IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
Test - Momentum and Collisions
KEY
1. A
2. C
3. B
4.C
5. B
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
Test - Momentum and Collisions
KEY
6. A –8.0 kg•m/s
Pi = 4.0 kg m/s Pl = -4.0 mg m/s
P = pl – pi =(-4.0 kg m/s) – 4.0 kg m/s = - 8.0 kg m/s
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Exercise Physiology
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Test - Momentum and Collisions
KEY
7. C
8. B
9. B
10. The Baseball’s momentum decreases as its speed
decreases.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
Test - Momentum and Collisions
KEY
11. The first pitch is harder to stop. The first pitch has
greater momentum because it has a greater velocity, so
the change in momentum to zero is greater.
12. The total momentum of all objects interacting with
one another remains constant regardless of the nature of
the forces between the objects
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Exercise Physiology
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Test - Momentum and Collisions
KEY
13.
–1.8 kg m/s
Given
m = 6.0 x 10-2kg
vi= 12m/s
vf= - 18 m/s
Solution
P = m(vf – vi) = (6.0 x 10-2kg)
(-18m/s – 12m/s) = -1.8kg m/s
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Exercise Physiology
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
Test - Momentum and Collisions
KEY
14.
4.2 kg m/s
Given
F = 35 N
t = 0.12s
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Solution
P = F x t = (35N)(0.12s) = 4.2 kg m/s
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
Test - Momentum and Collisions
KEY
15.
5.7 m/s forward
Given
m1 = 7.0kg
m2 = 2.0kg
v2i = 0 m/s
v1f = 4.0 m/s forward
v2f = 6.0 m/s forward
Solution
m1v1i + m2iv2i = m1v1f + m2v2f
v1i = m1v1f + m2v2f - m2iv2i
m1
v1i = (7.0kg)( 4.0 m/s forward) + (2.0kg)( 6.0 m/s forward) – (2.0kg)( 0 m/s)
7.0kg
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
Test - Momentum and Collisions
KEY
16.
10 m/s to the north.
Given
m1 = 90kg
m2 = 120kg
v2i = 4m/s to the south v2i = -4m/s
v1f = 2m/s to the north = v1f = 2m/s
vf = 2.0m/s to the north = vf = 2.0m/s
Solution
m1v1i + m2v2i = (m1 + m2) vf
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Exercise Physiology
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Test - Momentum and Collisions
KEY
16.
Given
m1 = 90kg
m2 = 120kg
v2i = 4m/s to the south v2i = -4m/s
v1f = 2m/s to the north = v1f = 2m/s
vf = 2.0m/s to the north = vf = 2.0m/s
Solution
m1v1i + m2v2i = (m1 + m2) vf
v1i = (m1 + m2) vf - m2v2i = (90kg + 120kg)( 2m/s) – (120kg)( -4m/s) = 1 x 101m/s
m1
90kg
= 1 x 101m/s
10 m/s to the north.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Exercise Physiology
2.1.2 Outline the functions of the conducting
airways.
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Read pages 30 through 36
HW page 48 #s 1,2,3
1. Why might a doctor be interested in assessing VO2
in an exercise test?
Physical assessment for a particular job.
It can be used to assess types of illnesses or causes of
illnesses.
To evaluate health and fitness levels
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.1.4 Explain the mechanics of ventilation in the
human lungs.
2. Describe the process of breathing and comment on
how exercise affects this process.
Starts with the breathing (inhalation) of oxygen rich
air through the mouth and nose and into the lungs.
This is done by changing the pressure inside the lungs
to be lower then outside the lungs. When this occurs
air will flow from the higher pressure outside of the
lungs to the lower pressure inside.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.1.4 Explain the mechanics of ventilation in the
human lungs.
2. Describe the process of breathing and comment on
how exercise affects this process.
The diaphragm is the muscle that facilitates this
change in air pressure. When it drops down
(contracts) the area (volume) of the lung cavity is
increased which in turn decreases the pressure inside
the lungs.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.1.4 Explain the mechanics of ventilation in the
human lungs.
2. Describe the process of breathing and comment on
how exercise affects this process.
The exhalation of air is done in the reverse. The
diaphragm relaxes and recoils back to its starting
position. This decreases the area (volume) in the chest
cavity which in turn increases the pressure inside the
lungs. The air then flows from high to low pressure
out of the lungs.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.1.4 Explain the mechanics of ventilation in the
human lungs.
2. Describe the process of breathing and comment on
how exercise affects this process.
During exercise there is a need for additional oxygen
and a need to get ride of additional carbon dioxide
being produced. The rate of breathing will increase. In
addition, muscle of the crest wall, abdomen and
shoulders will assist in increasing the area (volume) of
the chest cavity to bring in more air. They will also
assist in compressing the chest cavity to decrease the
area and increase the pressure so more air can be
exhaled.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.1.4 Explain the mechanics of ventilation in the
human lungs.
3. Insert higher and lower and from and to into the
correct places in the following statements.
higher
The partial pressure of oxygen is
in
arterial blood supplying exercising muscles than in the
muscle tissue. Therefore, oxygen will diffuse
from
to
the blood
the muscle.
lower in
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is
the lungs (alveoli) than in the blood returning from
exercising muscles. Therefore, carbon dioxide will
from
diffuse
the lungs to the blood.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Exercise Physiology
2.2.1 State the composition of blood
Sub-topics

1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system



Blood is a specialised type of connective tissue.
It is heavier and more viscous than water and
accounts for about 8% of our total body weight.
Healthy adult males have around 5-6 litres of
blood and females about 4-5 litres.
Its color varies, depending upon the amount of
oxygen it is carrying, from dark red (oxygen
poor) to scarlet red (oxygen rich)

Browne et al 2001
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Exercise Physiology
2.2.1 State the composition of blood
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
The components are as follows:
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system

2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system



Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells): makes up 99% of
the formed elements in blood.
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
Plasma: liquid portion of blood
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Exercise Physiology
2.2.1 State the composition of blood
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
http://www.oxfordreference.com/media/images/30325_0.jpg
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Exercise Physiology
2.2.1 State the composition of blood
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Blood performs a number of specialized
functions:



Transports nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste
products and hormones to cells and organs around
the body.
Protects us from bleeding to death, via clotting, and
from disease, by destroying invasive microorganisms and toxic substances.
Acts as a regulator of temperature, the water
content in cells, and body pH.
Browne et al 2001
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Exercise Physiology
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
2.2.2 Distinguish between the functions
erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets
Sub-topics

1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells): contain an oxygencarrying pigment called hemoglobin, which gives
blood its red color.
They live for around 120 days, and are replaced at
the at the astonishing rate of 2 million per second.
http://www.esa.int/images/bloodcell400.jpg
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.2 Distinguish between the functions
erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets

Leukocytes (White Blood Cells): exist in our
bodies to combat infection and inflammation.
They do this by ingesting foreign microbes in a
process called phagocytosis.

http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/35a5c/35A5C297.jpg
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Exercise Physiology
2.2.2 Distinguish between the functions
erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets
Sub-topics

1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Platelets (Thrombocytes): are involved in the
process of clotting and help repair slightly
damaging blood vessels.
http://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=CRh
_dAzXuoU
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Exercise Physiology
2.2.2 Distinguish between the functions
erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Due today
Biomechanics workbook and
respiratory lab
Homework
Read pages 37 through the top of 40
Page 48-49 do problems 4, 5, 6.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Exercise Physiology
2.2.3 Describe the anatomy of the heart with
reference to the heart chambers, valves and major
blood vessels
Sub-topics

1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system

The heart is an involuntary muscle with striated
muscle fibers.
The heart wall is composed of three layers and
four chambers which are separated by a septum
and valves. A triple layered bag called the
pericardium surrounds, anchors and protects the
heart.
Browne et al 2001
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
Exercise Physiology
2.2.3 Describe the anatomy of the heart with
reference to the heart chambers, valves and major
blood vessels

1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system

The superior structures of the heart are called
the left atrium and right atrium (atrium means
court or entry hall), which are separated by a
thin wall.
The inferior chambers are called the left
ventricle and right ventricle.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Exercise Physiology
2.2.3 Describe the anatomy of the heart with
reference to the heart chambers, valves and major
blood vessels
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
http://www.yo
utube.com/wa
tch?v=rguztY
8aqpk
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Exercise Physiology
2.2.3 Describe the anatomy of the heart with
reference to the heart chambers, valves and major
blood vessels
Sub-topics

1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system

The atria act as receiving chambers for blood
returning to the heart. They are relatively small and
thin walled, because they only have to pump blood
the relatively small distance into the ventricles.
The ventricles are quiet large, because they are
responsible for propelling blood from the heart into
circulation around the body.
Browne et. al 2001
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.3 Describe the anatomy of the heart with
reference to the heart chambers, valves and major
blood vessels
Dense connective structures called valves prevent
backflow of blood into chambers by opening and
shutting when the heart contracts and relaxes.
Two lie between each atria and ventricle (the
atrioventricular valves: tricuspid on the right and
bicuspid on the left).
 .
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Exercise Physiology
2.2.3 Describe the anatomy of the heart with
reference to the heart chambers, valves and major
blood vessels
Sub-topics

1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Both arteries coming from the heart have a
semilunar valve on them to prevent blood from
flowing back into the heart (the pulmonary
semilunar valve and the aortic semilunar
valve).
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.3 Describe the anatomy of the heart with
reference to the heart chambers, valves and major
blood vessels
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.3 Describe the anatomy of the heart with
reference to the heart chambers, valves and major
blood vessels

The heart has it’s own blood supply via the coronary
arteries. It branches off the aorta. It also has its own set
of veins.
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
http://images.main.uab.edu/healthsys/ei_0019.gif
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.4 Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of
heart rate and the sequence of excitation in the heart
muscle
The heart is able beat spookily after being
separated from the body of it’s owner (as
seen in horror films) is not totally a product
of overactive imaginations. The heart can
actually continue to beat for a number of
hours if supplied with appropriate nutrients
and salts.
This is because the heart has it’s own
specialized conduction system and can beat
independently of it’s nerve supply.
Solomon & Davis
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Exercise Physiology
2.2.4 Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of
heart rate and the sequence of excitation in the heart
muscle
Sub-topics
Still Beating Heart
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ZKKy6KCapQ
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.4 Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of
heart rate and the sequence of excitation in the heart
muscle
The sinoatrial (SA) node is a small mass of
specialized muscle in the posterior wall of the
right atrium. Because automatic self-excitation of
the SA node initiates each heart beat, setting the
basic pace for the heart rate, the SA node is
known as the pace maker.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.4 Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of
heart rate and the sequence of excitation in the heart
muscle
The end of the fibres of the SA node fuse with
surrounding atrial muscle fibres so that the
contraction spreads, producing atrial
contraction.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.4 Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of
heart rate and the sequence of excitation in the heart
muscle
Several groups of atrial muscle fibres conduct
the contraction to the atrioventricular (AV)
node, which spreads action potential
throughout the rest of the heart via
specialised muscle fibres called Purkinje fibres.
These form the atrioventricular (AV) bundle
OR bundle of his.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Exercise Physiology
2.2.4 Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of
heart rate and the sequence of excitation in the heart
muscle
Cardiac Cycle – Electrical Impulse
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Exercise Physiology
2.2.4 Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of
heart rate and the sequence of excitation in the heart
muscle
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
http://img.tfd.com/dorland/thumbs/bundle_of-His.jpg
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.4 Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of
heart rate and the sequence of excitation in the heart
muscle
Cardiac Cycle
• The complete sequence of events from the beginning of
one heart beat to the beginning of the next.
• an electrical impulse (depolarization event) is
conducted through the myocardium causing the cardiac
cycle.
• Systolic/diastolic (Contraction/ relaxation) pressures in
the ventricles
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.4 Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of
heart rate and the sequence of excitation in the heart
muscle
Cardiac Cycle
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Exercise Physiology
2.2.4 Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of
heart rate and the sequence of excitation in the heart
muscle
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Although the heart is capable of beating
independently of body control systems, in
order to adapt its rate to the changing
needs of the body it is carefully regulated
by the nervous system. A number of other
factors, including hormones, ion
concentration and change in body
temperature can influence heart rate.
Solomon & Davis
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Exercise Physiology
2.2.4 Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of
heart rate and the sequence of excitation in the heart
muscle
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
The heart is innervated by parasympathetic
nerves that slow it’s rate, and by
sympathetic nerves that speed it up.
Solomon & Davis
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Exercise Physiology
2.2.4 Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of
heart rate and the sequence of excitation in the heart
muscle
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system

Parasympathetic innervation originates in the
cardiac centers in the medulla and passes to the
heart by way of the vagus nerves. Vagus nerve
fibres richly supply the SA and AV nodes. When
stimulated, these parasympathetic nerves
release acetylcholine, which slows the heart.
Solomon & Davis
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.4 Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of
heart rate and the sequence of excitation in the heart
muscle
Sympathetic nerves that serve the heart originate
in the upper thoracic spinal cord and reach the
myocardium by way of several nerves sometimes
called accelerator nerves. These nerves supply
the nodes and also the muscle fibres themselves.
When stimulated, they release norepinephrine or
noradrenaline, which increases the heart rate as
well as the strength of ventricular contraction.
Solomon & Davis
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.4 Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of
heart rate and the sequence of excitation in the heart
muscle
Noradrenaline is released from the adrenal medulla
of the adrenal glands as a hormone into the blood,
but it is also a neurotransmitter in the central
nervous system and sympathetic nervous system
where it is released from noradrenergic neurons
during synaptic transmission, as mentioned on the
previous slide.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.4 Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of
heart rate and the sequence of excitation in the heart
muscle
SA node (pacemaker)
Autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic: flight or flight
epinephrine, norepinephrine underlies the fight-orflight response, directly increasing heart rate,
triggering the release of glucose from energy stores,
and increasing skeletal muscle readiness.
Parasympathetic: feed & breed, rest & digest
work opposite each other.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Exercise Physiology
2.2.4 Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of
heart rate and the sequence of excitation in the heart
muscle
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Indirect factors
-Stress hormones (adrenaline), thyroid hormones
-Deep breathing, stimulants, medications
-Emotions: anxiety increase HR,
-happiness, depression lower HR
-Dehydration, temperature, altitude.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.4 Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of
heart rate and the sequence of excitation in the heart
muscle
In addition, as a stress hormone, it affects parts of
the human brain where attention and responding
actions are controlled. Along with epinephrine,
norepinephrine underlies the fight-or-flight
response, directly increasing heart rate, triggering
the release of glucose from energy stores, and
increasing skeletal muscle readiness.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.5 Outline the relationship between the pulmonary
and systemic circulation
Pulmonary circulation is the portion of the
cardiovascular system which carries oxygendepleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs,
and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart.
The term is contrasted with systemic circulation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.5 Outline the relationship between the pulmonary
and systemic circulation
Systemic circulation is the portion of the
cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated
blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns
deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The term is
contrasted with pulmonary circulation.
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_circulation
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Exercise Physiology
2.2.5 Outline the relationship between the pulmonary
and systemic circulation
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Pulmonary circulation
Sub-topics
To the lungs
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
Systemic circulation
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
To the body

https://www.khanacademy.or
g/science/healthcare-andmedicine/blood-vesseldiseases/v/arteries-vs--veins--what-s-the-difference
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.3 Describe the anatomy of the heart with
reference to the heart chambers, valves and major
blood vessels
Blood Vessels
Arteries: transport oxygenated blood away from
heart.
Pulmonary artery: carry deoxygenated blood
Veins: carry deoxygenated blood to the heart.
Pulmonary vein: carry oxygenated blood
Capillaries: carry food & oxygen to tissues, carry
waste away.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.3 Describe the anatomy of the heart with
reference to the heart chambers, valves and major
blood vessels
Comparison Between
Arteries and Veins
Arteries
Veins
Oxygen
Concentration
Arteries carry oxygenated
blood (with the exception of
the pulmonary artery and
umbilical artery).
Veins carry deoxygenated
blood (with the exception
of pulmonary veins and
umbilical vein)
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.3 Describe the anatomy of the heart with
reference to the heart chambers, valves and major
blood vessels
Comparison Between
Arteries and Veins
Arteries
Veins
Pulmonary and systemic
Superficial veins, deep
Types
arteries
veins, pulmonary veins
and systemic veins
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.3 Describe the anatomy of the heart with
reference to the heart chambers, valves and major
blood vessels
Comparison Between
Arteries and Veins
Arteries
Veins
Direction of From the heart to various
Blood Flow parts of the body.
Valves
Aren't present (except for
semi-lunar valves)
From various parts of the
body to the heart.
Are present, especially in
limbs.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Exercise Physiology
2.2.5 Outline the relationship between the pulmonary
and systemic circulation
Review
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Cardiovascular System: function, parts
Blood: function, composition
WBC, RBC, Platelets, Plasma
Heart: function, anatomy, cardiac cycle, electrical
impulse(SA, AV nodes…)
Atria & ventricle sizes/differences
Pulmonary & Systemic circulations
Blood Vessels: veins, arteries, capillaries
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.6 Describe the relationship between heart rate,
cardiac output and stroke volume at rest and during
exercise
Cardiac Output = the amount of blood pumped
from the heart in one minute. This measured in
litres per minute.
Stroke Volume = the amount of blood pumped by
each ventricle in each contraction. The average
volume is is about 0.07 litres of blood per beat.
Basal Heart Rate = when heart rate is reduced to
it’s minimum. E.g. when sleeping.
DET
PDHPE Distance Education Programme
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.7 Analyse cardiac output, stroke volume and
heart rate data for different populations at rest and
during exercise.
Heart Rate
Pre, during, post exercise measurements
Baseline, intensity, recovery observations
6s, 10s, 15s, 30s HR readings
Average HR 60-80bpm, lower for athletic population
Bradycardia (>60bpm), Tachycardia(<60bpm)
Radial, Carotid, Brachial readings
Max HR = 220-age, MHR-RHR=RHR
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.7 Analyse cardiac output, stroke volume and
heart rate data for different populations at rest and
during exercise.
One response to exercise of the cardiovascular
system is the increase in cardiac output from
around 5 litres at rest to between 20 and 30 litres
during maximal exercise. The response is due to
an increase in stroke volume in the rest to
exercise transition, and an increase in heart rate.
Sewell et.al 2005
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.7 Analyse cardiac output, stroke volume and
heart rate data for different populations at rest and
during exercise.
Heart rate can reach 200bpm or more in some
individuals. Maximal cardiac output differs
between people primarily due to differences in
body size and the extent to which they might
be endurance trained.
Sewell et.al 2005
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.7 Analyse cardiac output, stroke volume and
heart rate data for different populations at rest and
during exercise.

Library Research:
Complete a review of literature analysing
cardiac output, stroke volume and heart
rate data for different populations. Cite your
sources.
Populations to consider include
males/females, trained untrained & young
old.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.7 Analyse cardiac output, stroke volume and
heart rate data for different populations at rest and
during exercise.
An improvement in cardiac performance brought
about by endurance training, occurs as a result of
changes in:
Stroke volume (increased)
Heart rate (decreased for a set workload)
Ventricular mass and volume (increased)
Sewell et.al 2005
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.8 Explain cardiovascular drift

If you begin a 90 minute steady state ride on
your bicycle trainer at a controlled intensity,
your heart rate may be 145 after 10 minutes.
However, as you ride and check your heart rate
every 10 minutes, you will notice a slight
upward "drift".
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.8 Explain cardiovascular drift

By 90 minutes, your heart rate may be 160.
Why is this happening if intensity is held
constant? There are two explanations. As you
exercise, you sweat. A portion of this lost fluid
volume comes from the plasma volume. This
decrease in plasma volume will diminish venous
return and stroke volume.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.8 Explain cardiovascular drift

Heart rate again increases to compensate and
maintain constant cardiac output. Maintaining
high fluid consumption before and during the
ride will help to minimize this cardiovascular
drift, by replacing fluid volume.

http://home.hia.no/~stephens/hrchngs.htm
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.8 Explain cardiovascular drift
There is also a second reason for the drift during an
exhaustive exercise session. Your heart rate is
controlled in large part by the "Relative" intensity of
work by the muscles. So in a long hard ride, some of
your motor units fatigue due to glycogen depletion.
http://home.hia.no/~stephens/hrchngs.htm
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.8 Explain cardiovascular drift
Your brain compensates by recruiting more motor
units to perform the same absolute workload. There
is a parallel increase in heart rate. Consequently, a
ride that began at heart rate 150, can end up with
you exhausted and at a heart rate of 175, 2 hours
later, even if speed never changed!
http://home.hia.no/~stephens/hrchngs.htm
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.9 Define the terms systolic and diastolic blood
pressure
Blood Pressure
The blood pressure is the pressure of the
blood within the arteries. It is produced
primarily by the contraction of the heart
muscle. It's measurement is recorded by
two numbers.
Tools: stethoscope, sphygmomanometer
Systolic & diastolic
http://www.y
outube.com/
watch?v=S64
8xZDK7b0
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.9 Define the terms systolic and diastolic blood
pressure
Systolic
Blood Pressure
The top number, which is also the higher of the two
numbers, measures the pressure in the arteries when the
heart beats (when the heart muscle contracts).
Systolic
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.9 Define the terms systolic and diastolic blood
pressure
Diastolic
Blood Pressure
The bottom number, which is also the lower of the two
numbers, measures the pressure in the arteries between
heartbeats (when the heart muscle is resting between
beats and refilling with blood).
Diastolic
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Exercise Physiology
2.2.10 Analyse systolic and diastolic blood pressure
data at rest and during exercise
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Using the data in the table provided, analyse the
changes in blood pressure in response to exercise.
(Identify components and the relationship between them; draw out and
relate implications)
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.10 Analyse systolic and diastolic blood pressure
data at rest and during exercise
What is the AHA recommendation for healthy blood
pressure?
Blood Pressure
Systolic
Diastolic
Category
mm Hg (upper #)
mm Hg (lower #)
Normal
less than 120
and
less than 80
Prehypertension
120 – 139
or
80 – 89
140 – 159
or
90 – 99
160 or higher
or
100 or higher
Higher than 180
or
Higher than 110
High Blood Pressure
(Hypertension) Stage 1
High Blood Pressure
(Hypertension) Stage 2
Hypertensive Crisis
(Emergency care needed)
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.10 Analyse systolic and diastolic blood pressure
data at rest and during exercise
AHA Recommendation
For overall health benefits to the heart, lungs and circulation,
perform any moderate- to vigorous-intensity aerobic activity
using the following guidelines:
•Get the equivalent of at least 150 minutes of moderate
intensity aerobic physical activity (2 hours and 30 minutes)
each week.
•You can incorporate your weekly physical activity with 30
minutes a day on at least 5 days a week.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.10 Analyse systolic and diastolic blood pressure
data at rest and during exercise
AHA Recommendation
For overall health benefits to the heart, lungs and circulation,
perform any moderate- to vigorous-intensity aerobic activity
using the following guidelines:
•Physical activity should be performed in episodes of at least
10 minutes, and preferably, it should be spread throughout
the week.
•Include flexibility and stretching exercises.
•Include muscle strengthening activity at least 2 days each
week
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Exercise Physiology
2.2.11 Discuss how systolic and diastolic blood
pressure respond to dynamic and static exercise
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Dynamic exercise is that which requires
muscular movement and elevated heart
rate. i.e. traditional exercise.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
Exercise Physiology
2.2.11 Discuss how systolic and diastolic blood
pressure respond to dynamic and static exercise

1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system

Cardiac performance is determined by
factors such as preload, afterload and heart
rate. Preload is related to the end-diastolic
volume when there is passive tension in the
ventricles.
The Frank-Starling law of the heart refers to
the principle that the more the heart fills
during diastole, the greater the force of
contraction during systole, so the higher the
end-diastolic volume (EDV) the more
forceful the next contraction is.

Sewell et.al 2005
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Exercise Physiology
2.2.11 Discuss how systolic and diastolic blood
pressure respond to dynamic and static exercise
Sub-topics

1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Written Response: Considering these
factors outlined on the previous page,
together with the graph you have viewed
previously, discuss how systolic and
diastolic blood pressure respond to dynamic
exercise.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Exercise Physiology
2.2.11 Discuss how systolic and diastolic blood
pressure respond to dynamic and static exercise
Sub-topics
Yoga is a good example of static exercise.
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Written Response: Examine the website
below, as well as two other sources, and
consider the impact of static exercise on
systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
http://www.consumeraffairs.com/news04/2
007/08/bp_yoga.html
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Exercise Physiology
2.2.12 Compare the distribution of blood at rest and
the redistribution of blood during exercise
Sub-topics

1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system


Because arteries are large, there walls offer
little resistance to blood flow, even when
meeting the demands of exercise.
Arterioles have a much smaller diameter
and offer a great deal of resistance to blood
flow.
As blood flows to the through capillaries,
most of the pressure caused by the action
of the heart is spent.
Solomon & Davis
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Exercise Physiology
2.2.12 Compare the distribution of blood at rest and
the redistribution of blood during exercise
Sub-topics

1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
It takes little pressure to force the blood
through veins because they offer little
resistance to blood flow. There diameters
are large and vein walls are so thin they
can hold large volumes of blood.
Solomon & Davis
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Exercise Physiology
2.2.12 Compare the distribution of blood at rest and
the redistribution of blood during exercise
Sub-topics

1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
During exercise increased muscle
contraction results in increased flow of
blood through the veins and into the heart,
thereby increasing cardiac output.
Solomon & Davis
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Exercise Physiology
2.2.12 Compare the distribution of blood at rest and
the redistribution of blood during exercise
Sub-topics

1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
On the other hand when one stands still for a long
period of time, e.g. when a soldier stands at
attention, blood pools in the veins. Within a few
moments, pressure increases in the capillaries (veins
are not accepting blood from them because they are
dammed up with their own), and some plasma is
lost to interstitial fluid. After a short time as much as
20% of the blood volume can be lost from
circulation in this way. Arterial blood pressure falls
and blood supply to the brain is diminished,
sometimes resulting in fainting.
Solomon & Davis
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.12 Compare the distribution of blood at rest and
the redistribution of blood during exercise
Written Response: View the website on the
next slide. Discuss what this can tell us
about the redistribution of blood during
exercise.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.12 Compare the distribution of blood at rest and
the redistribution of blood during exercise

http://images.google.com.au/imgres?imgurl
=http://www.educationopera.net/pictures/C
harts_Hildebrandt_E/hi23e.gif&imgrefurl=ht
tp://www.educationopera.net/Archive/07_C
hronomedicine/0724_chronomedicine_musc
ular_blood_circulation.php&h=312&w=312
&sz=26&hl=en&start=37&tbnid=6CGmZ1SdurU_M:&tbnh=117&tbnw=117&prev=/i
mages%3Fq%3Dblood%2Bcirculation%26s
tart%3D20%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20
%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3
DN
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.13 Describe the cardiovascular adaptations
resulting from endurance exercise training

View Clickview:
Training Principles – Physiological responses
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Exercise Physiology
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
2.2.13 Describe the cardiovascular adaptations
resulting from endurance exercise training
Sub-topics

1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
Resting heart rate decreases as a result of
aerobic training. This is due largely to an
increase in stroke volume.
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Reference 1: Board of Studies NSW (1999). Personal development, health and physical education: Stage 6 syllabus.
Reference 2: Browne, S. (2001). HSC core 2 health priorities in Aust.: Summary quest. & sample HSC extended responses.
Reference 3: Browne, S., et. al. (2000). PDHPE application and inquiry: HSC course. Oxford University Press: Melbourne.
Reference 4: Buchanan, D. & Nemec, M. (2003). HSC PDHPE. McMillan Education Australia: Melbourne.
Reference 5: Charles Sturt University. NSW HSC online. Available: http://hsc.csu.edu.au/pdhpe/
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.13 Describe the cardiovascular adaptations
resulting from endurance exercise training

Stroke volume increases due to an increased cardiac
hypertrophy (muscle size)/left ventricular volume
from aerobic training. Therefore, for every heart
beat, a trained athlete can pump more blood from
the heart to the
working muscles.
Reference 1: Board of Studies NSW (1999). Personal development, health and physical education: Stage 6 syllabus.
Reference 2: Browne, S. (2001). HSC core 2 health priorities in Aust.: Summary quest. & sample HSC extended responses.
Reference 3: Browne, S., et. al. (2000). PDHPE application and inquiry: HSC course. Oxford University Press: Melbourne.
Reference 4: Buchanan, D. & Nemec, M. (2003). HSC PDHPE. McMillan Education Australia: Melbourne.
Reference 5: Charles Sturt University. NSW HSC online. Available: http://hsc.csu.edu.au/pdhpe/
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Exercise Physiology
2.2.13 Describe the cardiovascular adaptations
resulting from endurance exercise training
Sub-topics

1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Read the below article and provide an
analysis of how training can result in
increased capillarization:
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerend
er.fcgi?artid=1665084
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Exercise Physiology
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
2.2.13 Describe the cardiovascular adaptations
resulting from endurance exercise training
Sub-topics

1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Arterio-venous oxygen difference
The difference between the oxygen content
of arterial blood and mixed venous blood. It
may be expressed as millilitres of oxygen
per 100 mL of blood. The value represents
the extent to which oxygen is removed from
the blood as it passes through the body.
http://www.answers.com/topic/arteriovenous-oxygen-difference?cat=health
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Exercise Physiology
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
2.2.13 Describe the cardiovascular adaptations
resulting from endurance exercise training
Sub-topics

1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Arterio-venous oxygen difference
Usually, the arterial oxygen concentration is
measured in blood from the femoral,
brachial, or radial artery, and the oxygen
content of mixed venous blood is measured
from blood withdrawn from the pulmonary
artery.
http://www.answers.com/topic/arteriovenous-oxygen-difference?cat=health
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Exercise Physiology
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
2.2.13 Describe the cardiovascular adaptations
resulting from endurance exercise training
Sub-topics

1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Arterio-venous oxygen difference
At rest, the average arterial-venous oxygen
difference is about 4-5 mL per 100 mL of
blood, but it increases progressively during
exercise reaching up to 16 mL per 100 mL
of blood, indicating that more oxygen is
extracted from the blood by active muscles.
http://www.answers.com/topic/arteriovenous-oxygen-difference?cat=health
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Exercise Physiology
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
2.2.13 Describe the cardiovascular adaptations
resulting from endurance exercise training
Sub-topics

1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Arterio-venous oxygen difference
The maximum arteriovenous oxygen
difference of a trained athlete usually
exceeds that of an untrained person. The
training effect may be due to adaptations in
the mitochondria, increased myoglobin
content of muscles, or improved muscle
capillarization.
http://www.answers.com/topic/arteriovenous-oxygen-difference?cat=health
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Exercise Physiology
2.2.14 Explain maximal oxygen consumption
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system

Maximal oxygen consumption represents
the functional capacity of the oxygen
transport system and is sometimes referred
to as maximal aerobic power or aerobic
capacity.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Exercise Physiology
2.2.14 Explain maximal oxygen consumption
VO2 Max
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
How well your body can transport and use oxygen during
exercise.
The more CO2 you expel the closer you
are to fatigue, you no longer use O2 for
energy.
Proper Units: mL/kg/min
O2/body mass/time
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i7k
n3mkO7Ec
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Exercise Physiology
2.2.14 Explain maximal oxygen consumption
VO2 Max
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Exercise Physiology
2.2.14 Explain maximal oxygen consumption
Sub-topics

1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Read and summarise the following website and in so
doing explain maximal oxygen consumption.
http://home.hia.no/~stephens/vo2ma
x.htm
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Exercise Physiology
2.2.15 Discuss the variability of maximal oxygen
consumption in selected groups
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system

Library Task: Consider endurance-trained
versus non-trained, males versus females,
young versus old.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Exercise Physiology
2.2.15 Discuss the variability of maximal oxygen
consumption in selected groups
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system

Young Vs Old
Older people have a much lower VO2 MAX.
This can be attributed to issues such as
atherosclerosis and hardening of the
arteries.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.15 Discuss the variability of maximal oxygen
consumption in selected groups

Trained Vs Untrained
A VO2 MAX exceeding 60ml is an indication
of a trained athlete.
Trained athletes are able to demonstrate
their full cardio-respiratory potential, whilst
Untrained athletes yield fatigued muscles
and are only able to reach sub-maximal
levels.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system
Exercise Physiology
2.2.15 Discuss the variability of maximal oxygen
consumption in selected groups

Males Vs Females
VO2 of untrained female is 2 litres/min, an
untrained male of the same age is 3.5
litres/min.
Heart size scales in proportion to lean body
size, so therefore the male heart is usually
bigger than the female heart. Stronger
pump results in a increase in MAX VO2.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Topic 2
Exercise
physiology
Exercise Physiology
2.2.16 Discuss the variability of maximal oxygen
consumption with different modes of exercise
Sub-topics
1. Structure &
function of the
ventilatory
system
2. Structure &
function of the
cardiovascular
system

Library Task: Consider cycling versus
running arm ergometry.