy
How did alchemy lay the groundwork
for chemistry?
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1.3
Chemistry
>
Alchemy
Alchemists developed the tools and
techniques for working with chemicals.
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1.3
Chemistry
>
Alchemy
Alchemists developed
processes for separating
mixtures and purifying
chemicals. They
designed equipment that
is still in use today
including beakers,
flasks, tongs, funnels,
and the mortar and
pestle.
Mortar and Pestle
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1.3
Chemistry
>
An Experimental Approach to Science
An Experimental Approach to Science
How did Lavoisier help to transform
chemistry?
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1.3
Chemistry
>
An Experimental Approach to Science
Lavoisier helped to transform chemistry
from a science of observation to the
science of measurement that it is today.
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1.3
Chemistry
>
An Experimental Approach to Science
Lavoisier designed a balance that could
measure mass to the nearest 0.0005 gram. He
also showed that oxygen is required for a
material to burn.
Reconstruction of Lavoisier’s Laboratory
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1.3
Chemistry
>
The Scientific Method
The Scientific Method
What are the steps in the scientific
method?
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1.3
Chemistry
>
The Scientific Method
The scientific method is a logical, systematic
approach to the solution of a scientific problem.
•Steps in the scientific method include
making observations, testing hypotheses,
and developing theories.
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1.3
Chemistry
>
The Scientific Method
Making Observations
When you use your
senses to obtain
information, you make an
observation.
Suppose you try to turn on
a flashlight and it does not
light. An observation can
lead to a question: What’s
wrong with the flashlight?
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1.3
Chemistry
>
The Scientific Method
Testing Hypotheses
A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for an
observation.
You guess that the flashlight needs new
batteries. You can test your hypothesis by
putting new batteries in the flashlight. If the
flashlight lights, you can be fairly certain that
your hypothesis is true.
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1.3
Chemistry
>
The Scientific Method
An experiment is a procedure that is used to
test a hypothesis. When you design experiments,
you deal with variables, or factors that can
change.
• The variable that you change during an
experiment is the manipulated variable, or
independent variable.
• The variable that is observed during the
experiment is the responding variable, or
dependent variable.
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1.3
Chemistry
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The Scientific Method
Developing Theories
Once a hypothesis meets the test of repeated
experimentation, it may become a theory.
• A theory is a well-tested explanation for a
broad set of observations.
• A theory may need to be changed at some
point in the future to explain new observations
or experimental results.
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1.3
Chemistry
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The Scientific Method
Scientific Laws
A scientific law is a concise statement that
summarizes the results of many observations
and experiments.
A scientific law doesn’t try to explain the
relationship it describes. That explanation
requires a theory.
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1.3
Chemistry
>
The Scientific Method
Steps in the Scientific Method
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1.3
Chemistry
>
Collaboration and Communication
Collaboration and Communication
What role do collaboration and
communication play in science?
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1.3
Chemistry
>
Collaboration and Communication
No matter how talented the players on a team,
one player cannot ensure victory for the team.
Individuals must collaborate, or work together,
for the good of the team.
•When scientists collaborate and
communicate, they increase the likelihood
of a successful outcome.
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1.3
Chemistry
>
Collaboration and Communication
Collaboration
Scientists choose to collaborate for different
reasons.
• Some research problems are so complex that
no one person could have all of the
knowledge, skills, and resources to solve the
problem.
• Scientists might conduct research for an
industry in exchange for equipment and the
time to do the research.
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1.3
Chemistry
>
Collaboration and Communication
Collaboration isn’t always a smooth process.
You will likely work on a team in the laboratory. If
so, you may face some challenges. But you can
also experience the benefits of collaboration.
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1.3
Chemistry
>
Collaboration and Communication
Communication
Scientists communicate
face to face, by e-mail, by
phone, and at international
conferences.
Scientists publish their
results in scientific
journals. Articles are
published only after being
reviewed by experts in the
author’s field.
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1.3 Section Quiz.
1. Lavoisier is credited with transforming chemistry
from a science of observation to a science of
a. speculation.
b. measurement.
c. hypotheses.
d. theories.
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1.3 Section Quiz.
2. A hypothesis is
a. information obtained from an experiment.
b. a proposed explanation for observations.
c. a concise statement that summarizes the
results of many of experiments.
d. a thoroughly tested explaination for a
broad set of observations.
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1.3 Section Quiz.
3. Why are articles in scientific journals the most
reliable source of information about new
scientific discoveries?
a. The articles are reviewed by experts in the
author's field.
b. Any article that is submitted is published.
c. Everyone has access to the information.
d. The articles are short and easy to read.
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Homework:
read Section 1.3
and pages 13-16 in your lab manual
Do Pre-lab questions for
Lab techniques Part A
Chemistry 1.1
Chapter 1:
Section 4
Problem
Solving in
Chemistry
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1.4
Chemistry
>
Skills Used in Solving Problems
Skills Used in Solving Problems
What is a general approach to solving
a problem?
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1.4
Chemistry
>
Solving Numeric Problems
Solving Numeric Problems
What are the three steps for solving
numeric problems?
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1.4
Chemistry
>
Solving Numeric Problems
•The steps for solving a numeric word
problem are analyze, calculate, and
evaluate.
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1.4
Chemistry
>
Solving Numeric Problems
Analyze
To solve a word problem, you must first
determine where you are starting from (identify
what is known) and where you are going (identify
the unknown).
After you identify the known and the unknown,
you need to make a plan for getting from the
known to the unknown.
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1.4
Chemistry
>
Solving Numeric Problems
Calculate
If you make an effective plan, doing the
calculations is usually the easiest part of the
process.
Evaluate
Check that your answer is reasonable and
makes sense. Check that it has the correct unit
and the correct number of significant figures.
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Chemistry
>
1.1
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Chemistry
>
1.1
Figure 1.25 Map of Indianapolis
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Chemistry
>
1.1
Solving Numeric Problems
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Chemistry
>
1.1
Solving Numeric Problems
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Chemistry
>
1.1
Solving Numeric Problems
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Chemistry
> Problem 1.1
for Sample
Solving Numeric Problems
Problem Solving 1.27 Solve
Problem 27 with the help of an
interactive guided tutorial.
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1.4
Chemistry
>
Solving Conceptual Problems
Solving Conceptual Problems
What are the two steps for solving
conceptual problems?
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1.4
Chemistry
>
Solving Conceptual Problems
•The steps for solving a conceptual
problem are analyze and solve.
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Chemistry
>
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Chemistry
>
Solving Conceptual Problems
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1.4 Section Quiz
1. Effective problem solving always involves
developing a plan and then
a. evaluating the plan.
b. doing calculations.
c. making an estimate.
d. implementing the plan.
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1.4 Section Quiz
2. During the analyze step for solving a numeric
word problem, you
a. make an estimate of the answer using
correct units.
b. rearrange an equation to solve for an
unknown.
c. identify what is known and unknown and
make a plan.
d. convert a measurement from one unit to
another.
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1.4 Section Quiz
3. The steps for solving a conceptual problem are
a. solve and evaluate.
b. analyze, solve, and evaluate.
c. analyze and solve.
d. analyze, calculate, and evaluate.
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Homework:
Read 1.4, do 1.4 review
Do pre-lab part B