Radiation Safety Refresher for
Radiation Producing Machine (xrd)
Safety
Conrad Sherman x9-3911
RSO/Health Physicist
Marcus Balanky x9-5167
ARSO/ Health Physicist
Vern Ares x9-5167
Assistant Health Physicist
Environmental Health & Safety
Radiation Safety
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
Annual Refresher Training is Required
•
•
•
Option 1 –Challenge the test
Option 2 – review this presentation, radiation safety manual, rpm
fundamentals workbook (ucsc radiation)
Option 3 –request a class
then
•
•
•
Pass the Test
Test is on e-commons
Please complete within 30 days of your last test date (if you don’t know it,
then look on e-commons, in your PI’s radiation safety folder/training is a
report showing training for all users within your lab group.
Location of EHS/Radiation published materials
http://ehs.ucsc.edu/lab_research_safety/xray_safety.php
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
Radiation Safety
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
Purpose of This Class
• Annual x-ray XRD RPM users at UCSC
• Fulfill regulatory requirements
• Campus and UC Policy
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
New Radiation User
You are here
Radiation Safety Fundamentals
Dependent User
Learns "hands-on" skills from a
more experienced user.
Radioisotope
Laboratory
Safety
Sealed Source
Safety
Annual
Refresher Training
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
X-ray
Producing
Machine
Safety
Pregnancy Policy
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
X-ray Diffraction Safety Training
Slides modified from a class offered by John Pickering SJSU Radiation safety Officer
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
What are x-rays?
• X-rays are photons (electromagnetic radiation) which originate in the
energy shells of an atom, as opposed to gamma rays, which are
produced in the nucleus of an atom.
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
Visible Light
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
X-rays on EM spectrum
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
What are x-rays?
• X-rays are produced when
accelerated electrons interact
with a target, usually a metal
absorber, or with a crystalline
structure. This method of x-ray
production is known as
bremsstrahlung.
• The bremsstrahlung produced is
proportional to the square of the
energy of the accelerated
electrons used to produce it, and
is also proportional to the atomic
number (Z) of the target
(absorber).
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
Photon Energy and Total Power
As the voltage increases the penetration increases
As the Current increases the dose rate increases
The total power
P=VxI
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
What are x-rays?
• Many different types of machines produce x-rays, either
intentionally or inadvertently. Some devices that can
produce x-rays are x-ray diffractometers, electron
microscopes, and x-ray photoelectron spectrometers.
• X-rays can also be produced by the attenuation of beta
particles emitted from radionuclides.
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
How X-rays are Produced
When fast-moving electrons slam into a metal object,
x-rays are produced. The kinetic energy of the
electron is transformed into electromagnetic energy.
X-ray Tube
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
Radiation Sources
• X-ray diffraction is a source of very intense
radiation.
• The primary beam can deliver as much as
400,000 R/minute
• Collimated and filtered beams can produce
about 5,000 to 50,000 R/minute
• Diffracted beams can be as high as 1
R/minute
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
At HIGH Doses, We KNOW
Radiation Causes Harm
• High Dose effects seen in:
– Radium dial painters
– Early radiologists
– Atomic bomb survivors
– Populations near Chernobyl
– Medical treatments
– Criticality Accidents
• In addition to radiation sickness, increased cancer rates
were also evident from high level exposures.
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
Ionizing Radiation
Produces
damage
through
ionization and
excitation
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
Bioeffects
• Somatic (body) effects of whole body
irradiation can be divided into "prompt"
effects and "delayed" effects.
• Prompt – effects that appear quickly
• Delayed – effects that may take years to
appear
Prompt
Diagnostic X-ray
Exposure
Delayed
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
Genetic Effects
• Somatic
– Damage to genetic material in the cell
– May cause cell to become a cancer cell
– Probability is very low at occupational
doses
• Heritable
– Passed on to offspring
– Observed in some animal studies
but not human
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
Biological Effects of Radiation
• are dependent upon:
–Total energy deposited
–Distribution of deposited energy
Low dose, low-dose rate radiation exposure. The effects
are in great dispute. It is thought that the effects of a
protracted dose of radiation are not as great as with an
acute dose because of biological repair mechanisms.
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
Prenatal Radiation Exposure
• Sensitivity of the unborn
– Rapidly dividing cells are radiosensitive
• Potential effects
– Low birth weight - (most common)
– Mental retardation
– Chance of childhood cancer
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
Bioeffects- X-rays and Skin
• Most radiation overexposures from analytical x-ray
equipment are to the extremities.
• For x-rays of about 5-30 keV, irradiation of the fingers or
hands does not result in significant damage to bloodforming tissue.
• At high exposures some general somatic effects to the
skin can occur. Very high exposures may necessitate skin
grafting or amputation of the affected extremity.
• Biological effects can be observed at 10 rem in special
blood studies. Typically effects are visually observed at 50
to 100 rem.
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
X-Ray Burns vs. Thermal Burns
• Most nerve endings are near the surface of the skin
• High energy x-rays penetrate the outer layer of the
skin that contains most of the nerve endings so one
does not feel an X-Ray burn until the damage has
been done
• X-rays penetrate to the deeper, basal skin layer,
damaging or killing the rapidly dividing germinal cells,
that are destined to replace the outer layers
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
Accident Case Study
• Case Study - A
radiation
accident at an
industrial
accelerator
facility
• 3MV accelerator.
40 rad/s inside
victim’s shoes,
1300 rad/s to
hands.
• 3 days after exposure
•Note erythema and
swelling
•1 month after
• Note blistering
and erythema
• 2 months after
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
ALARA
As Low As
Reasonably
Achievable
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
Dose Examples
1000 mrem
100 mrem
10 mrem
1 mrem
0.1 mrem
0.01 mrem
SRS ANNUAL DOSE CONTROL LEVEL FOR RADIATION WORKERS - 800 mrem
AVERAGE DIAGNOSTIC NUCLEAR MEDICINE PROCEDURE - 430 mrem
AVERAGE U.S. NON-OCCUPATIONAL RADIATION DOSE PER YEAR - 334 mrem
AVERAGE ANNUAL DOSE FROM RADON IN THE HOME - 200 mrem
AVERAGE ANNUAL DOSE TO A MEMBER OF AN AIRLINE FLIGHT CREW - 160 mrem
AVERAGE U.S. NON-OCCUPATIONAL DOSE FOR I MONTH - 28 mrem
ADDITIONAL ANNUAL BACKGROUND DOSE FROM LIVING IN A MASONRY HOME - 13 mrem
CHEST X-RAY - 8 mrem
AVERAGE U.S. BACKGROUND DOSE PER WEEK - 6 mrem
ROUNDTRIP ATLANTA TO LOS ANGELES AIRLINE FLIGHT - 4 mrem
ADDITIONAL DOSE FROM A ONE DAY VISIT IN DENVER - 1 mrem
ROUNDTRIP ATLANTA TO NEW YORK AIRLINE FLIGHT - 0.4 mrem
DOSE FROM SPENDING 1 HOUR IN GRAND CENTRAL STATION - 0.05 mrem
ADDITIONAL DOSE FOR EACH HOUR SPENT IN DENVER - 0.05 mrem
DOSE FROM SPENDING 1 HOUR AT THE STATUE OF LIBERTY - 0.04 mrem
AVERAGE DOSE FROM A SMOKE DETECTOR IN THE HOME - 0.01 mrem
DOSE FROM K-40 IN 1 BANANA - 0.007 mrem
Dose around our XRD machines in room 284:
0.015 mrem/hr
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
1 Table 9. Estimated Loss of Life Expectancy Due to
Various Causes
Cause
Days of Life Lost
Cause
Days of Life Lost
Cigarette smoking (male)
2250
Job with radiation exposure
40
Heart disease
2100
Falls
39
Being 30% overweight
1300
Accidents to Pedestrians
37
Being a coal miner
1100
Safest job (accidents)
30
Cancer
980
Fire (burns)
27
Being 20% Overweight
900
Generation of energy
24
Cigarette smoking (female)
800
Illicit drugs (U.S. average)
18
Stroke
520
Poison (solid, liquid)
17
Living in unfavorable state
500
Suffocation
13
Cigar smoking
330
Firearms accidents
11
Dangerous job (accidents)
300
Natural radiation
8
Pipe smoking
220
Poisonous gases
7
Increasing food intake 100
calories/day
210
Medical X rays
6
Motor vehicle accidents
207
Coffee
6
Pneumonia (influenza)
141
Oral contraceptives
5
Alcohol (U.S. average)
130
Accidents to bicycles
5
Accidents in home
95
All catastrophes combined
3.5
Suicide
95
Diet drinks
2
Diabetes
95
Reactor accidents (UCS)
2*
Being murdered (homicide)
90
Reactor accidents (NRC)
0.02*
Legal drug misuse
90
PAP test
-4
Average job (accidents)
74
Smoke alarm in home
-10
Drowning
41
Air bags in car
-50
Mobile coronary care units
-125
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
Documenting Surveys
• surveys must be documented
• Record the following:
– date performed
– area(s) surveyed (a map helps!)
– results
– identity of surveyor
– instrument used
– action taken if problem is found
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
Engineering Controls
• Interlocks – never bypass interlocks or
other safety devices
• Warning Lights – know the beam status
whenever working with
XRD
• Shielding
• Locked doors
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
Failsafe Equipment
•
•
•
•
Getting better
High reliability
Still see reports of failures
Always use survey meter
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
Precautions
• If you rely on an interlock to turn off the
beam for the purposes of accessing the
sample area, you must confirm the beam
is off using a calibrated survey meter
before your put your hand in the cabinet
enclosure.
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
Interlock as on-off switch
• Never
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
Key Control
• Who has keys
• Special alignment bypass keys
• Never Left Out, always locked in
case/cabinet
• Only PI and Lab Manager hold access to
bypass keys
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
Access
• You are required to secure access to your
RPMs.
• Rooms where RPMs are present must be
kept locked if the machine is left
unattended.
• If your RPM is equipped with a key
interlock then the key must be removed
when the machine is not being used.
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
New Machine
Moving Machine?
Decommissioning?
• Call RSO
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
Problems with equipment
•
If there are any questions or concerns
about the functioning of an XRD unit, it
must be taken out of service
immediately and reported to the unit
supervisor.
[Be aware that shutter mechanisms can
fail. Warning lights can fail.]
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
General Methods of Protection
• Time
• Distance
• Shielding
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
Verify you have viewed this
powerpoint
• Logon to ecommons RAD
SAF Exams and take 2011
RPM XRD Refresher
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
Test
• To receive credit for this online training course,
you must complete the exam and receive a
score of 80% or greater.
• You may take test up to 3 times
• Some questions have multiple correct answers
• You can review answers at end of each test
• Each test is a new set of questions randomized
from test bank
• If you do not pass, we will go over failed
questions with you
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
Test Completion
• Online e-commons RADSAFE EXAMS
• PAPER PRINT A COPY OF TEST,
• Send to ehs trailer
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
Verify you have viewed this powerpoint
• Logon to ecommons RAD SAF
Exams and take 2011 rpm machine
user Refresher quiz
e-commons portal (https://ecommons.ucsc.edu/xsl-portal)
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher
We’re there for you.
Environmental Health & Safety x9-2553
– Conrad Sherman x9-3911
– RSO/Health Physicist
– Marcus Balanky x9-5167
– ARSO/ Health Physicist
– Vern Ares x9-5167
– Assistant Health Physicist
• Environmental Health & Safety
• Radiation Safety
• (831) 459-3911
Web site http://www.ehs.ucsc.edu/
2011 Radiation Machine (xrd) User Refresher