Biological activities of Tylophora hirsuta. Niaz Ali Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand. 1 Why to work on plants ?? Importance of medicinal plants In the world, 30 % of the pharmaceutical preparations are manufactured from plants. Global market US $ 60.0 billion Expected growth US $ 5.0 trillion (year 2050). Medicinal species exist in Pakistan 2000/ 8000 medicinal plants in Asia. In Pakistan (1999). Import Export US $ 31.0 million US $ 6.0 million. Interestingly: 1: Only 6% have been explored for their biological activities. 2: Only 15% have been explored phytochemically for their constituents. On the analogy of the above facts, we set our objectives for current work. References Olayiowola A (1984).WHO’s traditional medicine programme: Progress and Perspective. WHO Chronicle 38 (2):76-81. Karki M (2002). Medicinal and aromatic Plants Programme in Asia. Benefits and Challenges. IDRC/SARO. New Delhi, India. mappa@idrc.org.in 3 Objectives 1. Biological / Pharmacological investigations 2. Phytochemical investigations 4 Traditional uses and pharmacological Activities Traditional uses GIT disorders Allergic conditions Rheumatism Asthma High blood pressure Pharmacological activities reported Immunomodulatory / anti-inflammatory Anticancer Antiamoebic Our Targets To screen the plant Phytochemically and explore the traditional uses on scientific grounds 5 Collection & extraction of the aerial parts Collection Shade drying Grinding Soaked in methanol (15days, thrice) Filtration concentrated under reduced pressure 6 Fractionation Crude Methanolic extract 1000.0 g Suspended in Water & fractionated with n-hexane n-Hexane insoluble fraction Chloroform soluble fraction 45.0 g n-Butanol fraction 5.0 g Ethyl acetate soluble fraction 20.0 g n-Hexane soluble fraction 500.0 g Insoluble fraction Aqueous fraction 250.0 g Crude extract of 100 g was reserved for biological/pharmacological screenings. 7 Isolation Crude Methanolic extract 1000.0 g (Fractionation) Chloroform n-hexane fraction 500 g fraction 45.0 g Ethyl acetate Butanol Aqueous fraction 20.0 g fraction 5.0 g fraction 250.0 g (Column chromatography) n-hex : EtOAc (96.5 : 3.5) Compound (1) n-hex:CHCl3 (8.5 : 1.5) Compound (2) & n-hex:CHCl3 (7.5:2.5) Compound (3) n-hex : EtOAc (11.5:1) Compound (4) 8 PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS Table 1: Results of preliminary phytochemical screening S. Test Results Remarks No. 1 Alkaloids ++ Positive 2 Flavonoids + Positive 3 Saponin + Positive 4 Tannin - Negative 5 Terpenes and terpenoids +++ Strongly Positive +: Weak, ++: Moderate and +++ : Strong 9 Biological activities Cholinomimetic Activity (in vitro) 30 * %of Ach Max. 25 20 15 10 5 0 0.01 0.03 0.1 0.3 1 3 5 10 [Th.Cr] mg/ml Figure 4: Cholinomimetic effects of the crude extract of Tylophora hirsuta on isolated rabbit’s jejunum preparations. All values are Mean SEM (n = 7, *P ≤ 0.05 ). 10 (contd.) Spontaneous (with out atropine) Spontaneous (with atropine) K+(80mM) (with atropine) 180 * % Control % Ach Max. 160 140 120 100 80 Left shift in dose 60 40 20 0 0.01 0.03 0.1 0.3 1 [Th.Cr] mg/ml 3 5 10 Figure 5: Dose response curves of crude extract of Tylophora hirsuta on spontaneous contractions of isolated rabbit jejunum in the absence and presence of atropine 0.03 micro molar. Extract effects on potassium induced contractions in atropinized Preparations are also shown. 11 All values are Mean SEM (n=7, *P ≤ 0.05 ). Calcium Channel Blocking Activity (contd.) (right shift) Control (Th.cr) 0.3m g/m l Control 0.1m icro M (Verapam il) 0.3m icro M (Verapam il) 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 A * -4.3 -4 -3.7 -3.4 -3.1 -2.8 -2.5 -2.2 -1.9 -1.6 Log [Ca++]M % Control Max %Control Max. (Th.cr) 1m g/m l 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 B * -4.3 -4 -3.7 -3.4 -3.1 -2.8 -2.5 -2.2 -1.9 -1.6 Log [Ca++]M Figure 6: Dose response curves of Ca++ in absence and presence of increasing doses of Extract of Tylophora hirsuta (Th.cr) and (B) verapamil in isolated (A) rabbit’s jejunum preparations. All values are Mean SEM (n=6, *P ≤ 0.05 ). 12 (contd.) Spasmolytic activity of alpha amyrin acetate Figure 7: Effects of alpha-amyrin acetate on rabbit’s jejunum preparations. 13 (contd.) Dose (M) % Response of control max. ± SD 2.3 ×10-5 95.2 ± 1.0 9.1 ×10-5 89.3 ± 1.5 17.1 ×10-5 88.0 ± 3.0 27.1 ×10-5 82 ± 4.0 39.1 ×10-5 73 ± 2.6 53.1 ×10-5 54.0 ± 4.4 20.0 69.1 ×10-5 38.3 ± 2.5 0.0 87.1 ×10-5 28.6 ± 3.4 107.1 ×10-5 23.4 ± 3.7 193 ×10-5 14.4 ± 3.3 217 ×10-5 6.2 ± 1.7 243 ×10-5 0 100.0 80.0 60.0 EC50=58.4 X 10-5 40.0 9. 1 2. 3 X1 05 X1 017 5 .1 X1 027 5 .1 X1 039 5 .1 X1 053 5 .1 X1 069 5 .1 X1 087 5 .1 X1 10 07. 5 1 X1 19 0- 5 3 X1 021 5 7 X1 024 5 3 X1 05 % response of control max. 120.0 Dose (Molar Concentration) Figure 8: Spasmolytic activity of alpha amyrin acetate 14 Antibacterial activity B. subitilis (contd.) S. flexenari 100 90 80 % inhibition 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Figure 9: Antibacterial activity of crude extract and various fractions of Tylophora hirsuta. 15 Antifungal activity 120 (contd.) A. flavus F. solani % Inhibition 100 80 60 40 20 0 Figure 10: Antifungal activity of crude extract and various Fractions of Tylophora hirsuta. 16 (contd.) Antileishmanial activity. 120 IC 50 values (µg/ml ) 100 80 60 40 20 0 Cr e ud tr a Ex ct n n xa e -H e lo Ch fo ro e at et rm l hy Et ac ta Bu l no Aq o ue us St d an d ar ug Dr Figure 11: Antileishmanial activity of crude and fractions of Tylophora hirsuta against Leishmania major. 17 Brine shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality assay (Contd.) Brine shrimp (Artemia salina) Bioassay for Tylophora hirsuta Cotrol n-Hexane Ethyl acetate Aqueos Crude Chloroform n-Butanol % shrimp killed vs control 120 100 80 EC50 60 40 20 0 1 2 3 Etoposide (7.462 µg/ml) was used as positive control and the number of survivors were measured . Figure 14: Brine shrimp lethality assay of crude extract and various fractions of Tylophora hirsuta. Log 10 Dose (microgram/ml) 18 Cardiovascular effects in anaesthetized rats Table 4: Cardiovascular effects of crude methanolic extract in anaesthetized rats (with out Atropine). Dose No. of (mg/kg) observations Fall in Mean Arterial Heart Rate Blood Pressure (beats/min) (mm Hg ± SEM) 1 6 0 0 3 6 0 0 10 6 23 ± 3 5 ± 0.8 30 6 46 ± 6.9 9±2 100 7 64 ± 7 30 ± 4.5 300 6 113 ± 9 218 ± 8 19 Contd. Table 5: Cardiovascular effects in anaesthetized rats (with Atropine) Fall in Dose No. of Mean Arterial Blood Heart Rate (mg/kg) observations Pressure (mm Hg ± (beats/min) SEM) 1 6 0 0 3 6 0 0 10 6 0 0 30 6 0 0 100 7 0 0 300 6 34 ± 4 110± 5.6 20 Conclusion Based on the traditional uses and experimental work, it is concluded that The plant species exhibited excellent anti-leishmanial, spasmolytic, calcium channel blocking and anti-hypertensive activities. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of Alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins. Alpha-Amyrin acetate also exhibited excellent spasmolytic activity. Our current work opens a new window for researchers to further work on activity guided isolation from the species so that we may standardize the extract, and snatch share(s) from the global market. Acknowledgments Thanks to my supervisor Professor Dr. Bashir Ahmad Director Centre of Biotechnology and Microbiology University of Peshawar. Thanks For your presence and patience. 23 Back up slides Terpenes are made up of 5-carbon units called isoprene. The isoprene rule states that, “Terpenes are derived from integral number of biological equivalents of isoprene which are joined together in a head-to-tail or head-to-head fashion”. Synthesis of dimethyl allyl pyrophosphate Condensation of two isoprene units Flavonoids The name “flavonoid” is derived from Greek word “flavus” (yellow). Flavonoids occur in a variety of structural forms. All contain fifteen carbon atoms in their parent nucleus and share a common structural feature of two phenyl rings linked by a three-carbon chain (diphenyl propane derivatives). 3´ 4´ 2´ 8 9 7 1´ O 2 C A 6 3 10 4 5 O B 5´ 6´ Flavonoids types 5 6 5' 4' 4 1 3 6' 1' 2 3' ' 2' O OH O HO -Chalcanol O -Chalcanone O 8 2 1 4 6 5 6' 3 10 Aurone 2' OH O 5' 1' O Chalcan-1,3-dione O H O 9 7 '-Chalcanone '-Chalcanol Chalcone O H 4' O Aurononol O 3' 5' O 6' O 8 7 O 3' 2 4 5 Flavanone O OH O Flavanonol O O O O 2' 3 10 Isoaurone 4' 1' 1 6 H 9 Auronol O Flavonol OH Flavone O O O O Flavan O O Isoflavanone OCH3 O 3-Methoxyflavone O Flavan-3-ol O O Isoflavone OH Anthocynanidin O Isoflavan