รองศาสตราจารย์ ดร อรพิน เกิดชูช่ ืน
รองศาสตราจารย์ ดร ณัฎฐา เลาหกุลจิตต์
School of Bioresources and Technology
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi ,
Bangkok
Introduction
Aromatic and medicinal plants
are important for pharmaceutical,
food and fragrance industries
although they contain a small
fraction of volatile oil.
Essential oils are interested in aromatherapy
for healing, cleansing, preservative, and
mood-elevating attributes.
Essential oils refer to the subtle,
aromatic and volatile liquids extracted
from the flowers, seeds, leaves,
stems, bark and roots of herbs,
bushes, shrubs and trees .
Chemically, in the essential oils that
can derived to primarily composed of
mono- and sesquiterpenes and
aromatic etc.
Essential oils found in 108 families and > 2000 species.
Gramineae
Labiatae
Lauraceae
Myrtaceae
Oleaceae
Pinaceae
Rosaceae
Rutaceae
Santalaceae
Umbelliferae
http://www.nazflora.org/Dicots.htm
Umbelliferae
Eryngium foetidum
(ผักชีฝรั่ ง)
Centella asiatica
Angelica acutiloba
Carum carvi
(ตังกุย)
(หอมป้อม)
Apium graveolen
Cuminum cyminum
(คื่นช่ าย)
(ยี่หร่ า)
Foeniculum vulgare
Coriandrum sativum
(ผักชีล้อม )
(บัวบก)
(ผักชี)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbelliferae
Coriander
Kingdom:
Plantae
Family:
Umbelliferae
Genus:
Coriandrum
Species:
C. sativum
Binomial name: Coriandrum sativum
 All parts of the plant are edible used in cooking.
seeds are used a carminative and a digestive aid the relief of
anxiety and insomnia in Iran
It helps to detoxify the body and to stimulate the spleen.
Coriander oil has a sweet, spicy, warm smell, is nearly
colorless to pale yellow and has a watery viscosity.
The therapeutic properties of coriander oil are analgesic,
aphrodisiac, antispasmodic, carminative, depurative,
deodorant, digestive, carminative, fungicidal, lipolytic,
stimulant and stomachic.
Commercial Used
Pharmaceutical
Beverages
Aromatherapy
Candy
Lotions & Cream
Meat sauce
Alcoholic
Herrero et al., 2010
Chemical composition of essential oil from Coriander .
53 compounds are detected
Essential oils
Compound
γ-Terpinene
γ-Terpinene
β-Pinene
β-Myrcene
m-Cymene
Limonene
Linalool
Linalool
Citronellal
Borneol
Composition
(%)
14,42
(14.42%)
1,82
0.55
1.27
.0.4
(37.65%)
37,65
1.96
0.32
Terpinyl acetate
0.31
Citronellol
Citral
Geraniol
1.31
1.36
1.87
Composition
(%)
Eugenol
0.9
Undecanal
0.58
Myrtenyl acetate
0.43
Citronellyl acetate
1,36
Geranyl
acetate
(17.57%)
Geranyl acetate
17,57
Caryophyllene
0.33
Curcumene
0.98
α-Cedrene
(3.87%)
α-Cedrene
3,87
α-Farnesene
1.22
β-Bisabolene
0.8
β-Sesquiphellandrene
1.56
Others
7.16
Essential oils compound
Bhuiyan, et.al., 2009
Chemistry of essential oils
The complicated volatile compounds in essential oil could be
divided into 4 groups:
Aliphatic compound
Benzene derivatives
Terpene derivatives
Others compound
http://www.wikipedia.org/
In aliphatic compounds, carbon atoms can be joined together
in straight chains, branched chains, or non-aromatic rings
• Aliphatic Alcohol
cis-3-hexen-1-ol
cis-2-hexen-1-ol
1-octen-3-ol
• Aliphatic aldehydes
n-octanal
trans-2-hexanal
http://isostar.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/html/classes/Ligand_Acyclic_links_O_C_H_only.html
• Aliphatic ketones
3-hydroxy-2-butanone (acetoin)
diacetyl (2,3-butanedione)
• Aliphatic esters
C6 alcohol-acetate : fruity notes
C8-12 acetate : blossom fragrance
C12 : conifer notes
acetate-ester : fatty-soapy odour
Ethyl acetate
Benzyl acetate
Linalyl acetate
http://isostar.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/html/classes/Ligand_Acyclic_links_O_C_H_only.html
Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the
molecular formula (C6H6 ) n
Benzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon, a cyclic
hydrocarbon with a continuous pi bond
1. Hydrocarbon
2. Benzenoid alcohol
Cinnamic-alcohol
Cinnamaldehyde
Phenylacetaldehyde
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene
3. Benzenoid ketone
4. Ester of aromatic alcohols and aliphatic
acids
Benzylacetate
Benzyl benzoate
Phenylethyl acetate
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene
Terpenes are derived biosynthetically from units of isoprene,
which has the molecular formula (C5H8 ) n. That may be
classified by the number of terpene units in the molecule.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpene
the molecular formula C10H16. Monoterpenes may be
linear (acyclic) or contain rings.
Acyclic
Mycrene
Monocyclic
Menthol
Bicyclic
Camphor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpene
The molecular formula C15H24. Like monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes
may be acyclic or contain rings, including many unique
combinations.
Acyclic
Farnesene
Monocyclic
Humulene
Bicyclic
Vetivazulene
Tricyclic
Longifolene
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpene
Diterpenes are composed for four isoprene
units and have the molecular formula C20H32
Retinol :
Triterpenes consist of six isoprene units and have
the molecular formula C30H48
Lanosterol :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpene
http://www.wikipedia.org/
The volatile oil composition may change from the
natural odor depending on the extraction
method (Anitescu et al, 1997).
Compositions
Hydrodistillation
Ethanol
supercritical carbon dioxide
Linalool



Terpinene


Camphor


Limonene


α-pinene


γ-terpinene


C-terpinene

Coumarins

Geraniol


Geranyl acetate


Phenylpropanoids

P-cymene


Myrcene


Terpenolene


Camphene


Terpinolene


α- terpineol


Trans-sabinene hydrate

Citronello

n - Octanol

The volatile oil
composition
may change
from the
natural odor
depending on
the extraction
method
Anitescu et al, 1997
Plant extracts Production
Methods
Final products
notes
Enfleurage
Enfleurage absolutes
Suitable for extracts
flavor of flowers
Essential oils
Need a high energy,
suitable for extracts
citrus peel, low yield
Expression
Concrete (crude extracts)
Solvent extraction
a waxy, semisolid, dark-colored material free
from the original solvent
Easy, simple, low energy
Absolutes
Free from wax and resinoids
Essential oils
Steam/hydro
distillation
concentrate hydrophobic liquid containing
volatile aroma compounds and rich of
bioactive compounds
(aliphatic, terpene, benzene, others)
High yield compared with
expression
Extraction
Flavor + fragrance ที่สกัดจากพืช เรียก “pomades, concretes,
absolutes, resinoids or tincture
1. Pomades ประกอบด้ วยไขมันที่มีสารให้ กลิ่นหอมอยู่ เตรียมโดยวิธี
hot or cold
enfleurage จากดอกไม้
- Hot enfleurage วิธีเก่ าแก่ ในการเก็บรักษากลิ่นหอม โดยนาดอกไม้
หรือส่ วนต่ างๆ ของพืช จุ่มใน wax เหลว + ร้ อน
- Cold enfleurage ใช้ ไขมันเป็ นตัว adsorp volatile component ที่
ปล่ อยจากดอกไม้ โดยเอาดอกไม้ สดใส่ ไว้ ในชัน้ ไขมัน ซึ่งไขมัน
ประกอบด้ วย lard + beef tallow ซึ่ง spread บนกระจกแก้ วในภาชนะ
ปิ ด เป็ นวิธีใช้ แทนการสกัดด้ วย solvent
2. Concretes สกัดส่ วนต่ างๆ ของพืช ด้ วย solvent ชนิด non polar solvent (toluene, hexane,
petroleum ether) เมื่อระเหยส่ วนที่เหลือจะมี volatile fragrance + non volatile รวมทัง้ wax cpds.
Concrete มีลักษณะเหมือน pomades ไม่ ละลายใน alc ... มีข้อจากัดในการนามาใช้ perfume
แต่ ใช้ ให้ กลิ่นสบู่
Concrete สกัดมาจากดอกไม้ (กุหลาบ มะลิ เป็ นต้ น) ส่ วนตางๆ ของพืช (lavender, violet leaf
เป็ นต้ น)
3. Absolutes เตรี ยมจาก concrete ละลายใน ethanol ตกตะกอนที่ temp ต่า  กรอง 
ระเหย EtOH ออก  wax – free เรี ยก absolute ... ละลายได้ ใน EtOH ใช้ perfume ingredients
4. Resinoids เตรี ยมจากยางไม้ (plant exudates) สกัดด้ วย solvent เช่ น methanol, EtOH,
Toluene  yield 50 – 95% product เหนียว ทาเจือจางเติม phthalates หรื อ benzyl benzoate
เพื่อปรั บปรุ งคุณสมบัตกิ ารไหล และการนาไปใช้
resinoid ประกอบด้ วย nonvolatile + resinoid cpds. ต่ างจาก oleoresin ซึ่งได้ จาก pepper,
ginger, vanilla oleoresins ใช้ solvent สกัดจาก spices solvent ที่ใช้ ขึน้ กับชนิด spices หรื อ
supercritical CO2 เป็ นตัวสกัด pepper + ginger oleoresins มี volatile aroma + pungency
5. Tinctures เป็ นสารที่ละลายใน alc. เตรี ยมโดย Treat natural raw material ด้ วย ethanol ผสม
กับนา้ ซึ่ง solvent เหล่ านีส้ ามารถละลายสารที่สกัดได้ จากพืชชนิดต่ างๆ Tinctures บางครั ง้
เรี ยกว่ า Infusion
Extraction methods
 Expression
 Distillation
-Hydrodistillation
-Steam distillation
- Simultaneous distillation extraction
- Vacuum distillation
 Solvent extraction
- Enflurage
- Liquid-liquid extraction
- Soild-liquid extraction
- Supercritical fluid extraction
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oil#Production
1. Expression
Advantage
- Low cost
- simple
Disadvantage
- High energy
- Long time
http://www.weloveshopping.com/template/e1/showproduct.php?shopid=221389&productid=CHH8
2. Distillation
Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based
on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid
mixture. Distillation is a unit operation, or a physical
separation process, and not a chemical reaction.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation
Hydrodistillation
• Traditional method of extraction
Advantage
-Easy separation
Disadvantage
- Combustion of the
sample
- Degradation of
volatile compound
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#Hydrodistillation
Steam distillation
• distilling compounds
which are heat-sensitive
Advantage
- Easy separation
- Easy operation
Disadvantage
- Degradation of some
analytes
- Sample impurities
-Expensive equipment
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#Steam_distillation
Simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE)
Advantage
- Semi-volatile and heatstable component
- High recovery
- rapid
Disadvantage
- concrete
- Degradation of volatile
compound
- Thermal degradation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation
Vacuum distillation
•low temperature distillation
•Principle: pressure above
mixture is reduced to less
than its vapor pressure
Advantage
Disadvantage
- Prevention degradation - Use strong instrument
- Expensive
- Weak volatiles
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_distillation
3. Solvent extraction
Enfleurage
• Enfleurage uses odorless
fats that are solid at room
temperature
Advantage
• simple
•Suitable for flower
extraction
Disadvantage
* long time of extraction
* Not use a wide range of
material
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfleurage
Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE)
 Partition
 Extraction of a substance with
different densities
Advantage
- Easy to separate
- Extractions normally
performed at room
temperature
Disadvantage
- Large volumes of
organic solvents
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid-liquid_extraction
 Soild-liquid extraction
•Base on like dissolve like
•Use solvent to separate desired
compound from solid sample
Advantage
- Analyze in one extraction step
Disadvantage
- Loss of certain compounds
- The time for an average
Soxhlet extraction ranges
from 1 to 72 h.
Soxhlet extractor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)
Supercritical fluids provide a
higher solubility of the
components of the volatile
oil, as well as improved masstransfer rates. Moreover, the
manipulation of parameters
as temperature and pressure
leads to the extraction of
different components.
Reverchon and De Marco, 2006
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)
- Dense gases
- Critical temperature
& pressure
- Resemble both
liquids & gases
Critical properties of various solvents
Solvent
Molecular
Critical
weight temperature
g/mol
˚C
Critical
pressure
Bar
Critical
density
g/cm3
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
44.01
30.95
73.77
0.469
Water (H2O)
18.015
373.946
220.65
0.322
Methane (CH4)
Ethane (C2H6)
16.04
30.07
-82.75
32.15
46
48.7
0.162
0.203
Propane (C3H8)
44.09
96.65
42.5
0.217
Ethylene (C2H4)
28.05
9.25
50.4
0.215
Propylene (C3H6)
42.08
91.75
46.0
0.232
Methanol (CH3OH)
32.04
239.45
80.9
0.272
Ethanol (C2H5OH)
46.07
240.75
61.4
0.276
Acetone (C3H6O)
58.08
234.95
47.0
0.278
Reid et al., 1987
Super Critical CO2 Extraction
DISADVANTAGE
Boiling point, Artifact formation partial loss of
extracted volatiles
ADVANTAGES
Easy to remove, Not harmful, odorless, tasteless,
non flammable, Inexpensive in high purity,
moderate condition = 310C 74 bar , no
degradation ---->labile flavor compounds
selectivity, aroma & flavor-->resemblance to
original material
SOLUBILITY UNDER LIQUID CO2
1. MW < 500 daltons
2. Low - medium MW of halocarbon, aldehyde, keton,
ester, alcohol, ether
3. Low MW , non polar, aliphatic hydrocarbons -- 20
carbons
4. Polar organic -- low solubility
5. Polar groups -- OH, COOH, N decrease solubility
6. Chorophyll, carotenoids, amino acid, fruit acid
--->insoluble
7. Alkaloids, phenols, aniline compounds
----> poor solubility
The application of liquid CO2
HOP,
OLEORESIN,
Basils, VANILLA,
ONION OIL,
CITRUS OIL,
APPLE JUICE,
PEAR, COFFEE,
ORANGE,
Coliander
FLAVOR, FRAGRANCE, AND COLORANTS
CONCERN HEALTH
AND
ENVIRONMENT
Consumer demand, new, improved, natural, high quality
SUPERCRITICAL REGION
TOTAL EXTRACTION
FRACTIONATION
Pressure (bar)
SUPERCRITICAL REGION
SOLID
LIQUID
TRIPLE POINT CRITICAL POINT
DEODERIZATION
Pc = 73.8 bar
Tc = 31.1 ˚c
GAS
Temperature (˚c)
Laohakunjit .,2010
Factor affecting on quality of extract by SFE
 Temperature
 Pressure
Particle size
Time
Pourmortazavi et al., 2007 and Bensebia et al., 2009
2. Continuous Solvent Extraction
Condenser
Beverage sample
Solvent (Ether)
Water Bath
Holes at the bottom
of the tube
Persicaria odorata




Author
Zheng, and Wang
(2001)
Method of
extraction
extracted with 15 mL of
phosphate buffer (75 mM,
pH 7.0)
Starkenmann, et al Hydrodistillation
(2006)
Nanasombat
And Teckchuen
(2009)
Common name
: Vietnamese coriander
Thai name
: Pak-Paeow
Family
: Polygonaceae
Usually use for culinary herbs
Methanol extract
Type of
extracts
Result
Crude extract
has a total phenolic compounds and
antioxidant activity of 3.09± 0.12 and
22.30±0.68 respectively
Essential oil
The Persicaria odorata
has a strong coriander leaf odor due to it’s
high content aliphatic aldehydes.
Crude extract
Polygonum odoratum or Persicaria odorata
has an antimicrobial activity against Bacillus
cereus, Escherichia coli, Listeria
monocytogenes, Pseudomonas fluorescens,
Staphylococcus aureus, Yersinia
enterocolitica
And also has an antioxidant activity, and
Total phenolics compounds of 315.4 ± 18.8
and 52.0 ± 0.0 (µg Gallic Acid Equivalents
(GAE)/mg dry extract)
Suaeda maritima
 Common name
: Annual sea blite
 Thai name
: Cha-kram
 Family
: Amaranthaceae
 Include in halophyte plant group
 Salt content in the tissues is very high -> can act as
antimicrobial agent
Author
Agoramoorthy, et
al.(2008)
Method of
extraction
Type of extracts
Result
Total phenolic of 23.5 ± 4.2 µg/mL
Whole Dry plant
Whole dry plant
Kumar, et al. (2009)
Methanol extract
Crude extract
Show inhibition activity against Bacillus
cereus, Bacillus megaterium and
Streptococcus lactis
Bobbarala, et al.
(2009)
Solvent (methanol)
extraction with soxhlet
apparatus
Crude extract
Show an antifungal activity and MIC
value of 10-20 and ± 80 µmg/ml
Wannu, et al.
(2010).
Solvent extraction
(petroleum ether and
ethanol)
Crude extract
Could inhibit the growth of bacterial
strains; B. cereus, L. mesenteroid, L.
plantarum and S. aureus which their
inhibition zone were 13.25, 16.00, 19.55
and 15.65 mm, respectively.
Radical scavenging activity >250
(3343.0 ± 902.8) µg/mL




Method of
extraction
Author
The highest antioxidant activity was detected in G.
inodorum, followed by P. sarmentosum and M.
arvensis, respectively.
Methanol extrcation Crude extract
in sohxlet apparatus
Piper sarmentosum showed anti bacterial activity
against S.aureus
al. Methanol extract, for Crude extract
24 h
The study demonstrated the efficacy of Piper
sarmentosum, P. argyrophillum, P. longum, P. betle
as a antiinflammatory agents
Zaidan, et al (2005)
et
Common name
: Wild betel
Thai name
: Cha-plu
Family
: Piperaceae
Culinary and medicine herbs
Type of
Result
extracts
Crude extract
Chanwitheesuk, et al. Methanol extraction
(2005)
Vagashiya,
(2007)
Piper sarmentosum
Chieng, et al. (2008)
Hydrodistillation
Essential oil
Essential oil has an antitermite activity against
larvae of Artemia salina
Taweechaisupapong,
et al. (2010).
Hydrodistillation and Essential oil and
concretes
ethanol extract
Piper sarmentosum ethanol extract has only
antifungal activity for C.albicans
MBC of Piper sarmentosum against A.
actinomycetemcomitans and C.albicans are 2.5 and
1.25 mg/ml respectively.
Kondo, et al. (2010).
Ethanol and water
Crude extraction
extraction
(maseration)
Piper sarmentosum ethanol extract has
antibacterial activity against Vibrios and Shigella
with the MIC value 0.625->5 and >5 mg/ml
respectively.
Application of essential oil in chicken meat
Several type of plant has been use for preservatives in chicken meat
Research
Lemay, et al (2002)
Oral, et al (2009)
Type of plant extract
Mustard oil
Oregano essential oil
Purpose of use
Antibacterial agents in raw chicken meat
against Eschericia coli, Brochothrix
thermosphacta, Lactobacillus alimentarius
Antibacterial agents against Psychrotrops
bacteria, Lactic Acid Bacteria, Yeast,
Pseudomonas enterobactericeae
Irkin and Esme (2009)
bay leaf (Laurus mobilis L.) essential oil
(0.5% v/w) with modified atmosphere
(MAP) (20%CO2/80%N2) and vacuum
packaging stored at 4°C
To control Listeria monocytogenes and
Eschericia coli ground chicken breast meat
Giatrakou, et al (2010)
Chitosan and Thyme oil
Preservatives on ready to cook chicken
product
Fratianni, et al. (2010)
Thyme and Balm oil
Preservatives on chicken breast meat
Rattanachaikunsopon
and Phumkhachorn
(2010)
Coriandrum sativum oil in various
concentrations (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5%)
To controlling Campylobacter jejuni in raw
meat in various storage temperatures
No report about the application of essential oil or plant extract
from Vietnamese coriander, annual sea blite and wild betel
Extraction process
Sample preparation
Solvent Extraction
Hydrodistillation
Dry sample
Fresh sample
Time
: 500 gr
: 1000 gr
: 24 h.
Dry sample : 20 gr
Composition : (1:2 w/v ratios)
Ethanol
Acetone
24 hour extraction
(1st extraction)
Essential oil
(dry and fresh sample)
Petroleum
ether
1st extracts
Residue
72 hour extraction
(2nd extraction)
2nd extracts
Residue
Physical, chemical, and
biological activity analysis
absolutes
Wax washing
process
Physical, chemical, and biological
activity analysis
Analysis
Physical properties :
- Percent of yield extraction
- Optical rotation
- Color
- Refractive index.
Chemical properties :
- Volatile compounds analysis
- Total phenolics compounds
Biological activities :
- Antibacterial activity
- Minimum Inhibitor Concentration (MIC) values
- Antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS methods)
The best plant
extracts
Application into the raw chicken
meat
Volatile compound analysis
Analyzed using GC-MS system, equipped with :
1. 30 m x 0.25 mm i.d. x 0.25 µm film thickness,
2. DB-5ms capillary column.
3. The carrier gas was helium at flow rate 0.56682 ml/min, and 1 µml of sample (100
ppm concentration) was injected directly
4. The injector and detector temperatures were 230oC and 250oC respectively.
5. The running methods were splitless mode, pressure: 3 psi, oven temperature: 70 oC
then 10oC/min. to 140oC, and then 5oC/min. to 240oC
1. Sample concentration : 100 ppm
2. Volume injection : 1 µL
 Compared with WILEY257 and NIST library use a % quality
match greater than 85%
 RI calculation based on n-alkane standard (C10-C20)
Volatile compound analysis
Essential oil
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Volatile compound
eucalyptol
undecane
1-nonanol
decanal
decanol
undecanal
n-decanoic acid
1-Nonene
beta-elemene
dodecanal
beta-caryophyllene
allo-aromadendren
alpha.-caryophyllene
RIa
1051
1108
1174
1212
1274
1311
1358
1374
1401
1417
1441
1456
1476
% of Composition
Fresh
Dry
0.31
0.14
0.09
7.32
4.47
3.34
0.58
0.57
0.21
2.02
0.64
19.96
18.72
11.07
11.40
0.49
12.57
11.62
No.
Volatile compound
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
alpha,-curcumene
eremophillene
7-epi-alpha-selinene
ledol
nerolidol
globulol
caryophyllene oxide
cubenol
eupatoriochromene
drimenol
Hexahydro farnesyl acetone
isophytol
n-hexadecanoic acid
a
RIa
1490
1508
1537
1550
1564
1587
1601
1640
1664
1790
1842
1945
1959
% of
Composition
Fresh Dry
3.16 4.49
6.89 4.20
2.59
5.99
3.67
0.95
2.04 5.64
0.08
21.71 20.94
4.74 4.34
0.60
0.39 0.17
0.91 0.99
Retention indices calculated based on n-alkane standard (C10-C20)
Starkenmann et al, (2008) mentioned the major compounds of this plant are
decanal and caryophyllene.
Volatile compound analysis
No.
Volatile compound
RIa
Plant extract
% of Composition
Petroleum ether
Acetone
Ethanol
1st
2nd
1st
2nd
1st
2nd
981
-
-
8.06
16.55
13.10
-
1.
beta-pinene
2.
beta-cis-ocimene
1025
-
-
-
-
1.61
-
3.
3-carene
1037
-
-
-
2.08
-
-
4.
ocimene
1050
-
-
17.90
36.46
26.44
-
5.
decanal
1208
18.43
12.09
7.73
4.64
4.42
-
6.
methyl hydrocinnamate
1278
-
-
-
-
2.57
-
7.
ethyl dihydrocinnamate
1351
-
-
1.77
4.24
2.71
-
8
copaene
1388
-
-
-
8.52
6.00
-
9.
dodecanal
1409
53.12
38.36
27.14
8.06
7.21
11.35
10.
caryophyllene
1435
5.42
8.07
6.26
6.49
7.07
11.01
11.
cyclododecane
1471
6.13
6.47
-
-
-
-
12.
1,1-diethoxydecane
1472
-
-
8.10
-
-
19.03
13.
germacrene d.
1495
-
-
2.40
3.06
-
-
14.
3,5-di-tert-butylphenol
1505
-
-
5.78
4.81
9.16
10.70
15.
dehydro-cyclolongifolene oxide
1657
8.21
16.48
-
-
-
-
16.
eupatoriochromene
1657
-
-
5.52
-
8.00
19.49
17.
neophytadiene
1834
2.88
5.30
4.71
5.09
6.08
-
18.
ethyl hexadecanoate
1989
5.80
13.24
4.62
-
5.61
28.43
Physical properties
Extraction methods
Annual sea blite
Refractive index
Optical rotation
Color appearance
Ethanol 1st
1.363
-21.10 o
Clear dark green and yellow
Ethanol 2nd
1.363
-22.85 o
Clear dark green and yellow
Petroleum ether 1st
1.364
-19.80 o
Clear light yellow
Petroleum ether 2nd
1.363
-15.95 o
Clear light yellow
Acetone 1st
1.363
-21.50 o
Clear light green
Acetone 2nd
1.363
-20.05 o
Clear light green
Hydrodistillation-Dry
-
-
-
Hydrodistillation-Fresh
-
-
-
The physical properties in refractive index, optical rotation, color appearance were not
different with vietnamese coriander results.
Volatile compound analysis
Analyzed using GC-MS system, equipped with :
1. 30 m x 0.25 mm i.d. x 0.25 µm film thickness,
2. DB-5ms capillary column.
3. The carrier gas was helium at flow rate 0.56682 ml/min, and 1 µml of sample (100
ppm concentration) was injected directly.
4. The injector and detector temperatures were 230oC and 250oC respectively.
5. The running methods were splitless mode, pressure: 3 psi, oven temperature: 40 oC
then rate 8oC/min. to 100oC, then rate 15oC/min. to 180oC, and the last rate
12oC/min. to 280oC
1. Sample concentration : 1000 ppm
2. Volume injection : 0.5 µL
 Compared with WILEY257 and NIST library use a % quality
match greater than 85%
 RI calculation based on n-alkane standard (C10-C20)
The End
Assoc. Prof.Dr. Natta Laohakunjit
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Orapin Kerdchoechuen