Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Chapter Preview Questions
1. A chemical bond is
a. a way of organizing elements in the periodic table.
b. the force that holds two atoms together.
c. how elements react with each other.
d. a result of combustion.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Chapter Preview Questions
1. A chemical bond is
a. a way of organizing elements in the periodic table.
b. the force that holds two atoms together.
c. how elements react with each other.
d. a result of combustion.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Chapter Preview Questions
2. The ways in which an atom can bond with other atoms
depends on the atom’s
a. valence electrons.
b. nucleus.
c. atomic number.
d. atomic mass.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Chapter Preview Questions
2. The ways in which an atom can bond with other atoms
depends on the atom’s
a. valence electrons.
b. nucleus.
c. atomic number.
d. atomic mass.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Chapter Preview Questions
3. In a carbon dioxide molecule (CO2), carbon forms a(n)
a. ionic compound with oxygen.
b. atomic number.
c. polyatomic ion.
d. double bond with each of two oxygen atoms.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Chapter Preview Questions
3. In a carbon dioxide molecule (CO2), carbon forms a(n)
a. ionic compound with oxygen.
b. atomic number.
c. polyatomic ion.
d. double bond with each of two oxygen atoms.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Chapter Preview Questions
4. The most loosely held electrons in an atom are
a. unstable electrons.
b. covalent electrons.
c. valence electrons.
d. low-energy electrons.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Chapter Preview Questions
4. The most loosely held electrons in an atom are
a. unstable electrons.
b. covalent electrons.
c. valence electrons.
d. low-energy electrons.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Why does carbon have a central role in the chemistry
of living organisms?
Natural gas contains mostly
methane (CH4), a compound
made of carbon and hydrogen.
When methane burns, is energy
absorbed or released?
How do you know?
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 1: Properties of Carbon
Standard 8.6.a Students know that carbon,
because of its ability to combine in many ways
with itself and other elements, has a central role
in the chemistry of living organisms.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Carbon Atoms and Bonding
Why does carbon play a
central role in the
chemistry of living
organisms?
Because of its unique ability to
combine in many ways with itself
and other elements, carbon has a
central role in the chemistry of
living organisms.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Carbon Atoms and Bonding
With four valence electrons, each carbon
atom is able to form four bonds. Carbon
atoms can form straight chains, branched
chains, and rings.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Carbon Atoms and Bonding
Carbon atoms and the bonds between them can be modeled
in several ways.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Forms of Pure Carbon
What are the four forms
of pure carbon?
At very high temperatures and
pressures, carbon atoms can form
diamonds.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Forms of Pure Carbon
What are the four forms
of pure carbon?
Another form of the element
carbon is graphite. In graphite,
each carbon atom is bonded
tightly to three other carbon atoms
in flat layers.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Forms of Pure Carbon
What are the four forms
of pure carbon?
In 1985, scientists made a new
form of carbon, a fullerene. It
consists of carbon atoms arranged
in the shape of a hollow sphere.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Forms of Pure Carbon
What are the four forms
of pure carbon?
In 1991, scientists made another
form of carbon, a nanotube. It
consists of carbon atoms arranged
in the shape of a long, hollow tube.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 1 Quick Quiz
What is the shape of pure carbon fullerenes?
A. flat layers
B. hard, solid crystal shaped like a ball
C. hollow tube
D. hollow ball with a pattern like a geodesic dome
Answer – D – hollow ball with a pattern like a geodesic
dome
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 1 Quick Quiz
Which form of pure carbon is formed of layers that slide
past one another?
A.graphite
B.diamond
C.fullerene
D.nanotube
Answer – A - graphite
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 1 Quick Quiz
How many chemical bonds can each carbon atom
form?
A.one
B.two
C.three
D.four
Answer – D - four
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 1 Quick Quiz
Which form of pure carbon is so hard that it can be used
in cutting tools?
A.graphite
B.diamond
C.nanotube
D.fullerene
Answer – B - diamond
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 1 Quick Quiz
In a nanotube, carbon atoms are arranged in
A.the shape of a hollow sphere.
B.the shape of a spiral ladder.
C.the shape of a long, hollow cylinder.
D.flat layers.
Answer – C – the shape of a long, hollow cylinder
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 1 Quick Quiz
Carbon is able to bond with atoms of other elements in
many different ways because it has
A.four valence electrons.
B.six valence electrons.
C.six protons.
D.four electrons.
Answer – A – four valence electrons
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 2: Carbon Compounds
Standard 8.3.c Students know atoms and
molecules form solids by building up repeating
patterns, such as the crystal structure of NaCl or
long-chain polymers.
Standard 8.6.a Students know that carbon,
because of its ability to combine in many ways
with itself and other elements, has a central role
in the chemistry of living organisms.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Organic Compounds
What are some similar
properties shared by
organic compounds?
Many organic compounds have
similar properties in terms of melting
points, boiling points, odor, electrical
conductivity, and solubility.
organic compounds
Carbon compounds are so
numerous that they are given a
specific name. With some
exceptions, compounds that contain
carbon are called organic
compounds.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Organic Compounds
What are some
properties of
hydrocarbons?
Like many other organic
compounds, hydrocarbons mix
poorly with water. Also, all
hydrocarbons are flammable.
hydrocarbon
A compound that contains only
the elements carbon and
hydrogen.
Examples:
Methane – CH4 (natural gas)
Ethane – C2H6
Propane – C3H8
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Structure and Bonding in Hydrocarbons
What kind of structures
and bonding do
hydrocarbons have?
Structural Formula
The carbon chains in a hydrocarbon
may be straight, branched, or ringshaped.
A structural formula shows the kind,
number, and arrangement of atoms
in a molecule.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Boiling Points of Hydrocarbons
The graph shows the boiling
points of several hydrocarbons.
(Note: Some points on the y-axis
are negative.)
Use the graph to answer the
following questions.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Boiling Points of Hydrocarbons
Reading Graphs:
Where is 0ºC on the graph?
Almost in the center of the yaxis
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Boiling Points of Hydrocarbons
Interpreting Data:
What is the approximate
boiling point of C3H8? C5H12?
C6H14?
C3H8: about –44ºC;
C5H12: about 34ºC;
C6H14: about 68ºC
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Boiling Points of Hydrocarbons
Calculating:
What is the temperature
difference between the boiling
points of C3H8 and C5H12?
About 78ºC
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Boiling Points of Hydrocarbons
Drawing Conclusions:
At room temperature (about
22ºC), which of the
hydrocarbons are gases? How
can you tell?
C2H6, C3H8, and C4H10 are gases
because their boiling points are
below room temperature (about
22ºC). C5H12 and C6H14 may be
liquids or solids, depending on
their melting points.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Structure and Bonding in Hydrocarbons
Compounds that have the same chemical formula but
different structural formulas are called isomers. Each
isomer is a different substance with its own
characteristic properties.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Structure and Bonding in Hydrocarbons
In addition to forming a single bond, two carbon atoms
can form a double bond or a triple bond.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Structure and Bonding in Hydrocarbons
Saturated
hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons with only single bonds that
have the maximum number of hydrogen
atoms possible on their carbon chains
Unsaturated
hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons with double or triple bonds
that have fewer hydrogen atoms for each
carbon atom than saturated
hydrocarbons.
In general, a chain hydrocarbon ending in
–ane is saturated. A chain hydrocarbon
ending in –ene or –yne is unsaturated.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Structure and Bonding in Hydrocarbons
What are some
characteristics of
substituted
hydrocarbons?
If just one atom of another element
is substituted for a hydrogen atom
in a hydrocarbon, a different
compound is created.
A hydrocarbon in which one or
more hydrogen atoms have been
replaced by atoms of other
elements.
Substituted hydrocarbons include
halogen-containing compounds,
alcohols, and organic acids.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Substituted Hydrocarbons
Alcohols
When a hydroxyl
group (-OH) is
substituted for a
hydrogen atom in
methane (CH4),
methanol is formed.
A hydroxyl group (–OH) is made of
an oxygen atom and a hydrogen
atom. An alcohol is a substituted
hydrocarbon that contains one more
more hydroxyl groups.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Substituted Hydrocarbons
Organic Acids
An organic acid is a substituted
hydrocarbon that contains one or more
carboxyl groups. A carboxyl group is
written as –COOH.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Esters
What are some
characteristics of
esters?
An ester is a compound made by
chemically combining an alcohol and
an organic acid.
Esters are responsible for the smells of
pineapples, bananas, strawberries,
and apples.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Polymers
What are some
characteristics of
polymers?
A polymer is a very large molecule
made of a chain of many smaller
molecules bonded together.
The smaller molecules are called
monomers.
Organic compounds, such as alcohols,
esters, and others, can be linked
together to build polymers with
thousands or even millions of atoms.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 2 Quick Quiz
What is another name for carbon compounds?
A.hydrocarbons
B.fullerenes
C.organic compounds
D.carbohydrates
Answer – C – organic compouns
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 2 Quick Quiz
Compounds that contain only the elements carbon and
hydrogen are called
A.isomers.
B.carbon chains.
C.substituted hydrocarbons.
D.hydrocarbons.
Answer – D - hydrocarbons
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 2 Quick Quiz
What can you tell about methane (CH4) from its
molecular formula?
A.It contains four hydrogen atoms.
B.It contains four carbon atoms.
C.It forms groups of four molecules.
D.It contains one hydrogen atom.
Answer – A – It contains four hydrogen atoms.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 2 Quick Quiz
What property do all hydrocarbons have?
A.They dissolve in water.
B.They make good conductors of electricity.
C.They have high melting points.
D.They burn easily.
Answer – D – They burn easily.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 2 Quick Quiz
Butane and isobutane have the same chemical formula
(C4H10). However, butane is a straight chain, whereas
isobutane is a branched chain. Butane and isobutane
are examples of
A.monomers.
B.isomers.
C.substituted hydrocarbons.
D.unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Answer – B - isomers
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 2 Quick Quiz
The alcohol methanol (CH4OH) forms when one of the
hydrogen atoms in methane (CH4) is replaced with a
hydroxyl group (-OH). Alcohols are examples of
A.carbohydrates.
B.esters.
C.substituted hydrocarbons.
D.unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Answer – C – substituted hydrocarbons
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 2 Quick Quiz
A very large organic molecule made up of chains of
smaller molecules is called a
A.substituted hydrocarbons.
B.polymer.
C.monomer.
D.saturated hydrocarbon.
Answer – B - polymer
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 3: Polymers and Composites
Standard 8.3.c Students know atoms and
molecules form solids by building up repeating
patterns, such as the crystal structure of NaCl or
long-chain polymers.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Forming Polymers
How do polymers
form?
Polymers form when chemical bonds
link large numbers of monomers in a
repeating pattern.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Polymers and Composites
Natural Polymers
Plants, animals, and other living things
produce many natural materials made
of large polymer molecules.
Cellulose is a flexible but strong natural
polymer found in the cell walls of fruits
and vegetables.
Proteins are polymers formed from
smaller molecules called amino acids.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Polymers and Composites
Synthetic Polymers
The properties of synthetic polymers
make them ideal starting materials
for many common objects.
The starting materials for many
synthetic polymers come from coal
or oil.
Plastics are the most common
synthetic polymers.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Polymers and Composites
What are composites
made of?
Many composites include one or
more polymers.
A composite combines two or
more substances in a new material
with different properties.
Wood is a natural composite made
of cellulose and lignin. The two
polymers are weak by themselves,
but they are strong when combined
together.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Recycling Plastics
How can you help
reduce the amount of
plastic waste?
You can help reduce the amount of
plastic waste by recycling.
Plastics do not react very easily
with other substances, so they do
not degrade into simpler materials
in the environment.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 3 Quick Quiz
Which of the following is a polymer formed from smaller
molecules called amino acids?
A.ester
B.protein
C.starch
D.cellulose
Answer – B - protein
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 3 Quick Quiz
Wood is a natural composite made of two plant
polymers, lignin and cellulose. Without cellulose, a tree
branch would probably
A.be as hard as steel.
B.be made of denser wood.
C.bend more easily in the wind.
D.snap more easily.
Answer – D – snap more easily
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 3 Quick Quiz
Which of the following statements about synthetic
polymers is NOT true?
A.Synthetic polymers last a long time.
B.Synthetic polymers are inexpensive to make.
C.Synthetic polymers react easily with other
substances.
D.Synthetic polymers increase the volume of trash.
Answer – C – Synthetic polymers react easily with other
substances.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 4: Life With Carbon
Standard 8.6.b Students know that living
organisms are made of molecules consisting
largely of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen,
phosphorus, and sulfur.
Standard 8.6.c Students know that living
organisms have many different kinds of
molecules, including small ones, such as water
and salt, and very large ones, such as
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and DNA.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Life With Carbon
What are four classes of
organic compounds
required by living things,
and how are they used
in the body?
The four classes of organic
compounds required by living
things are carbohydrates,
proteins, lipids, and nucleic
acids.
Carbohydrates
The body breaks down starch into
glucose, which is used by the
body as energy to carry out its life
functions.
Proteins
The body uses proteins from food
to build and repair body parts and
to regulate cell activities.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Life With Carbon
Lipids
Gram for gram, lipids release twice as much
energy in your body as do carbohydrates.
Lipids include fats and oils. Fats are usually
solid at room temperature, whereas oils are
liquid.
Cholesterol is a lipid used by the body to build
cell structures and to form important
compounds. An excess of cholesterol in the
blood can contribute to heart disease.
Cholesterol is often found in the same foods as
saturated fats.
Saturated fats can affect the level of
cholesterol in the blood.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Life With Carbon
Nucleic Acids
There are two types of nucleic acids,
DNA and RNA.
DNA is made from four kinds of
nucleotides.
RNA is also made from four kinds of
nucleotides, but the nucleotides in RNA
differ from those in DNA.
The differences among living things
depend on the order of nucleotides in
their DNA.
When living things reproduce, they
pass DNA and the information it carries
to the next generation.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Other Nutrients
Why do organisms
need water, vitamins,
minerals, and salts?
Water
Vitamins
Minerals
Salts
Organisms require water, vitamins, minerals,
and salts to support the functioning of large
molecules.
Water makes up about 90 percent of the
liquid part of blood. Nutrients are dissolved
in the watery part of blood and carried
throughout the body.
Vitamins serve as helper molecules in a
variety of chemical reactions in the body.
Minerals are elements in the form of ions
needed by the body.
Salts are ionic compounds that help the body
in such processes as muscle contraction,
bone growth, and pH balance.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
The Molecules of Life
Complex carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
are all large organic molecules. They are built of smaller
molecules linked in different patterns.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 4 Quick Quiz
Substances that provide the energy and raw materials
the human body needs are
A.nutrients.
B.substituted hydrocarbons.
C.esters.
D.unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Answer – A - nutrients.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 4 Quick Quiz
The classes of organic compounds found in all living
things are
A.halogen compounds, alcohols, organic acids, and
esters.
B.carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
C.vitamins and minerals.
D.simple carbohydrates and hydrocarbons.
Answer – B – carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and
nucleic acids.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 4 Quick Quiz
Which organic compound carries information from one
generation to the next during reproduction?
A.carbohydrates
B.lipids
C.proteins
D.DNA
Answer – D - DNA
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 4 Quick Quiz
Gram for gram, which organic compounds release twice
as much energy in your body as do carbohydrates?
A.vitamins
B.lipids
C.proteins
D.nucleic acids
Answer – B - lipids