Physiology of Cell,
Body Fluids,
Excitable tissue &
Muscle
Choesnan Effendi
Physiology Dep. Airlangga University
2012
Episode
Kedua
Cair Tubuh & Transport
bahan melewati membran
Body Fluids &
Transport of substances
through the cell membrane
Cair Tubuh
Extracellular
Intracellular
Interstitial
Plasma darah
Transcellular
Volume
% BB
( Berat
Badan )
Indikator
Total body
water (cair
tubuh total)
60
Deutrium ( D2O / 2H2O ), Tritium
( 3H2O ), Antipyrine
Cair
Ekstrasellular
20
Inulin *C
Cair
Intrasellular
40
Total body water − Cair
Ekstrasellular
Plasma darah
5
Darah
7–8
red blood cells
{ Volume plasma darah : ( 100 %
− Hct )}
Cair Interstisial
15
Volume ekstrasellular − Volume
plasma
14
, Thiosulfate
Evans blue ( T- 1824 ) ,
Albumin
125I-
51Cr-labeled
Plasma darah
Whole
Hematocrit
blood
Volume Eritrosit
Volume Darah
X100 %
= 36 – 45 %
= Hct
HCT = Hematocrit
= PCV ( Packed Red Cell
Volume )
Adalah volume kumpulan
erithrocytes yang dinyatakan
dengan % terhadap volume
darah keseluruhan
Beberapa cara masuk / keluarnya bahan
melewati membran sel
Interstitiel / Plasma darah
1. Osmosa
2. Diffusi
sederhana
3. Diffusi fasilitasi
4. Transport aktif
Cytoplasma
5. Exocytosis /
endocytosis
Pertukaran cairan
didaerah kapiller
Ruang interstitiel
Sitoplasma / sitosol
Plasma
darah
Fluid exchange : Arteriole  capillary  venule
Arteriole
Capillary
Venule
Filtrasi / pertukaran cairan
daerah kapiller
Dipengaruhi oleh beberapa
faktor :
•Tekanan onkotik plasma
•Tekanan onkotik interstisial
•Tekanan hidrostatik plasma
•Tekanan hidrostatik interstisial
Tekanan hidrostatik plasma = tekanan darah
Tekanan kolloid osmotik = Tekanan onkotik
Tekanan onkotik plasma darah
Oleh karena adanya Protein plasma (  p )
Protein
plasma
Gram %
Albumin
4,5
21,8
Globulin
2,5
6,0
Fibrinogen
0,3
0,2
Total
7,3
28,0
P
mm Hg
Dari ketiganya, jumlah terbanyak
adalah ALBUMIN
Sebagai contoh :
Pint : 1 mm Hg ( hidrostatik )
Interstisial
Ponkotik - int : 8 mm Hg
Ponkotik - art ( ven ) : 28 mm Hg
Arteriole
Kapiller
Pkap : 25 mm Hg
Part : 37 mm Hg
NFP
( Net Filtration Pressure )
Venule
Pven : 17 mm Hg
= Pkap – Pint -  p kap +  p int
25 – 1 – 28 + 8 = + 4
+ ( positip ) : artinya cairan keluar dari kapiller,
sisanya ini akan di absorbsi oleh limfe
NFP ( Net Filtration Pressure ) =
Pkap – Pint -  p kap +  p int
25 – 1 – 28 + 8 = + 4
+ ( positip ) :
artinya cairan keluar dari kapiller,
sisanya ini akan di absorbsi oleh limfe
Mengapa hypoproteinemia
udema
Bagaimana mengenai
tekanan oncotic
protein plasma ???
Starving Children
in Nigeria
Udem akan terjadi
apabila
1.Bendungan vena : tumor,
dekompensasi jantung kanan,
bendungan aliran limfe
2.Cairan dari intersitial yang
menuju plasma < dibanding
yang masuk
Cairan dari intersitial yang
menuju plasma << dibanding
yang masuk
O.K.
Tekanan osmotik plasma yang rendah
O.K.
Kadar protein plasma yang rendah
= HIPOPROTEINEMIA
HIPOPROTEINEMIA
O.K.
1.Under nutrition : kurang gizi /rendah
protein.
2.Sintesa protein ( terutama Albumin )
terganggu : a.l pada penyakit hati :
cirrhosis hepatis
3.Sekresi protein : yang seharusnya tidak
terjadi , yaitu terjadi proteinuria ( pada
nephrotic syndrome )
Tekanan osmotik plasma
Berperanan untuk reabsorbsi
kembali cairan yang dari
interstisial
Beberapa cara masuk / keluarnya bahan
melewati membran sel
1.Osmosa
2.Diffusi
sederhana
3.Diffusi
fasilitasi
4.Transport
aktif
H2O yg bergerak dari
larutan hipotonis
kearah hipertonis
Bahan yang terlarut
bergerak dari
tekanan tinggi
ketekanan rendah
Seperti No. 2,
menggunakan mediator
(carrier system)
Bahan yang terlarut bergerak
dari tekanan rendah
ketekanan tinggi,
menggunakan mediator,
energi ( ATP )
Contoh :
1.Osmosa
H2O
2.Diffusi
sederhana
CO2 , O2 ,
Ureum
3.Diffusi
fasilitasi
glukosa,
asam amino
4.Transport
aktif
Na, K, Ca
Mediator = carrier system
Simple diffusion,
facilitated diffusion &
osmosis:
are passive transport,
without ATP
Active transport,
sodium potassium
pump, calcium pump,
exocytosis:
are active, need ATP
Facilitated diffusion (also known as facilitated
transport or passive-mediated transport) is a
process of passive transport, facilitated by
integral proteins (mediator).
Without energy (ATP)
Osmosis
Osmosis (movement of water
across membranes) depends on the
relative concentration of solute
molecules on either side of the
membrane
Water move from low concentration to
high concentration
How do about erythrocytes if in:
- hypotonic solution
- isotonic solution
- hypertonic solution
Crenated /
wrinkled ery in
hypertonic
medium
Normal Ery
structure in
isotonic
medium
Swollen ery &
rupture in
hypotonic
medium
Normal Ery
structure in
isotonic medium
Crenated / wrinkled
ery in hypertonic
medium
Swollen ery &
rupture in hypotonic
medium
Simple Diffusion
Diffusion; the flow
substances or matter from
a higher concentration to a
lower concentration
Alveoli:
O2: Diffusion
from alveoli into
blood stream
capillary
CO2:
Diffusion
from blood
capillary into
alveoli
PO alv : 104 mmHG
PcO alv : 40 mmHG
PO cap : 40 mmHg
PcO cap : 46 mmHg
2
2
2
2
at alveoli or at respiratory membrane
O2 diffusion into blood capillary,
then enter to the erythrocyte, bound
by hemoglobin → HbO2
at tissue; tissue membrane and endothelium capillary
CO2 diffusion into blood capillary, then
enter to the erythrocyte, bound with H2O
→ H2CO3 →dissociation
Becomes: H+ + HCO3- (bicarbonate ion)
In blood stream:
HCO3- (bicarbonate ion) flow out from
erythrocyte into blood stream, to the
capillary beds of respiratory membrane
at respiratory membrane
HCO3- (bicarbonate ion) flow in from blood
stream into erythrocyte, then bind with H+
, become H2CO3, H2CO3 dissociation,
Become H2O + CO2
at respiratory membrane
CO2 flow out to blood (exit from
erythrocyte) and then diffusion into
alveoli lumen
In blood stream:
O2 bound by hemoglobin → HbO2
→ to tissues and cells all the body
at tissue
O2 simple diffusion from HbO2 into cytosol, and then into
mitochondria. Glucose move into cytosol by glucose
transporter (facilitated diffusion)
Facilitated Diffusion
Like simple diffusion, but
requires interaction of a
carrier protein that bind the
molecules or ions to aids
passage through the
membrane
Carrier protein = mediator or
transporter
Facilitated diffusion (also known as facilitated
transport or passive-mediated transport) is a
process of passive transport, facilitated by
integral proteins (mediator).
Without energy (ATP)
Glut = Glucose transporter
Skeletal Muscle requires GLUT – 4 ,
GLUT-4 stand-by in cytosol of muscle
fiber, they ‘ll move into the membrane
if insulin receptors are stimulated by
insulin
Glut = Glucose transporter is
mediator/transporter of glucose enter
into cytosol
Insulin
Glucose – facilitated
diffusion
Insulin
Receptor ( IR )
GLUT- 4
IRS-1
vesicle contains
GLUT- 4
PI3
kinase
translocation
Cell membrane
Glucose enter into cytosol of skeletal
muscle fiber by;
Signal transduction by insulin
Insulin activate insulin rec → form IRS1
IRS1 activates PI3-Kinase
PI3-Kinase stimulate translocation vesicle,
which contains GLUT-4
GLUT- 4 is mediator / transporter of glucose
In skeletal muscle fiber
There are 2 processes:
* Signal transduction by insulin
** Facilitated diffusion by GLUT- 4
Active Transport
Active Transport is
the Pumping of Solutes
Against their Gradients
Active Transport is the Pumping of
Solutes Against their Gradients
1. Cell must expend ATP/ energy to pump a
molecule across a membrane
2. Performed by embedded proteins
3. Na-K Pump (sodium-potassium)exchanges Na+ for K+ in animal cells when
ATP changes protein conformation by
transferring its terminal phosphate group to
the transport protein
Active transport is the movement of a
substance against its concentration
gradient (from low to high
concentration).
active transport: energy-requiring,
carrier-mediated transport system in
which molecules can be moved across
cell membrane against electrochemical
gradient
Electrolyte inside & outside the cell
membrane
Resting
Na+
+
+
–
–
K+
142 mEq/L
+
+
–
–
Cl- 120 mEq/L
K+ 4 mE/L
+
+
+
–
–
–
140 mEq/L Na+ 14 mEq/L CL- 5 mEq/L
Axon
3 molecules Na+ carried out into extracellular,
changed by 2 molecules K+ (carried into cytosol)
Exocytosis
Exocytosis is the cellular
process in which intracellular
vesicles in the
cytoplasm fuse with the plasma
membrane and release or
"secrete" their contents into
the extracellular space
Exocytosis is the process
by which cells excrete
waste products and other
large molecules from the
cytoplasm
Exocytosis is the cellular process in
which intracellular vesicles in the
cytoplasm fuse with the plasma
membrane and release or "secrete" their
contents into the extracellular space
Exocytosis is the process secretion substances into the
extracellular space or into the blood stream.
Exocytosis is the reverse of endocytosis.
Endocytosis is like phagocytosis
Exocytosis
Exocytosis & Endocytosis Transport
Large Molecules
1. Exocytosis- transport vesicles migrate to
plasma membrane & fuse & release contents
2. Endocytosis- large molecules enter cells
within vesicles pinched inward from the
membrane
--> Phagocytosis- cell engulfs particles “cell
eating”
--> Pinocytosis- cell engulfs droplets of
extracellular fluid “cell drinking”
The other way of
transport across
membrane
Cotransport:
also known as coupled transport or
secondary active transport, refers to the
simultaneous or sequential passive
transfer of molecules or ions across
biological membranes.
- Symport
- Antiport
Several types transport across membrane
(facilitated diffusion)
Symport
Sodium – glucose symport /
Na-Glucose co-transport
Antiport
An antiporter (also called exchanger or countertransporter) is an integral membrane protein
involved in secondary active transport of two or
more different molecules or ions (i.e., solutes)
across a phospholipid membrane such as the
plasma membrane in opposite directions.
or called IONS EXCHANGE
Amino
acid
Na+ Glucose
Na+
Ca++
For example, the Na+/Ca2+
exchanger, used by many cells to
remove cytoplasmic calcium, exchanges
one calcium ion for three sodium ions
the Na+ - Ca2+ exchanger
(transporter)
The other example
Na+ - H+ antiport
Contoh transduksi signal oleh
insulin yang diikuti diffusi fasilitasi
glukosa melalui GLUT - 4
GLUT – 4 : Glucose transporter – 4
PI-3 kinase :
( Phosphatidyl Inositol 3’ kinase )
Menyebabkan translokasi vesikel yang
berisi GLUT – 4 menuju sel membran
Diffusi fasilitasi glukosa
Insulin
Insulin
Receptor ( IR )
GLUT- 4
IRS-1
PI3
kinase
vesikel yang
berisi GLUT- 4
Translokasi
Membran sel otot
Apa beda :
Diffusi fasilitasi
dengan
Transport aktif
?
Acidosis
?
Alkalosis
?
pH darah
 7,35 – 7,45
terlalu asam
: disebut
terlalu basa / alkali
: disebut
ASIDOSIS
ALKALOSIS
Diare yang berlebihan ( gastroenteritis ) pada anak dapat
menimbulkan dehidrasi yang disertai
asidosis o.k.
Kehilangan cairan ( H2O ) + bikarbonat
( HCO3  )
Sodium – glucose symporter /
Na-Glucose cotranspor
Resume
Cair Tubuh & Transport bahan
melewati membran
1.Komposisi cair tubuh
2.Cara pengukuran
3.Pertukaran cairan didaerah kapiller
4.Mekanisme terjadinya udem
5.Pengertian osmosa, diffusi, diff fasilitasi,
aktif transport
Modul / P. R. :
Seorang ibu sedang membaca buku
ilmiah populer, ada artikel yang
menyebutkan bahwa sel pada manusia
dapat membelah diri,
juga artikel tersebut tertulis bahwa
chromosome pria dan wanita berbeda,
selanjutnya artikel itu menyebutkan
bahwa tempat produksi energi terjadi
didalam sel.
Si ibu tersebut kesulitan memahami isi
buku tersebut, kemudian bertanya
pada anaknya, yang kebetulan kuliah
di Universitas Airlangga.
Pertanyaannya :
Bagaimana cara suatu sel dapat
membelah diri ?
Chromosome itu apa ? Dimana
tempatnya, tersusun oleh apa, berapa
jumlahnya, apakah berbeda antara pria
dan wanita ?
Apa yang dimaksud produksi energi
didalam sel ?
Seorang anak wanita umur 12 tahun –
siswa SD Kelas 6 akan menghadapi
Ujian Nasional, belajar mengenai
Biologi. Si anak bertanya pada ibunya,
orang yang sedang berjalan dan berlari
apakah membutuhkan sumber energi,
darimana sumber energi tersebut.
Kalau dari makanan bagaimana
makanan tersebut bisa memberi energi
tubuh orang yang sedang berjalan dan
berlari tersebut. Ibunya kesulitan untuk
menjawab dan menjelaskan, kemudian
bertanya pada kakak anak tersebut
yang sedang Kuliah di UNAIR
Pertanyaannya :
Organ apa yang aktif sehingga seseorang
dapat berjalan dan berlari.
Bagaimana mekanismenya sehingga
makanan dapat digunakan sebagai
sumber energi sehingga dapat sampai
ke sel-sel organ tersebut.
Apakah glukosa dapat digunakan sebagai
sumber energi ? Kalau bisa bagaimana
caranya masuk kedalam sel ?
Sugar Crystals
This electron microscope
image of raw cane sugar reveals the shape of sugar crystals.
Sugar = sucrose
Glucose – fructose
To Be Continued
NEXT EPISODE
Overshoot
+30 mV
repolarization
- 0 mV
depolarization
- 55 mV
Firing level
- 70 mV
Action potential
Local anesthesia
Block konduksi
potensial aksi / impuls
Block impuls dengan cara :
- menghambat pembukaan saluran
ion Natrium ( Na channel penting
untuk konduksi potensial aksi )